Lifetime Intake Research Articles

Microplastic prevalence and human exposure in the bottled drinking water in the west Godavari region of Andhra Pradesh, India

Microplastics (MPs) are widespread, minute plastic particles present in various aquatic environments, raising concerns about their effect on human health and ecosystems. The detrimental effects of MPs on the environment, include the contamination of ecosystems, harm to aquatic life through ingestion, potential disruption of food chains, and long-term ecological consequences. Despite numerous studies confirming the MP's presence in aquatic environments, research specifically focused on MPs in bottled drinking water (BDW) is limited. Research on MPs in drinking water is vital to assess potential health risks and develop strategies for ensuring water safety and quality. This study fills a research gap by investigating microplastics (MPs) in nine brands of BDW in the West Godavari region of Andhra Pradesh, India. The average MP concentration in BDW was found to be 2.89 ± 0.48 items/L, with fibers being the predominant shape and sizes ranging from 500 to 1000 μm. Transparent and blue were the most common colors. From ATR-FTIR analysis, the dominant polymer found was polypropylene (PP) followed by polyethylene terephthalate (PET). The human risk assessment was also calculated using the formula of Estimated daily intake (EDI) and Lifetime intake (LTI). The calculation found that the EDI of MPs for children and adults ranged from 0.041 to 0.291 MPs per kilogram per day and 0.019 to 0.133 MPs per kilogram per day, respectively. The mean LTI of MP consumption of an individual, ranged from 17,958 to 2,54,861 MPs, considering an average age of 75 years. The current findings offer valuable information for ongoing evaluations of the potential human risks linked to MP exposure.

Paparan Gas Hidrogen Sulfida (H2S) dan Aktivitas Pemulung Terhadap Risiko Kesehatan Lingkungan di TPA Tahun 2022

Scavengers have the potential to be exposed to gases from the waste decomposition process at the final disposal area due to the activities of scavengers in the final disposal environment. Exposure to these gases can cause health problems for scavengers, one of which is due to Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) gas. The purpose of the study was to determine the exposure of Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) gas to scavengers at the Air Dingin final disposal area of Padang in 2022. The research method used Environmental Health Risk Analysis. The results of the three points measured were above the odor level limit value (0.02 ppm or 0.0278 mg/m3). The average realtime intake value is 1.55 x 10-3 mg/kg/day and the lifetime intake is 3.11 x 10-3 mg/kg/day. Realtime and lifetime RQ values, obtained RQ>1. This means that exposure to Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) is not safe for scavengers. For this reason, it is necessary to carry out risk control efforts. For scavengers to use PPE, especially masks, and increase body resistance. For the Department of Environment of Padang, recommended to be able to monitor air quality related to polluting gases in the air around the final disposal area on a regular basis.

Drinking hot beverages from paper cups: Lifetime intake of microplastics

Microplastics (MPs) have been found in many packaged food products such as salt, tea bags, milk, and fish. In a previous study by this group, MPs were found to leach into hot water from the plastic lining of disposable paper cups. No studies were found in the literature quantifying health risks or lifetime intake of MPs. At present, it is not possible to quantify health risks due to MPs because dose-response and toxicity assessments are not available. Therefore, the objective of the current study was to assess the intake of MPs and associated contaminants like fluoride that are released into these hot beverages. MPs in the previous study were quantified in terms of particle counts only and a simple method was adopted in the present study to convert the microplastics count into its respective mass. Chronic daily intake (CDI) and lifetime intake (LTI) of MPs through the ingestion pathway were calculated. CDI and Hazard Quotient (HQ) due to fluoride ingestion were also estimated following USEPA guidelines. Monte Carlo (MC) simulations were used to account for the variability in input variables such as concentration of MPs, body weight, averaging time, exposure duration, exposure frequency and ingestion rate to evaluate the impact on CDI and LTI values. The CDI was used to estimate the LTI of MPs and HQ for fluoride ingestion. MC simulations with 100,000 iterations resulted in an average CDI of 0.03 ± 0.025 mg of microplastic per kg of body weight per day and 7.04 ± 8.8 μg fluoride per kg body weight per day. This study takes us one step closer to estimating the human health risk due to the ingestion of microplastics and other contaminants through food items.

