Life Span Study Research Articles

Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species-mediated fibroblast activation has a role in tumor microenvironment formation in radiation carcinogenesis.

Cancer risks attributable to low-dose and low-dose-rate radiation are a serious concern for public health. Radiation risk assessment is based on lifespan studies among Hiroshima-Nagasaki A-bomb survivors; however, there are statistical limitations due to a small sample size for low-dose radiation. Therefore, basic biological studies are helpful in understanding the mechanism of radiation carcinogenesis. The detrimental effects of ionising radiation (IR) are caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated oxidative DNA damage. IR-induced delayed ROS are produced in the electron transport chain reaction of the mitochondrial complex. Thus, mitochondria are a source of ROS and a primary target for ROS attacks. Consequently, mitochondrial dysfunction is thought to be a key event in the metabolic changes of cancer cells and is important in radiation-induced carcinogenesis. In this paper, we present recent findings on radiation carcinogenesis effect assessment, focusing on mitochondrial function as stress sensors.

A note on potential gains in precision of radiation risk estimates from joint analysis.

In estimating radiation-related risk of cancer and other diseases based on the RERF Life Span Study (LSS), joint analyses can be performed where multiple health outcome endpoints are combined in the same model, allowing some parameters to be estimated in common among all endpoints with possible increase in precision of radiation risk and other model parameter estimates. Using as a basis excess relative risk (ERR) and excess absolute risk (EAR) models of the type commonly used in analysis of LSS data at RERF, we use maximum likelihood theory to compute the asymptotic relative standard error of endpoint-specific radiation effect and other parameter estimates using joint analyses as compared to traditional independent analysis. We show that some gains in precision of endpoint-specific radiation risk parameter estimates can be achieved by sharing effect modifier and other model parameters, but only small or negligible gains in precision are achieved for endpoint-specific background modifying or effect modifying parameters when other model parameters are shared. The magnitude of the precision gain for radiation risk estimates depends on the number of endpoints, the baseline incidence rate of the endpoint, and the type of model being used.

Associations between AHA's Life's Essential 8 and cognition in midlife and older adults.

This study evaluated the associations between Life's Essential 8 (LE8) and cognitive performance, and compared the strength of the relationships of Life's Simple 7 (LS7) and LE8 to cognition in midlife and older adults. Participants (N=1539) were from the Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity across the Life Span (HANDLS) study. Cross-sectional multivariable regression examined the associations between LE8 and cognition. Secondary analyses compared model performance between LE8 and LS7 measures on cognition from the same available sample. Higher LE8 scores were associated with better global cognitive performance, working memory, and attention. The LS7 model outperformed the LE8 model on global cognitive performance, but the LE8 model outperformed the LS7 model for the working memory domain. Better cardiovascular health (CVH) was associated with better cognitive performance among US middle-aged and older adults. However, the association between CVH and specific cognitive domains varies when using LE8 versus LS7. Cardiovascular health (CVH) is associated with cognitive performance. Life's Essential 8 (LE8) is a new construct to quantify CVH. Associations between LE8 and cognition were assessed. Higher LE8 was associated with better global cognitive performance. Higher LE8 was also associated with better working memory and attention.

Longitudinal association of homocysteine with depressive and anxiety symptoms among urban adults: healthy aging in neighborhoods of diversity across the life span study.

