Extreme Sports Research Articles

Effects of coping mechanisms on nurses' practices and psychological well-being

Lockdown procedures brought on by the COVID-19 outbreak have severely limited athletes' possibilities to exercise, creating both physical and psychological difficulties. This study looked into how lockdowns affected people who participated in adventure sports, including cycling, swimming, and running. Examining the effect of lockdown on athletes' perceptions of instruction barriers. The study's specific goal was to look into the relationships between instruction volume, lockdown-specific resilience, perceptions of movement limitations, and instruction hurdles. The study also sought to examine the relationship between athletes' personal dedication to their sports and lockdown resilience, coping mechanisms, and perceived instruction constraints. An online survey was used to collect participant information. The survey was used to examine variables such as age, gender, country of residence, personal involvement in endurance sports, resilience, emotion regulation mechanisms, mobility limits, instruction regimens, and mental health. To find participants on pertinent internet sites, convenience sampling techniques were used. The data were examined statistically using multiple regression analysis and nonparametric testing. According to the study's findings, poorer instruction volume, a lower level of lockdown-specific resilience, and more unfavorable views of lockdown mobility limits were all linked to higher levels of perceived instruction barriers during the lockdown. According to the data, athletes that had a strong personal commitment to their sport showed stronger mental resilience. COVID-19 pandemic lockdown had an effect on athletes' preparation and mental health. Reduced instruction, a lack of resilience, and unfavorable opinions all increased hurdles. Strongly devoted athletes showed resilience, adaptive coping, and less burdens. Personal dedication and coping skills are essential for athletes' wellbeing through trying circumstances.

Prevalence, severity, and predictors of self-reported depression in ultra-distance runners: An online survey based on 265 athletes.

BackgroundLiterature suggests a high prevalence of mental health disorders among athletes practicing elite and extreme sports. One of the most commonly encountered disorders in this group of individuals is depression. ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to examine the prevalence, severity, and risk factors of symptoms of self-reported depression among ultra-distance runners. MethodsData was collected using an online survey (February to April 2023) and included 265 (age 48.35 ± 10.52 years) adult ultra-runners. The Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) was used to measure self-reported depression. Additional variables comprised basic sociodemographic information and information regarding training, ultramarathon experience, and previous injury. Descriptive and interferential statistics were performed using JASP Version 0.16.4. ResultsWe found that 21.9 % (n = 58) of ultra-runners suffered from self-reported depression (i.e., BDI-II score ≥ 14) with an average BDI-II score of 22.7 ± 7.1 (moderately severe symptoms). Female ultra-runners had a higher prevalence (30.8 %) of self-reported depression than males (16.2 %, p = .001). Logistic regression revealed that ultra-runners without previous sports injury (p = .01) and those of increasing age (p = .003) had a significantly lower risk of self-reported depression. Similarly, linear regression showed the absence of injury (p < .001) and increasing age (p = .02) resulted in significantly lower BDI-II scores. Training volume in distance and hours per week as well as ultra-running experience did not show any significant association. ConclusionsAffecting more than one-fifth of our collective, depressive symptoms appear to be highly prevalent among ultra-runners. Our findings underline the importance of screening for clinical depression, especially among injured athletes. However, the previously assumed peculiarities of the sport in the area of high training volume do not appear to be a significant factor.

Research on the psychoanalytic intervention of user reactive habits and avoidance

Lockdown procedures brought on by the COVID-19 outbreak have severely limited athletes' possibilities to exercise, creating both physical and psychological difficulties. This study looked into how lockdowns affected people who participated in adventure sports, including cycling, swimming, and running. Examining the effect of lockdown on athletes' perceptions of instruction barriers. The study's specific goal was to look into the relationships between instruction volume, lockdown-specific resilience, perceptions of movement limitations, and instruction hurdles. The study also sought to examine the relationship between athletes' personal dedication to their sports and lockdown resilience, coping mechanisms, and perceived instruction constraints. An online survey was used to collect participant information. The survey was used to examine variables such as age, gender, country of residence, personal involvement in endurance sports, resilience, emotion regulation mechanisms, mobility limits, instruction regimens, and mental health. To find participants on pertinent internet sites, convenience sampling techniques were used. The data were examined statistically using multiple regression analysis and nonparametric testing. According to the study's findings, poorer instruction volume, a lower level of lockdown-specific resilience, and more unfavorable views of lockdown mobility limits were all linked to higher levels of perceived instruction barriers during the lockdown. According to the data, athletes that had a strong personal commitment to their sport showed stronger mental resilience. COVID-19 pandemic lockdown had an effect on athletes' preparation and mental health. Reduced instruction, a lack of resilience, and unfavorable opinions all increased hurdles. Strongly devoted athletes showed resilience, adaptive coping, and fewer burdens. Personal dedication and coping skills are essential for athletes' wellbeing through trying circumstances.