Baseline and lifetime alcohol consumption and risk of skin cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition cohort (EPIC).

Experimental evidence suggests that alcohol induces cutaneous carcinogenesis, yet epidemiological studies on the link between alcohol intake and skin cancer have been inconsistent. The European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) is a prospective cohort initiated in 1992 in 10 European countries. Alcohol intake at baseline and average lifetime alcohol intake were assessed using validated country-specific dietary and lifestyle questionnaires. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated in Cox models. A total of 14 037 skin cancer cases (melanoma: n=2457; basal-cell carcinoma (BCC): n=8711; squamous-cell carcinoma (SCC): n=1928; unknown: n=941) were identified among 450 112 participants (average follow-up: 15 years). Baseline alcohol intake was positively associated with SCC (>15 vs 0.1-4.9 g/day: HR=1.44, 95% CI=1.17-1.77; Ptrend =.001), BCC (HR=1.12, 95% CI=1.01-1.23; Ptrend =.04), and melanoma risks in men (HR=1.17, 95% CI=0.95-1.44; Ptrend =.17), while associations were more modest in women (SCC: HR=1.09, 95% CI=0.90-1.30; Ptrend =.13; BCC: HR=1.08, 95% CI=1.00-1.17, Ptrend =.03; melanoma: HR=0.93, 95% CI=0.80-1.08, Ptrend =.13). Associations were similar for lifetime alcohol intake, with an attenuated linear trend. Lifetime liquor/spirit intake was positively associated with melanoma (fourth vs first quartile: HR=1.47, 95% CI=1.08-1.99; Ptrend =.0009) and BCC risks in men (HR=1.17, 95% CI=1.04-1.31; Ptrend =.14). Baseline and lifetime intakes of wine were associated with BCC risk (HR=1.25 in men; HR=1.11-1.12; in women). No statistically significant associations were found between beverage types and SCC risk. Intake of beer was not associated with skin cancer risk. Our study suggests positive relationships between alcohol intake and skin cancer risk, which may have important implications for the primary prevention of skin cancer.

Conversion of Existing Room into Green Room

Abstract: Humans are most exposed to indoor air. Half of the body's lifetime intake is house air. Indoor air exposure causes most environmental diseases. Today's environmental challenges are outdoor air quality, energy utilisation, and not duplicate (IAQ). But evidence is accumulating that IAQ causes morbidity and mortality. Creating Indoor unvented biomass cooking causes at least 2,000,000 (mostly women and children) die each year in wealthy countries. IAQ causes allergies, hypersensitivity responses, and airway inflammation, cancers, infections Radon and ETS (Environmental Tobacco Smoking) cause lung cancer, Sick Building Syndrome, inadequate ventilation. Future IAQ and health issues must be prioritised. This project also aims towards a quick composting endeavour to convert kitchen wet waste to compost in as little as 25 to 35 days. Vegetable cuttings, dry and wet leaf twigs, grass clippings, tree trimmings, and other wastes are included in the composting process. Composting comes into play here; organic waste may be recycled and the resulting product can be utilised to improve soil quality and aid plant growth. This can be simply implemented at hotels, colonies, schools, and institutions with readily available wet waste. The compost that is produced is used as manure for plants on the campus of the college. Keywords: Indoor Air Quality (IAQ), Health, Allergy, Indoor environments, Dampness, Ventilation, Kitchen Wet Waste, Composter.

