LiFi Systems Research Articles

Is LiFi Technology Ready for Manufacturing and Adoption? An End-user questionnaire-based study

Because of the exponential development of emerging technologies and the increase of devices that use the internet, the wireless fidelity (WiFi) spectrum has been saturated, therefore, the light fidelity (LiFi) has been under development for wireless communication including internet access. LiFi network systems can provide high speed data rates with high security. However, LiFi is still under development and research, and is not yet popular for end-users to be used in homes, companies, and other industries. Therefore, for the first time, this study investigates the adoption probability of LiFi technology by the end-users to anticipate the success rate when launching ready-to-use LiFi devices for end-users by the manufacturer companies. A well-designed questionnaire is used in this study for data collection. A total of 100 participants from around the world have been chosen to fill-up the questionnaire forms including three phases: basic information, preferences, and usage, and LiFi and Pricing. The findings of this study show a high and positive probability for adoption rate of LiFi technology. However, the pricing aspect has a critical impact on the acceptance of using LiFi systems by the end-users.

Deep Learning Based Proactive Optimization for Mobile LiFi Systems With Channel Aging

Deep Learning Based Proactive Optimization for Mobile LiFi Systems With Channel Aging

Transferring Data Using a Visible Light

This project aims to demonstrate the availability and usability of a basic Li-Fi system that can be manufactured and utilised in daily life starting with the fundamental tools. We present a novel method of data transfer that combines sustainable energy harvesting with high-speed communication (using Li-Fi technology). This makes it suitable for a range of applications, such as secure data communication, Internet of Things (IoT) devices, and wireless sensor networks. A light communication system called Li-Fi uses modulating circuits and regular LED bulbs. We shall explain in this how light from an LED diode is utilised as a transmission medium for this purpose. Compared to Wi-Fi, it transfers data more quickly. In the experimental setup, modulated light signals are emitted by LEDs and detected by solar cells that have photodetectors installed. To recover the transmitted data, the receiving signal must be decoded. Light from the source is directed through a plane convex lens to minimise losses at the lowest levels. If the light source is precisely at the focal point, the light rays on the exit will extend nearly parallel and strike the solar cell with the least amount of loss. It also emphasises how this technology will be used in the future. Additionally, it showcases the technology that will enable data transfer at the speed of light in the future and make efficient use of the light spectrum to connect gadgets to the internet. ex. Organization v2v(vehicle-to-vehicle), Smart mirror, Indoor navigation in building and landscapes, Hospital and health care...etc.,

Machine Learning Algorithms for Performance Enhancement in DCO-OFDM-Based LiFi Systems

This study describes how machine learning methods can be used to enhance the performance of LiFi (light fidelity) systems that are based on DCO-OFDM (direct current bias optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing). LiFi, a rapidly developing technology that uses light for wireless communication, has to contend with issues like channel impairments and signal interference. This work investigates several machine learning strategies to address these problems and improve the DCO-OFDM LiFi systems' overall performance. It is determined how well various machine learning techniques perform in terms of improving system parameters, decreasing latency, and raising throughput by analyzing real-world data and simulation studies. Various sorts of symmetrical recurrence division multiplexing (OFDM, for example, DC one-sided optical OFDM (DCO-OFDM), are utilized in light devotion (LiFi). A critical DC predisposition in DCO-OFDM brings about optical power failure, while a minor inclination increment cutting commotion. In this manner, it's essential to decide the appropriate DC predisposition level for DCO-OFDM. This examination finds the ideal DC-predisposition an incentive for DCO-OFDM based LiFi frameworks utilizing machine learning (ML) algorithms. To do this, a MATLAB device is utilized to create a dataset for DCO-OFDM. Thusly, Python writing computer programs is utilized to apply machine learning methods. ML is used to recognize the basic DCO-OFDM qualities that influence the ideal DC predisposition. Here, it is exhibited that the base, greatest, and standard deviation of the bipolar OFDM signal, as well as the size of the heavenly body, decide the ideal DC inclination.