Development of a COVID-19 pandemic psychological endurance and coping efficiency model

Lockdown procedures brought on by the COVID-19 outbreak have severely limited athletes' possibilities to exercise, creating both physical and psychological difficulties. This study looked into how lockdowns affected people who participated in adventure sports, including cycling, swimming, and running. Examining the effect of lockdown on athletes' perceptions of instruction barriers. The study's specific goal was to look into the relationships between instruction volume, lockdown-specific resilience, perceptions of movement limitations, and instruction hurdles. The study also sought to examine the relationship between athletes' personal dedication to their sports and lockdown resilience, coping mechanisms, and perceived instruction constraints. An online survey was used to collect participant information. The survey was used to examine variables such as age, gender, country of residence, personal involvement in endurance sports, resilience, emotion regulation mechanisms, mobility limits, instruction regimens, and mental health. To find participants on pertinent internet sites, convenience sampling techniques were used. The data were examined statistically using multiple regression analysis and nonparametric testing. According to the study's findings, poorer instruction volume, a lower level of lockdown-specific resilience, and more unfavorable views of lockdown mobility limits were all linked to higher levels of perceived instruction barriers during the lockdown. According to the data, athletes that had a strong personal commitment to their sport showed stronger mental resilience. COVID-19 pandemic lockdown had an effect on athletes' preparation and mental health. Reduced instruction, a lack of resilience, and unfavorable opinions all increased hurdles. Strongly devoted athletes showed resilience, adaptive coping, and less burdens. Personal dedication and coping skills are essential for athletes' wellbeing through trying circumstances.

Soft Adventure and Spiritual Tourism: A Case Study of Khaptad National Park

Tourism for lifetime pride is adventure tourism. Khaptad National Park and its core area are the land of meditation of renounced (sage) Yogi Khaptad Baba. It is a natural beauty hub and centre of soft adventure tourism in Far West Nepal. The land is adventurous from different dimensions of tourism. Thus, to find out the elements of adventure tourism in the Khaptad area the study has been conducted. To explore the elements, the study has analyzed the attraction component of adventure tourism in the zone. It is a case study of Khaptad National Park, Nepal. The facts were collected through field observation, focus group discussion, and qualitative interviews on qualitative exploratory approach. From the review, discussion, and analysis, it was found that the land is perfectly suitable for high-altitude hiking, trekking, bird and butterfly watching, rock climbing, yoga, meditation, and snow sports. Any type of outdoor sports (Cricket, football, mountain biking, running, skiing, and many more) at cool high altitudes can be organized in the Khaptad. The land can be the milestone for Nepalese soft adventure sports tourism including spiritual, cultural, and eco-tourism. However, infrastructure tourism development in the pristine land must be as much as environmentally friendly. One ring road around the Khaptad National Park is advisable but motorable roads should be constructed upward to the plateau. It is the land like a natural heaven that must not be indulged by concretization and modernization.

What factors explain extreme sport participation? A systematic review.

Extreme sport participation is growing, yet it is still not clear exactly what motivates individuals to participate in sports where accidents can lead to serious injury or death. The purpose of this systematic review was to review and assess current research and identify the factors that explain engagement in extreme sport participation. A systematic review of PsycInfo, ProQuest, PsychArticles, SportDiscus and Google Scholar was performed according to PRISMA guidelines. Eligibility criteria were defined to identify studies exploring the factors that explain or are associated with taking part in extreme sports. Articles published in English in peer-reviewed journals were retrieved. A total of 35 studies met the eligibility criteria. The sample comprised 17 qualitative studies, 12 quantitative studies, 5 case studies and 1 mixed method study. Findings were categorised into five key themes; "existential and external" (external reasons for participation, e.g., being in nature), "personality" (i.e., stable traits that predicted participation e.g., sensation seeking), "motivation characteristics" (i.e., one's capability and confidence whilst participating, e.g., self-determination theory), "managing risk" (i.e., explanation centred around the desire to take risks e.g., experiential vs. analytical) and "analogies with addiction and withdrawal" (i.e., the behavioural response experienced whilst abstaining from/unable to take part in the sport e.g., craving). There are multiple reasons why individuals participate in extreme sports despite their inherent danger. This review highlights how individuals differing perceptions of risk can impact motivations and therefore the complexity in this area. Potential links between themes and suggestions for future research are also discussed. https://osf.io/mvk2j.