Lifetime caffeine intake and the risk of epithelial ovarian cancer

BackgroundCaffeine intake has been inconsistently associated with the risk of ovarian cancer in previous studies. The measure of caffeine in these studies has not always distinguished between caffeinated and decaffeinated sources, and the time for which intake was assessed was often for late adulthood and thus may have excluded the etiologic window. We investigated lifetime caffeine intake from caffeinated coffee, black tea, green tea and cola sodas in relation to ovarian cancer risk. MethodsAmong 497 cases and 904 controls in a population-based case-control study in Montreal, Canada, lifetime intake of caffeinated coffee, black tea, green tea and cola sodas was assessed and used to calculate lifetime total intake of caffeine. Unconditional multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association between caffeine intake and ovarian cancer risk overall, as well as by menopausal status. Multivariable polytomous logistic regression was used to estimate the associations for invasive and borderline ovarian cancers separately. ResultsAlmost all participants (98.4% of cases and 97.5% of controls) had consumed caffeine in their lifetime. The mean (standard deviation) daily consumption of caffeine over the lifetime was of 117 (89) mg/day among cases and 120 (118) mg/day among controls. The OR (95% CI) of ovarian cancer for the highest versus lowest quartile of lifetime caffeine intake was 1.17 (0.83–1.64). According to menopausal status, the OR (95% CI) was 1.56 (0.85–2.86) for premenopausal women and 0.94 (0.66–1.34) for postmenopausal women, comparing the highest to lowest tertiles of intake. Associations for invasive and borderline ovarian cancers separately were similar to that observed for ovarian cancer overall. ConclusionLifetime caffeine intake was not strongly associated with ovarian cancer risk. A difference in relationship by menopausal status is possible.

An integrated method for atmospheric dispersion and corresponding risks: Application to ITU TRIGA Mark II research reactor

The prediction of the present and future impact of radioactivity release is important. However, there are several models and options to choose from. An integrated approach is proposed in this study and it is implemented to Istanbul Technical University (ITU) TRIGA Mark II Research Reactor. The procedure was divided into six steps including quantification of the source term, specification of meteorological data, atmospheric dispersion model selection, atmospheric dispersion and deposition calculation, biosphere and geosphere transport calculation, and finally dose and risk calculation. The acquisition of data and parameters for these steps were discussed in detail to provide insight to users of the integrated method. The evaluation of wind direction and speed defined in the safety analysis report of the reactor showed that the average wind direction at the reactor site altered from NE direction to NE-NNE over time but speed stayed almost the same. The maximum-total cloudshine and groundshine as a result of annual exposure rate were found as 21.1 μSv/yr at ITU Ayazağa Campus. For inhalation, Ba-140 and I-131 were found to have the highest risk in mortality and morbidity, respectively. The same is true for Sr-90 and I-131 in the lifetime intake of food while in the lifetime intake of tap water, Sr-90 is the leading radioisotope for both mortality and morbidity risks. However, all calculated values are quite low considering the survival rates. Moreover, the results of the study provides useful insight into the understanding of necessities while shedding light on limitations.

783Lifetime alcohol intake and stomach cancer risk: a pooled analysis of two prospective cohort studies

Abstract Background Alcohol consumption is causally linked to several cancer sites but the evidence for stomach cancer is still inconclusive. We aimed to quantify the association between alcohol intake and risk of stomach cancer, including subtypes. Methods We pooled data from two cohort studies including 452,958 individuals enrolled in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer in 1992-98 and 38,756 Australians enrolled in the Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study in 1990-94. Adjusted hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for incident stomach cancer were estimated using Cox regression. Results 1,225 incident stomach cancers were diagnosed over 7,094,637 person-years. Alcohol intake was not associated with overall stomach cancer risk. We observed a weak positive dose-response association for lifetime intake with non-cardia stomach cancer (HR = 1.03, 95% CI: 1.00-1.06/per 10 g/day increment), which is the more common type (77.6% of cases), and a weak inverse association with cardia cancer (HR = 0.93, 95% CI: 0.87-1.00) (phomogeneity=0.006). These associations did not differ appreciably by smoking or Helicobacter pylori infection status. Differences in HRs between diffuse-type and intestinal-type cancer were minimal (phomogeneity=0.97). HRs of 1.50 (95% CI: 1.12-2.01) for non-cardia and 0.53 (95% CI: 0.27-1.02) for cardia cancer were observed for a life course trajectory characterised by sustained heavy drinking compared with light drinking (phomogeneity=0.01). Conclusions Lifetime alcohol intake was associated with increased risk of non-cardia stomach cancer. The inverse association for cardia cancer indicates aetiologic differences between subsites. Key messages Limiting long-term alcohol consumption, and avoiding heavy use in particular, might be beneficial in preventing non-cardia stomach cancer.

Prediagnosis alcohol intake and metachronous cancer risk in cancer survivors: A prospective cohort study.