Longitudinal associations of homocysteine (HCY) with depressive symptoms scores among urban adults remain under-studied, especially across sex, race and levels of anxiety. We examined longitudinal associations of homocysteine (HCY) with depressive symptoms scores among urban adults, before and after stratifying by sex, race and anxiety level, using data from 1460 Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity across the Lifespan Study (HANDLS) participants aged 30-64 y at v1 (2004-2009), followed across 3 visits up to 2017. In addition to LnHcyv1, we used group-based trajectory models predicting z-transformed likelihood of greater LnHcy with age (Hcytraj). Total and domain-specific depression symptoms were scored using Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) scale. Mixed-effects linear regression models and Cox proportional hazards models were utilized. A positive association was found between baseline LnHcyv1 and CES-D total scores in reduced socio-demographic- adjusted Model 1 (β (standard error [SE]) = + 2.337 (0.902), P = 0.010), a relationship slightly attenuated in fully adjusted Model 2 (Model 1 adjusting for lifestyle and health factors) with a β (SE) = + 1.825 (0.883), P = 0.039. Individuals with lower anxiety levels experienced faster CES-D domain 2 score annualized increase over time (interpersonal problems) with higher LnHcyv1 (β (SE) = 0.041 (0.018), P = 0.024). Hcytraj was linked to incident elevated depressive symptoms (CES-D total score ≥16) overall (fully adjusted model: HR = 1.09, 95% CI: 1.03-1.14, P = 0.001), particularly among women and those living in poverty. Baseline and "high trajectory" of LnHcy were positively associated with depressive symptoms and elevated depressive symptom incidence, in a sex-, race-, poverty status- and anxiety-level specific manner.

TOR2 plays the central role in rapamycin-induced lifespan extension in budding yeast

The target of rapamycin (TOR) protein, renowned for its highly conserved nature across species, plays a pivotal role in modulating signaling pathways via its multiprotein complexes, TORC1 and TORC2. The relationship between TOR and its inhibitor, rapamycin, especially in the context of lifespan extension, has earned significant attention. Unlike mammals, which have a single TOR gene, the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae features two TOR paralogs: TOR1 and TOR2. Non-essential TOR1 gene has been the focus of extensive research, whereas the essential TOR2 gene has received relatively little attention in lifespan studies. In our research, we engineered a point mutation (Ser-1975-Ile) within the FKBP12-rapamycin-binding (FRB) domain of Tor2p to block rapamycin binding. Remarkably, this mutation negated the lifespan-extending benefits of rapamycin, irrespective of the TOR1 gene status. Our findings indicate that the TOR2 gene likely serves as the primary mammalian ortholog, playing a crucial role in mediating the effects of rapamycin on lifespan extension. This discovery opens a new avenue for the development of innovative anti-aging agents targeting the TOR. complex.

Attention to event segmentation improves memory in young adults: A lifespan study.

People spontaneously segment an observed everyday activity into discrete, meaningful events, but segmentation can be modified by task goals. Asking young adults to attend to event segmentation while watching movies of everyday actions improved their memory up to 1 month later (Flores et al., 2017). Does attending to event segmentation improve memory across the lifespan? Participants between the ages of 20 and 79 watched movies of actors performing everyday activities while intentionally encoding them for a recall and a recognition memory test 1 week (Experiment 1) or 1 month (Experiment 2) later. In addition to intentionally encoding the movies, half of the participants segmented the movies into fine-grained events. Young adults who segmented recalled more words in their recall responses than those who intentionally encoded 1 week and 1 month later. Middle-aged adults benefited from the intervention after a 1-week delay but not after a 1-month delay. Older adults over the age of 70 did not benefit from attending to segmentation. Of those who segmented, young and older adults showed similar agreement about the locations of event boundaries. Together, the results suggest that older adults are less able, compared to young adults, to maintain or retrieve well-encoded event memories after a delay. In addition, individual differences in segmentation agreement predicted memory up to 1 month later, regardless of age. These results suggest a practical and easy-to-implement intervention for improving recall of everyday events in young and middle-aged adults that is ineffective in older adults. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Racial Discrimination, Religious Coping, and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Among African American Women and Men.

This cross-sectional study examined whether religious coping buffered the associations between racial discrimination and several modifiable cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors-systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), body mass index (BMI), and cholesterol-in a sample of African American women and men. Participant data were taken from the Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity Across the Life Span study (N = 815; 55.2% women; 30-64years old). Racial discrimination and religious coping were self-reported. CVD risk factors were clinically assessed. In sex-stratified hierarchical regression analyses adjusted for age, socioeconomic status, and medication use, findings revealed several significant interactive associationsand opposite effects by sex. Among men who experiencedracial discrimination, religious coping was negatively related to systolic BP and HbA1c. However, in men reporting no prior discrimination, religious coping was positively related to most risk factors. Among women who had experienced racialdiscrimination, greater religious coping was associated with higher HbA1c and BMI. The lowest levels of CVD risk were observed among women who seldom used religious coping but experienced discrimination. Religious coping might mitigate the effects of racial discrimination on CVD risk for African American men butnot women. Additional work is needed to understand whether reinforcing these coping strategies only benefits those who have experienced discrimination. It is also possible that religion may not buffer the effects of other psychosocial stressors linked with elevated CVD risk.