Evaluation Model of the Teaching Effect of College Physical Education Class Based on Multimedia Feature Extraction Technology and Three-Dimensional Recons

As society progresses, diverse educational techniques are emerging, including the widespread use of multimedia in university disciplines. In physical education (PE), multimedia enhances understanding of abstract concepts, replacing traditional methods and advancing PE. It enables personalized teaching, cultivates learning abilities, and improves physical skills. This study utilizes multimedia feature extraction and 3D body reconstruction to analyze brief sports actions, achieving precise motion analysis. Compared to traditional methods, this approach demonstrates a 15.38% improvement and holds broad applicability.

Identification of sports categorization

Sports play a significant role in improving human health and financial status, particularly in competitive sports. It is also closely related to the prestige of a region or country. To achieve maximum results, appropriate guidance is required, which can be provided by relevant parties. Policy makers require a specific coaching system based on the characteristics of different sports, which should be carried out continuously with systematically arranged stages. With numerous sports available, it can be challenging to monitor the progress and evaluation of each sport. Therefore, it is necessary to categorize sports based on their characteristics. This research aims to form categories of sports that are adapted to the various characteristics of each sport. The research uses a descriptive qualitative method. The sports that are used as references are those that are competed in the Olympics, as well as those that are competed in Indonesia, especially in National Sports Week (PON). The sample includes 39 sports. After analyzing the characteristics of sports, the following categorizations have been produced: accuracy sports, martial arts, extreme sports, assessment sports, games sports, racquet sports, and measurable sports. Keywords: Category, Identification, Sport, Olympics.

Trunk and shoulder strength and mobility in young female volleyball and handball athletes

IntroductionVolleyball and handball have typical overhead throwing motion that can generate adaptations in the athlete's kinetic chain predisposing to injuries and pain. Considering the importance of the trunk and shoulder in overhead throwing motion and the particularities of these action in different sports, this study aimed to compare the trunk and shoulder muscle strength and mobility in young female volleyball and handball athletes. DesignCross-sectional study with 70 female volleyball and handball athletes between 13 and 18 years old. MethodsShoulder rotators, trunk extension and flexion with rotation strength was measured with a handheld dynamometer (MicroFET 2, Hoogan Health Industries, West Jordan, UT, USA). Shoulder and trunk range of motion was measured with a digital inclinometer (Acummar – model ACU001). Total range of motion deficit (TROM deficit), glenohumeral internal and external rotation of dominant (DOM) and non-dominant (NDOM) shoulder were also calculated. ResultsHandball athletes presented greater muscle strength of trunk flexors/rotators (DOM: 24.96%, effect size: 0.687; NDOM, 31.83%, effect size: 0.798) and dominant shoulder internal rotators (16.65%, effect size: 0.619). The groups showed no difference for trunk and shoulder range of motion and external rotators strength. A TROM (volleyball: 48%, handball: 35%) and a glenohumeral internal rotation deficit (volleyball: 28%, handball: 29%) was found in both groups. ConclusionsYoung female handball athletes have greater strength of trunk flexors/rotators and dominant shoulder internal rotators compared to volleyball athletes. These differences may be related to the different demands required in the movement of these sports.

Hybrid 3D Printing of a Nature‐Inspired Flexible Self‐Adhesive Biopatch for Multi‐Biosignal Sensing

AbstractBioinspired skin adhesives are promising alternatives to traditional glue‐based skin patches for use in various skin‐attachable devices. However, the typical nano‐/microfabrication of these bioinspired microstructures provides limited manufacturing freedom over their performance, constraining their versatility and customization for widespread use. In this study, a hybrid 3D printing approach for fabricating a permeable skin patch is developed with adhesive miniaturized octopus‐like suckers (AMOS) for biosignal monitoring. The design and geometrical influences are investigated on the adhesion strength under different skin conditions (i.e., dry, wet, and hairy), permeability, and durability as well as proposed a biocompatible, stretchable, highly permeable, reusable, and conformable biopatch. Unlike commercially available biopatches that use chemical adhesives, the adhesion strength of an AMOS patch is customizable, does not cause skin irritation, and is comfortable for the wearer when worn for extended durations. The biopatch is tested in electromyogram, electrooculogram, and electrocardiogram signal measurement during a hand‐cycling experiment over extended durations that confirms its potential in extreme sport events. In addition to biosignal monitoring, 3D‐printed AMOS patches have broad applicability across various skin‐interfacing devices, including glucose and sweat monitoring, drug delivery, and wound healing. This approach offers a promising and highly customizable manufacturing solution for unlocking next‐generation skin‐attachable technologies.