Alcohol consumption is a known cause of cancer, but its role in the etiology of second primary (metachronous) cancer is uncertain. Associations between alcohol intake up until study enrollment (prediagnosis) and risk of metachronous cancer were estimated using 9435 participants in the Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study who were diagnosed with their first invasive cancer after enrollment (1990-1994). Follow-up was from date of first invasive cancer until diagnosis of metachronous cancer, death or censor date (February 2018), whichever came first. Alcohol intake for 10-year periods from age 20 until decade encompassing baseline using recalled beverage-specific frequency and quantity was used to calculate baseline and lifetime intakes, and group-based intake trajectories. We estimated hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), adjusted for potential confounders. After a mean follow-up of 7 years, 1512 metachronous cancers were identified. A 10 g/d increment in prediagnosis lifetime alcohol intake (HR = 1.03, 95% CI = 1.00-1.06; Pvalue = .02) and an intake of ≥60 g/d (HR = 1.32, 95% CI = 1.01-1.73) were associated with increased metachronous cancer risk. We observed positive associations (per 10 g/d increment) for metachronous colorectal (HR = 1.07, 95% CI = 1.00-1.14), upper aero-digestive tract (UADT) (HR = 1.16, 95% CI = 1.00-1.34) and kidney cancer (HR = 1.24, 95% CI = 1.10-1.39). Although these findings were partly explained by effects of smoking, the association for kidney cancer remained unchanged when current smokers or obese individuals were excluded. Alcohol intake trajectories over the life course confirmed associations with metachronous cancer risk. Prediagnosis long-term alcohol intake, and particularly heavy drinking, may increase the risk of metachronous cancer, particularly of the colorectum, UADT and kidney.

Early-Life Alcohol Intake and High-Grade Prostate Cancer: Results from an Equal-Access, Racially Diverse Biopsy Cohort.

Epidemiologic evidence for an association between alcohol and prostate cancer is mixed. Moreover, there is a lack of research investigating early-life alcohol intake as a risk factor for either overall or high-grade prostate cancer. We examined lifetime alcohol intake in association with prostate cancer diagnosis in an equal-access, racially diverse prostate biopsy cohort. Men undergoing prostate biopsy at the Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center from 2007 to 2018 completed a survey indicating average number of alcoholic beverages consumed per week [categorized as none (ref), 1-6, ≥7] during each decade of life. Multivariable logistic regression was used to test the association between alcohol intake across decades and diagnosis of overall, low-grade [grade group (GG) 1-2] and high-grade prostate cancer (GG 3-5). Of 650 men ages 49-89 who underwent biopsy, 325 were diagnosed with prostate cancer, 238 with low-grade and 88 with high-grade disease. Relative to nondrinkers, men who consumed ≥7 drinks/week at ages 15 to 19 had increased odds of high-grade prostate cancer diagnosis (OR = 3.21, P trend = 0.020), with similar findings for ages 20 to 29, 30 to 39, and 40 to 49. Consistent with these results, men in the upper tertile of cumulative lifetime intake had increased odds of high-grade prostate cancer diagnosis (OR = 3.20, P trend = 0.003). In contrast, current alcohol intake was not associated with prostate cancer. In conclusion, among men undergoing prostate biopsy, heavier alcohol intake earlier in life and higher cumulative lifetime intake were positively associated with high-grade prostate cancer diagnosis, while current intake was unrelated to prostate cancer. Our findings suggest that earlier-life alcohol intake should be explored as a potential risk factor for high-grade prostate cancer. Cancer Prev Res; 11(10); 621-8. ©2018 AACR.

Alcohol consumption and all-cause mortality in older adults in Spain: an analysis accounting for the main methodological issues.