AUDIO AND TEXT TRANSMISSION USING LI-FI TECHNOLOGY

The project "Audio and Text Transmission Using Li-Fi Technology" explores the innovative application of Li-Fi (Light Fidelity) for transmitting both audio and text data. Li-Fi employs light signals, typically from LEDs or lasers, for data transmission, and in this project, it is leveraged to achieve two distinct functionalities: audio and text transmission. For audio transmission, a dedicated Li-Fi system is implemented where an audio signal is modulated onto the light signal emitted by an LED or laser. At the receiver end, multiple amplifiers are employed to retrieve and reproduce the audio signal. This process allows for the wireless transmission of audio data using light waves, offering a unique and potentially efficient alternative to traditional audio communication methods. For text transmission, Li-Fi modules connected to Arduino boards are employed for both the transmitter and receiver. The Arduino-based system facilitates the encoding and decoding of text data into light signals, enabling the wireless transmission of textual information using Li-Fi technology. This dual-functional approach expands the versatility of Li-Fi in communication systems, showcasing its potential for transmitting both audio and text data wirelessly through light Keywords: Arduino, Li Fi Transmitter, Li Fi receiver, LCD

Modulating LiFi for dual operation in the visible and infrared spectra

Light-Fidelity (LiFi) has emerged in the last few years as a promising technology for alleviating the stringent demand for wireless data services. Prior works have considered LiFi operating either in the visible light or infrared spectrum. Each spectrum band has its own advantages: visible light allows leveraging existing infrastructure for communication, while infrared is not affected by light dimming. In this work, we propose a modulation scheme that retains the benefits of both bands, introducing a simple, low-cost, yet efficient dimming solution for LiFi networks. We compare the performance of the proposed dimming scheme with both the digital and analog dimming techniques traditionally used in LiFi systems. Simulation results show that our dimming solution offers better communication and illumination performance than previous proposals, providing larger signal-to-noise ratio, spectral efficiency, and a full and fine-grained dimming range. Finally, we prototype our solution by designing an extended version of the OpenVLC 1.3 platform, and we experimentally show its robust communication performance under different dimming conditions. We make the implemented system publicly available to the research community.

Low Cost Led Source Based Transmission System for Achieving Freespace Li-Fi Multimedia Communication

Physical network layer linking microprocessors are often used in congested office rooms. In forming new extensions with physical networking cables, may not be faceable or may not advantageous. Linking such communication to devices through free space transmission of multimedia signals with the use of optoelectronic devices is a major developing research area today. For that, different low cost optoelectronic sources were need to be tested while the same source should be able to use for normal light illumination of such office rooms. During this research project, a novel multimedia transmission system has been developed as an alternative solution for the aforementioned problem. Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity) based systems with radio wave may effects human lives. Nevertheless, the data transference speed is higher in Li- Fi (Light Fidelity) than Wi-Fi. Li- Fi based system which can be used for environmentally friendly non radiation hazardous, high data rate transmission network developing with low cost. The proposed system is at premium capable transmission level at present in order to transmit one multimedia component; sound waves using LI-FI. Using the proposed model, further development of the complete Li-Fi system can be made using locally available low cost components, which is an advantage. The concept of LED switching /blinking rate controlling was utilized here. The data transference rate is very high, so that it is impossible for the hackers to get through the connections. Nowadays, security is the rising demand for wireless data communication. The existing radio spectrum below 10 GHz has become inadequate. Hence, the wireless communication company has replied to this challenge by considering the radio spectrum beyond 10 GHz. There are many reasons which have been considered for the necessity to cover wireless network technologies expected to ever-increasing stipulation for wireless communications. Wi-Fi is facing many challenges; with manageability, service scalability, bandwidth capacity, cost effectiveness, availability, efficiency and security [Begam et el. (2021)].

User orientation and position-based transmission characteristics analysis of a LiFi system

Abstract The objective of the work is to analyze the downlink signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR), transmission rate, bit error rate (BER), and average BER in terms of the irradiance angle of the receiver’s orientation and incident light and transmitter-to-receiver separation distance. The research considered two Light Fidelity (LiFi) access points (APs) for this analysis in a smart classroom context. The work derived the best favorable irradiance angle in terms of transmitter–receiver separation at which user devices achieve the highest SINR and transmission rate considering both two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) coverage areas. Moreover, the work analyzed SINR-based BER and average BER for the same communication scenario. The research derived that 47° to 50° irradiance angles of the receiver’s orientation and incident light offer the most favorable performance.