Sense of safety or meaning in danger? Real-contact stick fighting as an imagistic ritual.

It is a common assumption that human behavior is guided by a desire to feel safe and avoid harm. However, this view is challenged by the popularity of high-risk leisure sport and other practices that involve subjecting oneself to a considerable danger with no apparent gain. By using real-contact stick fighting as an example, I suggest that the attractiveness of at least some such practices can be explained by cognitive dynamics that are typical of affectively intense rituals such as initiations. Affectively intense rituals are known to enhance personal meaning-making and foster identity fusion, that is, the overlapping of personal and social identities. The sense of meaning thus engendered effectively satisfies common identity motives and thus elicits positive affect. By introducing ritual studies perspectives into the edgework paradigm that is commonly used to conceptualize voluntary risk taking, I contribute to an increased understanding of the cognitive processes motivating participation in extreme leisure sport.

Paper 49: Osteochondral Allograft Transplantation for Capitellar Osteochondritis Dissecans: Excellent Patient Reported Outcomes Scores and High Return to Sports

Objectives: Unstable osteochondritis dissecans of the capitellum (OCD-C) is treated surgically, most commonly with loose body removal and marrow stimulation. This treatment has historically been associated with suboptimal return to high-demand upper extremity sports (baseball and gymnastics) and persistent elbow pain. Fresh osteochondral allograft transplantation (OAlloT) is an alternative treatment which restores subchondral bone and articular cartilage without donor site morbidity associated with autograft harvest. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the outcomes of osteochondral allograft transplantation in pediatric patients with unstable OCD-C 10mm or greater in size. Methods: A single-center prospective study was performed of consecutive pediatric patients, less than 19 years of age, with unstable OCD-C 10mm or greater in size treated with primary fresh OCAlloT using pre-cut 10mm, 12mm, or 16mm cores. Imaging, including radiographs and MRI were obtained preoperatively to assess OCD size and characteristics, as well as postoperatively to assess incorporation of the OCA. Patient reported outcome scores (PROs), including sport data, were obtained preoperatively and annually following surgery. Minimum follow-up duration was 2 years. Results: 26 elbows in 24 patients, mean age 13.4 years (11.3 – 17.1 years) met inclusion. The most common primary sport was gymnastics in 11 elbows (42%), baseball/softball in 7 elbows (27%), and cheer in 3 elbow (12%). The majority of patients (88%) played at a competitive level. Median symptom duration prior to presentation was 3 months. The most common presenting symptoms were pain (85%) and mechanical symptoms (81%). Sixteen elbows (62%) presented with a &gt;5° loss of elbow extension compared to the contralateral side. The capitellar physis was open in 23 elbows (88%). OCD location was central in 17 elbows (65%) and far lateral in 9 elbow (35%). Mean MRI size of the OCD was 11 mm in coronal width, 12 mm in sagittal length, and 6 mm in depth. Twelve elbows (48%) had a loose body on MRI. The majority of elbows (22, 85%) were treated with a single allograft plug, while 4 elbows had two allograft plugs transplanted. Median OCA size was 12 mm. There were no infections nor arthrofibrosis. Two elbows (8%) had a secondary surgery, both underwent partial synovectomy and chondroplasty at 14- and 16-months following the primary surgery. Postoperative MRIs were obtained in 15 elbows (58%) and had a mean BOGIE (Boston Osteochondral Graft Incorporation in the Elbow) score of 11, thus documenting a high degree of incorporation. Mean follow-up duration was 40 months (range 25 – 60 months). All patients had preoperative, 1-year, and 2-year PROs (Table 1). 21 elbows (81%) had returned to sports at 1-year postoperatively9, and all but 1 patient had returned to sports by 2 years following surgery. Forty-five percent of gymnasts returned to gymnastics, while the remaining pursued different sports. Five of 6 baseball players (83%) returned to baseball. Conclusions: OCAlloT as a treatment for OCD-C is a procedure associated with low rates of complications, excellent graft incorporation, high elbow function and patient satisfaction, and overall high rates of return to sports at 2-years. Return to sports, particularly among gymnasts was less than 50% in this series, which we attribute to a combination of factors, including loss of training and competition time at a critical time for an elite gymnast as well as physician counseling on alternative sports with less stress on the elbow. Continued patient follow-up is ongoing and will be critical to the assessment of this treatment on the mid- and long-term outcomes in these young athletes. [Figure: see text]