Observational evidence that light-to-moderate alcohol consumption lowers mortality is questioned because of potential selection biases and residual confounding. We assess the association between alcohol intake and all-cause death in older adults after accounting for those methodological issues. Data came from 3045 individuals representative of the non-institutionalized population aged ≥60years in Spain. Participants were recruited in 2008-10, when they reported current and life-time alcohol intake; drinkers were classified as occasional (<1.43g/day), light (≥ 1.43 but <20g/day for men and ≥ 1.43 but<10g/day for women), moderate (≥ 20 but<40g/day for men and ≥ 10but<20g/day for women) or heavy (≥40g/day for men and≥24g/day for women)/binge. Participants were followed-up to 2017 to assess vital status. In analyses, ex-drinkers were removed from the abstainer group and were classified according to their life-time intake to address the 'abstainer bias'. Moreover, analyses were replicated in individuals without functional limitations, and excluded deaths in the first year of follow-up, to address reverse causation. Also, occasional drinkers were used as reference in some analyses to reduce the 'healthy drinker/survivor' bias. Results were adjusted for many covariates to minimize residual confounding. Compared with never-drinkers, the hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) of mortality for light drinkers was 1.05 (0.71-1.56) and 1.20 (0.72-2.02) in those without functional limitations. Corresponding values for moderate drinkers were 1.28 (0.81-2.02) and 1.55 (0.87-2.75) and for heavy/binge drinkers 1.85 (1.07-3.23) and 2.15 (1.09-4.22). Results were consistent when occasional drinkers were used as reference. Among drinkers without functional limitations, the hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) of mortality per 10g/day of alcohol was 1.12 (1.02-1.23). After accounting for potential biases, light-to-moderate drinking among people 60+ years of age appears to have no statistically significant benefit on mortality compared with abstention from alcohol. By contrast, heavy/binge drinking shows a higher death risk compared with abstention from alcohol. Alcohol intake appears to have a positive dose-response with mortality among drinkers.

Lifetime alcohol intake and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma: Findings from the Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study.

Cohort studies have reported inconsistent evidence regarding alcohol intake and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), mostly based on alcohol intake assessed close to study enrolment. We examined this association using alcohol intake measured from age 20 onwards. We calculated usual alcohol intake for 10-year periods from age 20 using recalled frequency and quantity of beverage-specific consumption for 37,990 participants aged 40-69 years from the Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study. Cox regression was performed to derive hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association between alcohol intake (g/day) and NHL risk. After a mean follow-up of 19.3 years, 538 NHL cases were diagnosed. Approximately 80% of participants were either lifetime abstainers or consumed below 20 g of ethanol/day. All categories of lifetime alcohol intake were associated with about 20% lower incidence of NHL compared with lifetime abstention, but there was no evidence of a trend by amount consumed (HR = 0.97 per 10 g/day increment in intake, 95% CI: 0.92-1.03; p value = 0.3). HRs for beer, wine and spirits were 0.91 (95% CI: 0.83-1.00; p value = 0.05), 1.03 (95% CI: 0.94-1.12; p value = 0.6), and 1.06 (95% CI: 0.83-1.37; p value = 0.6), respectively, per 10 g/day increment in lifetime intake. There were no significant differences in associations between NHL subtypes. In this low-drinking cohort, we did not detect a dose-dependent association between lifetime alcohol intake and NHL risk.

Structural abnormality of substantia nigra induced by methamphetamine abuse.

Methamphetamine abuse has been linked to an increased risk of Parkinson's disease. The objective of this study was to investigate structural abnormality of the substantia nigra in past methamphetamine users using transcranial sonography. In a cross-sectional, observational study, echogenicity of the substantia nigra was assessed in 59 past methamphetamine users and 59 matched controls. The frequencies of an abnormal spatial extension of the substantia nigra as well as the average sizes of left and right substantia nigra were evaluated. The average echogenic size of the substantia nigra was larger in methamphetamine users (0.22 ± 0.06 cm2 ) when compared with controls (0.17 ± 0.05 cm2 , P < .001). Furthermore, the frequency of enlarged, echogenic substantia nigra was increased in methamphetamine users (42% vs 12% in controls, P < .001). Partial correlation analysis revealed an association of echogenic substantia nigra size with estimated total lifetime intake of methamphetamine (r55 = 0.395, P = .002). Current data link methamphetamine abuse in humans to injury of substantia nigra neurons and an increased risk of Parkinson's disease. © 2017 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.

A New Approach to Assess Lifetime Dietary Patterns Finds Lower Consumption of Animal Foods with Aging in a Longitudinal Analysis of a Health-Oriented Adventist Population.