Review of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing-Based Modulation Techniques for Light Fidelity

Light Fidelity (LiFi) technology has gained attention and is growing rapidly today. Utilizing light as a propagation medium allows LiFi to promise a wider bandwidth than existing Wireless Fidelity (WiFi) technology and enables the implementation of cellular technology to improve bandwidth utilization. In addition, LiFi is very attractive because it can utilize lighting facilities consisting of light-emitting diodes (LEDs). A LiFi system that uses intensity modulation and direct detection requires the signal of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) to have a real and non-negative value; therefore, certain adjustments must be made. The proposed methods for generating unipolar signals vary from adding a direct current, clipping the signal, superposing several unipolar signals, and hybrid methods as in DC-biased optical (DCO)-OFDM, asymmetrically clipped optical (ACO)-OFDM, layered ACO (LACO)-OFDM, and asymmetrically clipped DC-biased optical (ADO)-OFDM, respectively. In this paper, we review and compare various modulation techniques to support the implementation of LiFi systems using commercial LEDs. The main objective is to obtain a modulation technique with good energy efficiency, efficient spectrum utilization, and low computational complexity so that it is easy for us to apply it in experiments on a laboratory scale.

Image and Text Transmission using Li-Fi Technology

This research paper focuses on the use of LiFi (Light Fidelity) technology for the transmission of image and text data. LiFi technology is an emerging technology that uses visible light communication (VLC) for data transmission, providing a high-speed and secure wireless communication system. In this project, a LiFi system is developed using an LED (Light Emitting Diode) bulb and a photodiode receiver to transmit and receive data. The system is tested for its ability to transmit image and text data at a high speed and with minimal interference. The results show that LiFi technology can provide a viable alternative to traditional wireless communication systems for certain applications, such as indoor communication and data transfer, where security and high-speed data transfer are essential. Overall, this research demonstrates the potential of LiFi technology as a reliable and secure means of wireless data transmission

Enhancement of Light Fidelity System According to Multi-Users Utilizing OCDMA Technology under Weather Conditions

Due to the significant need for modern technologies to meet the growing requirements of wide bandwidths, high levels of security, and high speeds. Considered Light fidelity is a future technology optical WC system that employs VL to transport data in open space. The end-user has employed VLC based on (LEDs). This technique provides a high data transfer rate, higher security, and less interference with other radio frequencies. This study investigates Li-Fi System Performance based on OCDMA/FOS under Effective Weather conditions on L-band frequency. LI-FI technology faces many challenges in maintaining system performance owing to the rise in user numbers and the different weather conditions. This causes the system performance to decrease in BER, Q-factor, power, etc. and maintains good security at the lowest possible costs and the best results. Proposed system, in addition to measuring the frequency filtering amount used in the proposed system, The results showed a significant improvement using the proposed technique, where the system achieved the error bit rate in clear weather from 3.93 * 10-28 to 2.5 * 10-24, and also in dusty weather, it achieved from 1.7 * 10-28 to 8 * 10-23 in addition to that The amount of frequencies filtering in UFBG This means that the minimum amount to use the filter feature is1.2nm. Suggested design has proven its ability to maintain acceptable performance in end-user in light of the increase in the number of users.

Hybrid mmWave-Li-Fi 5G Architecture for Reconfigurable Variable Latency and Data Rate Communications