Factors Influencing the Continuance Intention to Participate in Extreme Sports

The exponential growth in engagement with extreme sports in recent decades has surpassed our understanding of the perceptions and personal experiences of those individuals who participated. This research explores the relationship between self-efficacy, perceived enjoyment, perceived risk, attitude toward behavior, and continuance intention within the framework of the theory of planned behavior. The study collected data from 193 parkour enthusiasts who associated with Chinese amateur parkour clubs. Hypotheses were verified using structural equation modeling using AMOS 26.0. The results demonstrate notable associations across all categories, however, the hypothesis that perceived risk will influence attitude toward behavior was not supported. The study concludes with discussions on the implications for scholars and practitioners and suggestions for future research.

PERCEIVED RISKS MEDIATE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TOURISM DESTINATION IMAGE AND TOURIST BEHAVIOURAL INTENTION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW (2018-2024)

Tourism industry has become the backbone of most countries’ economies. In most countries, it helped and contributed to the growth of the national Gross Domestic Product (GDP). There are many types of tourism businesses that focus on meeting the needs of different types of customers. Trends in the tourism business are always shifting. Nowadays, tourists are attracted to explore something adventurous in nature sites. However, an increase in the number of natural disasters reported in the media lead to uncertainty of the tourism destination. In fact, it has gained the prominence of all agencies, mainly the tourists, especially when it is related to their safety and security issues. Even though outdoor and adventure sports tend to involve risks, many of the tourists still support nature and extreme activities because it is a natural human life that will do something that makes them happy and feel thrilled of extremeness. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to review the relevant literature on how destination image and perceived risk as a mediating role can affect behavioural intention. To prepare the groundwork, for the subsequent literature review, the key terms are explained. This is followed by a comprehensive discussion about the destination image and its elements. This paper concludes that the elements of destination image should be viewed as a set and associated with perceived risk and behavioural intention. The findings provide an all-encompassing understanding of destination image, illustrate the academic evolution of the topic, and point to crucial directions for future research.

Ringol: deporte alternativo para las clases de Educación Física. Revisión sistemática de la literatura

Introduction: Alternative Games and Sports arise with the intention of introducing new alternatives that make possible a more logical evolution of the game and sport, favouring motivation, participation, and enjoyment to escape from the monotony of traditional methodologies. Objetive: Therefore, the aim of this paper is to carry out a systematic review of the literature on the game and alternative sport Ringol. Methodology: For this, a document search has been carried out in the following databases: Google Scholar, Web of Science, Scopus and Sportdiscus. For the search of the documents, the following keywords have been used: "Ringol", "Physical education", and "Primary education", obtaining a final number of 6 valid documents, identified until November 2022. To limit the search and obtain the most appropriate documents, a series of inclusion and exclusion were established. Results: The results show that most of the documents are Academic Projects, written in Spanish and found in Google Scholar, with a predominance of Sports Information. Conclusions: The documents analyzed show that the main benefits of Ringol are egalitarian practice, the development of motor skills and actions such as participation, motivation, cooperation, and respect. The educational level where these projects are carried out is both Primary Education and Secondary Education. Finally, this review serves as a basis and guide for future research on the Ringol.

Tour Guide App

Abstract— The motive of this android application, is to manage a tour for the users through mobile computing with complete requirements and needs in location. about each and every tourist location in that particular city or place with tailored description. It also enables user to search a particular location efficiently. App module has a tailored information and facility through mobile phones on user to plan any journey and to provide traveler awareness of the current COVID “Hill stations” and “Adventure sports” category. multiple set data analysis and compared with the complete search technique of identical service quality performance. Keywords: Tourism , Android , Covid-19 I

Systematized review: Isokinetic evaluation in the assessment of upper extremity sports

Systematized review: Isokinetic evaluation in the assessment of upper extremity sports

Epidemiology of lateral ankle sprain focusing on indirect contact mechanism in male and female soccer players: An 18.5-month cohort study