Life-course diet patterns may impact risk of disease, but little is known about dietary trends with aging. In a retrospective longitudinal analysis we estimated lifetime intake of animal products and adherence to vegetarian dietary patterns among 51,082 Adventist Health Study-2 (AHS-2) subjects using data from a reliable life-course dietary (meats, dairy, eggs) questionnaire. Results showed a marked tendency to consume fewer animal products (in total) in older years and to reduce consumption of meat, poultry and fish, but not eggs or dairy. Among the 29% of elderly subjects who during their lifetime kept the same dietary pattern (LTS) were: LTS-vegans (1.1%), LTS-lacto-ovo vegetarians (31.2%), LTS-pesco vegetarians (0.49%), LTS-semi vegetarians (3.7%), and LTS-non-vegetarians (63.5%). Among the 71% of switchers were “Converters” (59.7%) who moved towards and “Reverters” (9.1%) who moved away from vegetarian diets, and Multiverters (31.2%), who had moved in both directions. LTS-non-vegetarians, and also reverters, were more overweight and showed a less healthy lifestyle than others. We conclude that the dietary patterns are dynamic with strong trends to reduce animal foods and to adopt more vegetarian patterns with aging. The disease experience of subjects with different lifetime dietary patterns can be compared.

Serotonergic neurotransmission in emotional processing: New evidence from long-term recreational poly-drug ecstasy use.

The brain's serotonergic system plays a crucial role in the processing of emotional stimuli, and several studies have shown that a reduced serotonergic neurotransmission is associated with an increase in amygdala activity during emotional face processing. Prolonged recreational use of ecstasy (3,4-methylene-dioxymethamphetamine [MDMA]) induces alterations in serotonergic neurotransmission that are comparable to those observed in a depleted state. In this functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study, we investigated the responsiveness of the amygdala to emotional face stimuli in recreational ecstasy users as a model of long-term serotonin depletion. Fourteen ecstasy users and 12 non-using controls underwent fMRI to measure the regional neural activity elicited in the amygdala by male or female faces expressing anger, disgust, fear, sadness, or no emotion. During fMRI, participants made a sex judgement on each face stimulus. Positron emission tomography with 11C-DASB was additionally performed to assess serotonin transporter (SERT) binding in the brain. In the ecstasy users, SERT binding correlated negatively with amygdala activity, and accumulated lifetime intake of ecstasy tablets was associated with an increase in amygdala activity during angry face processing. Conversely, time since the last ecstasy intake was associated with a trend toward a decrease in amygdala activity during angry and sad face processing. These results indicate that the effects of long-term serotonin depletion resulting from ecstasy use are dose-dependent, affecting the functional neural basis of emotional face processing.

Lifetime alcohol consumption and upper aero-digestive tract cancer risk in the Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study.

Cohort studies have rarely examined the association between upper aero-digestive tract (UADT) cancer risk and lifetime alcohol intake. We examined the associations between incident squamous cell carcinoma of the UADT (oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, and esophagus) and alcohol intake for different periods in life using data from the Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study. Usual alcohol intake for 10-year periods from age 20 was calculated using recalled frequency and quantity of beverage-specific consumption. Cox regression with age as the time axis was performed to estimate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the associations of UADT cancer with alcohol intake for different periods in life compared with abstention. During a mean follow-up of 16.2 person-years, 98 incident cases of UADT cancer were identified. We observed a dose-dependent association between lifetime alcohol intake and the risk of UADT cancer (multivariable-adjusted HR 2.67, 95% CI 1.27-5.60 for an intake of≥40g/day and multivariable-adjusted HR 1.16, 95% CI 1.06-1.28 for a 10g/day increment in intake). A positive association with baseline alcohol intake (multivariable-adjusted HR 1.12, 95% CI 1.02-1.24 for a 10g/day increment in intake) was found to be a slightly weaker predictor of risk than lifetime intake. Limiting alcohol intake from early adulthood may reduce UADT cancer risk.