Supplemental Material for Attention to Event Segmentation Improves Memory in Young Adults: A Lifespan Study

Supplemental Material for Attention to Event Segmentation Improves Memory in Young Adults: A Lifespan Study

Quantifying the Impact of Co-Housing on Murine Aging Studies.

Analysis of preclinical lifespan studies often assume that outcome data from co-housed animals are indepen-dent. In practice, treatments, such as controlled feeding or putative life-extending compounds, are applied to whole housing units, and as a result the outcomes are potentially correlated within housing units. We consider intra-class (here, intra-cage) correlation in three published and two unpublished lifespan studies of aged mice encompassing more than 20 thousand observations. We show that the independence assumption underlying common analytic techniques does not hold in these data, particularly for traits associated with frailty. We describe and demonstrate various analytical tools available to accommodate this study design and highlight a limitation of standard variance components models (i.e., linear mixed models) which are the usual statisti-cal tool for handling correlated errors. Through simulations, we examine the statistical biases resulting from intra-cage correlations with similar magnitudes as observed in these case studies and discuss implications for power and reproducibility.

Inhibition of IL-11 signalling extends mammalian healthspan and lifespan

For healthspan and lifespan, ERK, AMPK and mTORC1 represent critical pathways and inflammation is a centrally important hallmark1–7. Here we examined whether IL-11, a pro-inflammatory cytokine of the IL-6 family, has a negative effect on age-associated disease and lifespan. As mice age, IL-11 is upregulated across cell types and tissues to regulate an ERK–AMPK–mTORC1 axis to modulate cellular, tissue- and organismal-level ageing pathologies. Deletion of Il11 or Il11ra1 protects against metabolic decline, multi-morbidity and frailty in old age. Administration of anti-IL-11 to 75-week-old mice for 25 weeks improves metabolism and muscle function, and reduces ageing biomarkers and frailty across sexes. In lifespan studies, genetic deletion of Il11 extended the lives of mice of both sexes, by 24.9% on average. Treatment with anti-IL-11 from 75 weeks of age until death extends the median lifespan of male mice by 22.5% and of female mice by 25%. Together, these results demonstrate a role for the pro-inflammatory factor IL-11 in mammalian healthspan and lifespan. We suggest that anti-IL-11 therapy, which is currently in early-stage clinical trials for fibrotic lung disease, may provide a translational opportunity to determine the effects of IL-11 inhibition on ageing pathologies in older people.

Longitudinal fragility phenotyping contributes to the prediction of lifespan and age-associated morbidity in C57BL/6 and Diversity Outbred mice

Aging studies in mammalian models often depend on natural lifespan data as a primary outcome. Tools for lifespan prediction could accelerate these studies and reduce the need for veterinary intervention. Here, we leveraged large-scale longitudinal frailty and lifespan data on two genetically distinct mouse cohorts to evaluate noninvasive strategies to predict life expectancy in mice. We applied a modified frailty assessment, the Fragility Index, derived from existing frailty indices with additional deficits selected by veterinarians. We developed an ensemble machine learning classifier to predict imminent mortality (95% proportion of life lived [95PLL]). Our algorithm represented improvement over previous predictive criteria but fell short of the level of reliability that would be needed to make advanced prediction of lifespan and thus accelerate lifespan studies. Highly sensitive and specific frailty-based predictive endpoint criteria for aged mice remain elusive. While frailty-based prediction falls short as a surrogate for lifespan, it did demonstrate significant predictive power and as such must contain information that could be used to inform the conclusion of aging experiments. We propose a frailty-based measure of healthspan as an alternative target for aging research and demonstrate that lifespan and healthspan criteria reveal distinct aspects of aging in mice.