Despite modern vehicles having the necessary advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) for autonomous operation, current implementations rely solely on sensor information from the surrounding environment or data from smart infrastructure. However, shortcomings in current implementations and standards around cost-effective variable latency and data rate have prevented widespread adoption of the technology to enable autonomous operation. This paper presents a proof-of-concept (PoC) reconfigurable design and performance of a hybrid high-ultra-high bands [i.e., millimetre-Wave (mmWave)-light fidelity (Li-Fi)] fifth generation (5G) architecture for autonomous vehicular communication applications. The hybrid multiple input multiple output (MIMO) system architecture design is mathematically modelled and presented. The reported prelim PoC validation focuses on the Li-Fi experiment and results. The proposed hybrid system’s effectiveness was evaluated using the open-source “Model-based Autonomous Traffic Simulation” (MOBATSim). The simulation results of a potential Li-Fi system and a PoC prototype are presented to demonstrate the role of the Li-Fi system in the proposed hybrid mmWave-Li-Fi 5G architecture. Three models of LED/lamp and two models of photodiode were simulated at three different vehicle speeds to ascertain the potential of the system. Promising results are reported at low speeds with received power values of up to -8.39 dBm and signal to noise ratios of up to 29.39 dB. Practical prototype simulations showed auspicious results including received power of -24.6 dBm to -34.12 dBm at the vehicle speeds of 10 MPH to 30 MPH respectively. The implemented PoC Li-Fi technology component has demonstrated the ability to transmit information with a theoretical output of 333 bits per second at 1.92 m, without the use of any high-power processors, components, and modulation techniques. The proposed system yields high data rates due to reconfigurable high bandwidth channels; many simultaneous multimedia mmWave-Li-Fi connections enabled due to spatial reuse with narrow beams; and easier mmWave-Li-Fi ultra-low latency support occasioned by smaller packet sizes. This holds a great promise for the hybrid 5G/6G mmWave-Li-Fi autonomous vehicular communication use case and/or applications.

Performance analysis of an outdoor Li-Fi system-based AO-OFDM architecture under different FSO turbulence and weather conditions

The Li-Fi system is being considered as an excellent alternative to the RF in the wireless network for the past few years due to its many benefits. Free space optics (FSO) is a type of communication where the light signal is sent over an unguided and unlimited path. Atmospheric attenuation, such as scintillation and weather or meteorological conditions, are critical characteristics affecting the reliability and quality of Li-Fi systems. This study extensively examined and simulated the atmosphere attenuation with various conditions and evaluated the influence of these conditions on different laser beam wavelengths. The performance of a proposed outdoor Li-Fi system based on all-optical OFDM to transmit 640 Gbps generated from eight orthogonal channels under the attenuated modelled channel situations was tested and analyzed. The system demonstrated a decent performance with BER at approximately 6 × 10−4 and received a signal of − 35 dBm for 10 Km and significant turbulence. VPI photonics design package and MATLAB were utilized to evaluate the system performance and channel modeling.

ELIoT: enhancing LiFi for next-generation Internet of things

Communication for the Internet of things (IoT) currently is predominantly narrowband and cannot always guarantee low latency and high reliability. Future IoT applications such as flexible manufacturing, augmented reality and self-driving vehicles rely on sophisticated real-time processing in the cloud to which mobile IoT devices are connected. High-capacity links that meet the requirements of the upcoming 6G systems cannot easily be provided by the current radio-based communication infrastructure. Light communication, which is also denoted as LiFi, offers huge amounts of spectrum, extra security and low-latency transmission free of interference even in dense reuse settings. We present the current state-of-the-art of LiFi systems and introduce new features needed for future IoT applications. We discuss results from a distributed multiple-input multiple-output topology with a fronthaul using plastic optical fibre. We evaluate seamless mobility between the light access points and also handovers to 5G, besides low-power transmission and integrated positioning. Future LiFi development, implementation and efforts towards standardization are addressed in the EU ELIoT project which is presented here.

Examination of OOK modulation schemes in Li-Fi systems

Light Fidelity (Li-Fi) is an advanced wireless communication method using visible light spectrum and light emitting diodes (LEDs) for high speed data transmission. In this article, a Li-Fi system using LED arrays is investigated for indoor visible light communication and efficiency of non-return-to-zero (NRZ) and return-to-zero (RZ) on-off keying (OOK) modulation schemes are compared with including inter symbol interference (ISI). For NRZ-OOK, 100 Mbps data rate is reached at 60° FOV angle and for RZ-OOK, 500 Mbps data transmission rate is achieved at the same FOV angle because of reduction in ISI.

Comparison of OOK-RZ and 4-PPM performances in Li-Fi systems using LED arrays

Light Fidelity (Li-Fi) is an advanced visible light communication (VLC) technic in which light emitting diodes (LEDs) are used for data transfer. In this article, a Li-Fi system using LED arrays is examined for indoor visible light communication. Lighting and data transmission simulations are made for return to zero on off keying (OOK-RZ) and 4-ary pulse position modulation (4-PPM) techniques with taking into account the optical path differences. Signal to noise ratios (SNRs) for both modulation techniques are calculated and used for comparison. Results of the simulations showed that data transmission rate up to 500 Mbps at FOV angle of 60° can be achieved for both modulation techniques.