EVALUATION OF CARDIAC MORPHOLOGY AND TEI INDEX BY DOPPLER ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY IN MALE ALCOHOLICS

Background: The literature has recorded changes in ECG, cardiac morphology in male alcoholics is known by the term "Holiday heart syndrome" with normal heart function. Tei Chuwa devised and published in1995 an index of myocardial performance (the Tei index) that evaluates the LV systolic and diastolic function in combination. To assess cardiac morphology and function through Tei index in male alcoholics, we conducted this study with the following objectives: identify of cardiac morphology and Tei index in male alcoholics, compared with a control group and find out the correlation between left ventricular morphology, Tei index with duration and lifetime intake amount of alcohol. Material and Methods: This study was carried on 100 male subject, 50 alcoholics, mean age 45.50 ± 7.78 and 50 healthy male non-alcoholics with similar age. They are all under echocardiography to measure left ventricular morphology, conventional Doppler Tei index and tissue Doppler Tei indexes. Results: Morphological parameters were significantly greater in alcoholics than in controls: VLTd (9.56 ± 1.64 vs 8.52 ± 0.83), TSTTd (9.29 ± 1.64 vs 8.75 ± 1.10), LVMI (89.82 ± 29.29 vs 77.42 ± 12.67). There were significant differences between the groups of alcoholics and the control subjects with respect to conventional Doppler Tei index and tissue Doppler Tei indexes. The left ventricular mass index correlated with lifetime intake amount of alcohol. conventional Tei index had correlation with duration and lifetime intake amount of alcohol. Conclusions: The alcoholics had left ventricular structural changes, compared to controls. Heart function was evalued by Tei index showed abnormal in alcoholics. Keywords: Alcoholic’s heart, Doppler echocardiography, Tei index.

Alcohol consumption for different periods in life, intake pattern over time and all-cause mortality.

Conventionally, cohort studies have assessed the association between alcohol and all-cause mortality by using alcohol intake at enrolment. In the Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study, participants were asked about usual frequency and quantity of beverage-specific alcohol intake for 10-year periods starting at age 20 from which current, past and lifetime intakes were calculated. We used Cox regression to estimate hazard ratios for mortality for 39 577 participants of the Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study aged 40-69 at baseline. After a mean follow-up of 15 years/person, we identified 4639 deaths. Associations between all-cause mortality and lifetime, current (baseline) and past intake were J shaped, with lower mortality at low intake (e.g. <40 g/day for men and 10 g/day for women using lifetime intake) and elevated mortality at higher intake. For men, consistent light-to-moderate drinking (>0-39/>0-39 g/day) from age 20 to baseline age was associated with a 16% lower mortality, while heavy drinking at both ages (≥80/≥40 and ≥40/0 g/day) was associated with higher mortality compared with stable abstinence. Our findings support a reduced mortality risk associated with low-dose drinking but also highlight a higher mortality risk for consistent heavy drinking from a young age.

Interrelationships between maternal DHA in erythrocytes, milk and adipose tissue. Is 1 wt% DHA the optimal human milk content? Data from four Tanzanian tribes differing in lifetime stable intakes of fish

Little is known about the interrelationships between maternal and infant erythrocyte-DHA, milk-DHA and maternal adipose tissue (AT)-DHA contents. We studied these relationships in four tribes in Tanzania (Maasai, Pare, Sengerema and Ukerewe) differing in their lifetime intakes of fish. Cross-sectional samples were collected at delivery and after 3 d and 3 months of exclusive breast-feeding. We found that intra-uterine biomagnification is a sign of low maternal DHA status, that genuine biomagnification occurs during lactation, that lactating mothers with low DHA status cannot augment their infants' DHA status, and that lactating mothers lose DHA independent of their DHA status. A maternal erythrocyte-DHA content of 8 wt% was found to correspond with a mature milk-DHA content of 1·0 wt% and with subcutaneous and abdominal (omentum) AT-DHA contents of about 0·39 and 0·52 wt%, respectively. Consequently, 1 wt% DHA might be a target for Western human milk and infant formula that has milk arachidonic acid, EPA and linoleic acid contents of 0·55, 0·22 and 9·32 wt%, respectively. With increasing DHA status, the erythrocyte-DHA content reaches a plateau of about 9 wt%, and it plateaus more readily than milk-DHA and AT-DHA contents. Compared with the average Tanzanian-Ukerewe woman, the average US woman has four times lower AT-DHA content (0·4 v. 0·1 wt%) and five times lower mature milk-DHA output (301 v. 60 mg/d), which contrasts with her estimated 1·8-2·6 times lower mobilisable AT-DHA content (19 v. 35-50 g).