BackgroundEpidemiological research highlights the need to understand sports injuries for effective prevention. Yet, detailed knowledge about lateral ankle sprain (LAS) in soccer, especially related to indirect contact mechanisms and specific sports movements, remains scarce. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of LAS by examining injury mechanisms, focusing on indirect contact, and analyzing sports-related movements. Study designProspective study. MethodsIn this prospective study, 304 high-school and college soccer players (age: 19.0 ± 2.2 years, height: 168.3 ± 10.6 cm, weight: 64.2 ± 11.1 kg) were monitored for 18.5 months. Attendance and LAS incidents were recorded daily. Injury details, including movement at the time of injury, contact presence, and direction, were collected through interviews conducted on the injury day. LAS were categorized into direct contact, indirect contact, and non-contact mechanisms. Direct contact injuries were due to external forces on the lower leg or foot. Indirect contact injuries resulted from impacts on areas other than the lower leg or foot, and non-contact injuries involved no interaction with the ball or opponent. Incidence rates per 1,000 athlete exposures and 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated, along with rate ratios (RR) to assess sex differences. ResultsThe study recorded 59 LAS injuries. Indirect injuries were predominant, accounting for 47.5 % (n = 28) of the cases. Men experienced a higher incidence of indirect injuries, with an RR of 2.29 (95 % CI: 1.06–4.96). Outward contact was the most common (77.8 %; n = 21), while inward contact occurred in 22.2 % of the cases (n = 6). ConclusionHigh school and college soccer players primarily sustained injuries through indirect contact mechanisms, with a significant number of injuries occurring during lateral contact. Men were more prone to indirect contact injuries. Furthermore, 47.5 % of LAS incidents involved reactive movements, and injuries frequently occurred during specific sports actions, such as ball interception.

Return to Running for Postpartum Elite and Subelite Athletes.

There is little evidence to guide elite athletes who desire returning to competition after giving birth to a child. Ultimately, this can result in decreased performance and increased risk of injury. This paper addresses aspects that must be considered when building and monitoring a return to running program for a postpartum elite or subelite athlete, including pelvic floor and core stability, progressive reloading of the musculoskeletal system, monitoring of nutritional parameters, and considerations for lactation. PubMed and CINAHL (Cumulative Index for Nursing and Allied Health Literature) were searched with the following search strategy: (extreme sports OR elite athletes OR running OR exercise) AND (breastfeeding OR lactation OR bone density OR fetal weight OR gestational weight gain OR postpartum or post-partum OR postnatal OR post-natal OR pregnancy OR childbirth). The following information is based on best available evidence and clinical experience. Clinical review. Level 4. Due to the interplay between cardiovascular fitness, postpartum nutrition, lactation, and progressive reloading of the muscular and skeletal system, we propose a multimodal, multidisciplinary approach to safely and successfully allow an athlete to return to an elite level of competition. Return to running in the postpartum period is a highly individualized process that benefits from multidisciplinary, individualized care. This includes monitoring of nutrition, core and pelvic floor function, bone reloading, muscle and tendon reloading, and breastfeeding care when applicable. C.

Inward negative emotions and brand hate in users of snow-sports’ brands

PurposeThe aims of this study are to analyse the impact of brand-centric relationships (individual and collective) and negative emotions on brand hate felt towards brands used in extreme sports and to assess whether brand hate is a driver of negative consumer behavioural intentions.Design/methodology/approachThis study takes a quantitative approach, using a sample of 300 Spain-based users of snow-sports brands. After validating the measurement scales, the hypotheses were tested through structural equation modelling. Drawing on the cognitive perspective of emotions and the triangular theory of hate, this study posits that individual and collective consumer-brand relationships evoke inward negative emotions and brand hate, thus influencing brand avoidance, brand switching and negative word-of-mouth.FindingsThe results showed that collective and individual consumer-brand relationships (negative brand experience, consumer-based brand equity and symbolic incongruence) impact inward negative emotions towards snow-sports brands. Inward negative emotions directly influence brand hate, which in turn affects consumers’ intention to avoid brands, switch brands and engage in negative word-of-mouth.Originality/valueThis research provides novel insights into how individual and collective brand-centric relationships evoke inward negative emotions towards extreme sports’ brands, which in turn increases brand hate, and expands knowledge of how brand hate might increase the consumer’s intentions to avoid the brand, intention to switch brands and intention to engage in negative word-of-mouth.