Implementation and evaluation of a comprehensive Li-Fi system using Matlab/Simulink

Li-Fi technology is a type of visible light communication that uses LEDs as a data transmission source. Li-Fi is expected to occupy an important place in wireless network technology by providing high-speed internet access and having high bandwidth. It may be a common technology to provide internet access instead of Wi-Fi in places where radio waves are inconvenient, such as hospitals and airplanes. In this paper, a comprehensive Li-Fi system model implemented using Simulink® is proposed and evaluated. The model is equipped with a mirror and a thin convex lens to increase the efficiency of the Li-Fi system by reflecting and focusing the light beam emitted from the LEDs. The result obtained from the evaluation test shows that the output signal from the model of the proposed Li-Fi system is much higher than that of the basic Li-Fi system. Thus, using the proposed comprehensive model, more efficient Li-Fi systems can be realized.

26 Gbit/s LiFi System With Laser-Based White Light Transmitter

Wedemonstrate a high-speed light fidelity (LiFi) communication system deploying ultra-high brightness laser-based white light illumination sources in a surface mount device (SMD) packaging platform. The LiFi transmitter SMD source provides 450 lumens of white light output with a brightness of 1000 cd/mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> in a dual wavelength configuration comprising blue and infrared (IR) emitting laser diodes within the SMD. First, we present high-speed data transmission beyond 25 Gbit/s over a 3 meter channel distance with the combined data rates from the blue and IR lasers in the single SMD. Next, we present a 2.8 Gbit/s data rate with the dual wavelength laser SMD light source using a side-emissive fiber as the transmitter. This work proves the viability of LiFi systems deploying laser-based white light sources operating at very high data rates with the visible light and communication signal delivered in conventional free-space transmission architectures along with novel configurations using side-emitting fibers.

LiFi through Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces: A New Frontier for 6G?

Light fidelity (LiFi), which is based on visible-light communications (VLC), is celebrated as a cutting-edge technological paradigm that is envisioned to be an indispensable part of 6G systems. Nonetheless, LiFi performance is subject to efficiently overcoming line-of-sight (LoS) blockage, whose adverse effect on the reliability of wireless reception becomes even more pronounced in highly dynamic environments, such as vehicular applications. Meanwhile, reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) have recently emerged as a revolutionary concept that transforms the physical propagation environment into a fully controllable and customizable space using a low-cost, low-power approach. We anticipate that the integration of RISs into LiFi-enabled networks will not only support blockage mitigation but will also provision complex interactions among network entities, and is hence manifested as a promising platform that enables a plethora of technological trends and new applications. In this article, for the first time in open literature, we set the scene for a holistic overview of RIS-assisted LiFi systems. Specifically, we explore the underlying RIS architecture from the perspective of physics and present a forward-looking vision that outlines potential operational elements supported by RIS-enabled transceivers and environments. Finally, we highlight major associated challenges and offer a look ahead toward promising future directions.

Hybrid NOMA-based ACO-FBMC/OQAM for next-generation indoor optical wireless communications using LiFi technology

Light fidelity (LiFi) has successfully achieved high data transfer rates, high security, great availability, and low interference. In this paper, we propose a LiFi system consisting of a combination of non-orthogonal multi-access (NOMA), asymmetrically-clipped optical (ACO), and filter bank multicarrier (FBMC) techniques combined with offset quadrature amplitude modulation (OQAM). The paper also applies a mu -law companding approach for a high peak to average power ratio (PAPR) reduction of the FBMC/OQAM scheme. The combination of NOMA, ACO-FBMC/OQAM, and mu -law companding allows a significant increase in throughput and a significant reduction in unserved users. Considering two scenarios, an appropriate algorithm is developed to maximize the throughput and minimize the number of blocked (unserved) users. The results show that the overall system throughput could be increased by 1.8 compared to FBMC, OFDM, and OFDM-NOMA. Furthermore, the proposed system reduces the number of unserved users below 10%, while the system can provide 30 or 60% in case only OFDM-NOMA, FBMC, or OFDM is applied.