Abstract B66: Life-time and adult genistein consumption have opposing effects on tamoxifen's ability to prevent recurrence of mammary tumors and on unfolded protein response pathways in rats

Abstract We recently found that starting intake of isoflavone genistein (GEN) present in soyfoods at the time when mammary tumors are treated with tamoxifen (TAM) increases de novo resistance to TAM and the risk of recurrence in a new rat model of estrogen receptor positive mammary tumor dormancy. However, rats which started consuming GEN before puberty and continued through their life time were highly responsive to TAM and exhibited reduced rate of mammary tumor recurrence. In this study, we investigated potential mechanisms that may explain the findings. 95 female Sprague-Dawley rats consuming AIN93G diet were supplemented with 0 or 500 ppm GEN between postnatal days (PND) 15 to 30 (prepubertal exposure) and then were fed AIN93G diet with no GEN between PND 30 and 55. On PND 48, rats received 10 mg DMBA to induce mammary tumors, and were then divided to four dietary groups on PND 55: prepubertal GEN-adult GEN group (GG, lifelong GEN, n=20); prepubertal GEN-adult control group (GC, prepubertal GEN, n=20); prepubertal control-adult GEN (CG, adult GEN, n=20); and control-control (CC, n=35). When mammary tumor reached a size of 1.4 cm in diameter, 337 ppm TAM citrate was added to rats' diet. GG and CG rats continued also consuming GEN, and all rats in GC and 20 rats in CC groups (post-diagnosis GEN) started consuming GEN one week after the TAM treatment started. 15 CC rats were never fed GEN (C, no GEN control, n=15). Mammary tumor latency was longer in GG (p&amp;lt;0.003) and GC rats (p&amp;lt;0.095), compared to CC rats. The response of tumors to TAM treatment was classified as complete or partial response, or de novo resistant. Prepubertal and life-time GEN intake increased, and intake starting during TAM treatment reduced response to TAM (p&amp;lt;0.001). Mammary cancer recurrence rate was highest in the rats which started consuming GEN during TAM treatment, and significantly lower in life-time, prepubertal and adulthood only GEN intake groups (p&amp;lt;0.001). In the mammary gland, no changes in estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) or HER2/ErB2 protein expression in the mammary gland were seen among the groups, but estrogen receptor beta (ERβ) protein level was significantly up-regulated (p&amp;lt;0.05) in the lifelong GEN exposed animals, when compared to no GEN control or prepubertal GEN exposed animals. We also investigated changes in the unfolded protein response (UPR) pathway. Surprisingly, the active form of ATF6, ATF6 p50, was highest in the mammary gland of lifelong GEN fed rats and lowest in that of CG and C animals (p&amp;lt;0.05). Target gene expression of ATF6 p50 was investigated in the mammary gland by quantitative real-time PCR and up-regulation of Xbp1 and GRP78 mRNA level was confirmed (p&amp;lt;0.05). In the tumor, ERα and progesterone receptor (PgR) protein expression did not differ among the five groups, but HER2/ErB2 and ERβ expression were higher in GC rats when compared with rats exposed to GEN lifelong (p&amp;lt;0.05). Further, protein levels of several important components in the UPR pathway - GRP78, IRE1α, ATF4 and Beclin -were significantly lower in the mammary tumors of lifelong GEN exposed rats than in the tumors of rats that started consuming GEN as adult (p&amp;lt;0.05). Our findings suggest that the effect of prepubertal GEN exposure in increasing TAM responsiveness may be related to the differentially regulated UPR pathway: members of this pathway were activated in the normal mammary gland and downregulated in the tumors. Elevated expression of GRP78 and other UPR genes in the mammary tumors of rats that started consuming GEN for the first time during TAM treatment may be associated with high de novo resistance and recurrence rate. Citation Format: Xiyuan Zhang, Leena A. Hilakivi-Clarke. Life-time and adult genistein consumption have opposing effects on tamoxifen's ability to prevent recurrence of mammary tumors and on unfolded protein response pathways in rats. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Third AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Basic Cancer Research; Sep 18-22, 2013; National Harbor, MD. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(19 Suppl):Abstract nr B66.