Long-term NMN treatment increases lifespan and healthspan in mice in a sex dependent manner.

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is essential for many enzymatic reactions, including those involved in energy metabolism, DNA repair and the activity of sirtuins, a family of defensive deacylases. During aging, levels of NAD + can decrease by up to 50% in some tissues, the repletion of which provides a range of health benefits in both mice and humans. Whether or not the NAD + precursor nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) extends lifespan in mammals is not known. Here we investigate the effect of long-term administration of NMN on the health, cancer burden, frailty and lifespan of male and female mice. Without increasing tumor counts or severity in any tissue, NMN treatment of males and females increased activity, maintained more youthful gene expression patterns, and reduced overall frailty. Reduced frailty with NMN treatment was associated with increases in levels of Anerotruncus colihominis, a gut bacterium associated with lower inflammation in mice and increased longevity in humans. NMN slowed the accumulation of adipose tissue later in life and improved metabolic health in male but not female mice, while in females but not males, NMN increased median lifespan by 8.5%, possible due to sex-specific effects of NMN on NAD + metabolism. Together, these data show that chronic NMN treatment delays frailty, alters the microbiome, improves male metabolic health, and increases female mouse lifespan, without increasing cancer burden. These results highlight the potential of NAD + boosters for treating age-related conditions and the importance of using both sexes for interventional lifespan studies.

Microstructural associations between locus coeruleus, cortical, and subcortical regions are modulated by astrocyte reactivity: a 7T MRI adult lifespan study.

The locus coeruleus-norepinephrine system plays a key role in supporting brain health along the lifespan, notably through its modulatory effects on neuroinflammation. Using ultra-high field diffusion magnetic resonance imaging, we examined whether microstructural properties (neurite density index and orientation dispersion index) in the locus coeruleus were related to those in cortical and subcortical regions, and whether this was modulated by plasma glial fibrillary acidic protein levels, as a proxy of astrocyte reactivity. In our cohort of 60 healthy individuals (30 to 85yr, 50% female), higher glial fibrillary acidic protein correlated with lower neurite density index in frontal cortical regions, the hippocampus, and the amygdala. Furthermore, under higher levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein (above ~ 150pg/mL for cortical and ~ 145pg/mL for subcortical regions), lower locus coeruleus orientation dispersion index was associated with lower orientation dispersion index in frontotemporal cortical regions and in subcortical regions. Interestingly, individuals with higher locus coeruleus orientation dispersion index exhibited higher orientation dispersion index in these (sub)cortical regions, despite having higher glial fibrillary acidic protein levels. Together, these results suggest that the interaction between locus coeruleus-norepinephrine cells and astrocytes can signal a detrimental or neuroprotective pathway for brain integrity and support the importance of maintaining locus coeruleus neuronal health in aging and in the prevention of age-related neurodegenerative diseases.

Childhood adversity and mental health admission patterns prior to young person suicide (CHASE): a case-control 36 year linked hospital data study, Scotland UK 1981-2017.

Childhood adversity is associated with increased later mental health problems and suicidal behaviour. Opportunities for earlier healthcare identification and intervention are needed. To determine associations between hospital admissions for childhood adversity and mental health in children who later die by suicide. Population-based longitudinal case-control study. Scottish in-patient general and psychiatric records were summarised for individuals born 1981 or later who died by suicide between 1991 and 2017 (cases), and matched controls (1:10), for childhood adversity and mental health (broadly defined as psychiatric diagnoses and general hospital admissions for self-harm and substance use). Records were extracted for 2477 'cases' and 24 777 'controls'; 2106 cases (85%) and 13 589 controls (55%) had lifespan hospitalisations. Mean age at death was 23.7; 75.9% were male. Maltreatment or violence-related childhood adversity codes were recorded for 7.6% cases aged 10-17 (160/2106) versus 2.7% controls (371/13 589), odds ratio = 2.9 (95% CI, 2.4-3.6); mental health-related admissions were recorded for 21.7% cases (458/2106), versus 4.1% controls (560/13 589), odds ratio = 6.5 (95% CI, 5.7-7.4); 80% of mental health admissions were in general hospitals. Using conditional logistic models, we found a dose-response effect of mental health admissions <18y, with highest adjusted odds ratio (aOR) for three or more mental health admissions: aORmale = 8.17 (95% CI, 5.02-13.29), aORfemale = 15.08 (95% CI, 8.07-28.17). We estimated that each type of childhood adversity multiplied odds of suicide by aORmale = 1.90 (95% CI, 1.64-2.21), aORfemale = 2.65 (95% CI, 1.94-3.62), and each mental health admission by aORmale = 2.06 (95% CI, 1.81-2.34), aORfemale = 1.78 (95% CI, 1.50-2.10). Our lifespan study found that experiencing childhood adversity (primarily maltreatment or violence-related admissions) or mental health admissions increased odds of young person suicide, with highest odds for those experiencing both. Healthcare practitioners should identify and flag potential 'at-risk' adolescents to prevent future suicidal acts, especially those in general hospitals.

Examining the Impact of Race and Poverty on the Relationship Between Purpose in Life and Functional Health: Insights from the HANDLS Study.

While research has shown a positive association between a higher sense of purpose in life and functional health, there is a gap in understanding its benefits for racially minoritized and low SES individuals. This study aimed to investigate the correlation between purpose in life and physical functional health in a diverse sample, hypothesizing that purpose in life would be negatively associated with functional difficulties, with potentially stronger associations in White and high SES groups. Data from the Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity across the Life Span (HANDLS) study were utilized (166 participants, mean age 59.44 [SD = 8.28], 59.6% females, 65.06% Black participants, 40.36% below poverty). Purpose in life was measured by Ryff's Psychological Well-being Purpose in Life subscale. Functional health was measured by functional difficulties in mobility and daily living. Race (Black and White) and poverty status (above and below) were used as moderators to probe the purpose-functional health association using zero-inflated Poisson regression while adjusting for age, education, depressive symptomology, and previous functional difficulties in four hierarchical models. Results showed that purpose in life was negatively associated with functional difficulty, indicating fewer difficulties in mobility and daily activities among those with a high sense of purpose. While the association did not remain significant after including previous functional difficulty as a covariate in Model 4, suggesting that race may not be a consistent moderator, poverty status remained a consistent moderator. The association was stronger for individuals above the poverty level. These findings underscore the complex interplay between purpose in life, race, poverty status, and functional health, emphasizing the importance of considering socioeconomic factors in interventions aimed at eliminating functional health disparities among diverse adult populations.

A lifespan study of the confidence-accuracy relation in working memory and episodic long-term memory.

The relation between an individual's memory accuracy and reported confidence in their memories can indicate self-awareness of memory strengths and weaknesses. We provide a lifespan perspective on this confidence-accuracy relation, based on two previously published experiments with 320 participants, including children aged 6-13, young adults aged 18-27, and older adults aged 65-77, across tests of working memory (WM) and long-term memory (LTM). Participants studied visual items in arrays of varying set sizes and completed item recognition tests featuring 6-point confidence ratings either immediately after studying each array (WM tests) or following a long period of study events (LTM tests). Confidence-accuracy characteristic analyses showed that accuracy improved with increasing confidence for all age groups and in both WM and LTM tests. These findings reflect a universal ability across the lifespan to use awareness of the strengths and limitations of one's memories to adjust reported confidence. Despite this age invariance in the confidence-accuracy relation, however, young children were more prone to high-confidence memory errors than other groups in tests of WM, whereas older adults were more susceptible to high-confidence false alarms in tests of LTM. Thus, although participants of all ages can assess when their memories are weaker or stronger, individuals with generally weaker memories are less adept at this confidence-accuracy calibration. Findings also speak to potential different sources of high-confidence memory errors for young children and older adults, relative to young adults. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Association between Flavonoid Intake and Cognitive Executive Function among African American and White Adults in the Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity across the Life Span (HANDLS) Study.

Healthy dietary patterns rich in flavonoids may benefit cognitive performance over time. Among socioeconomically disadvantaged groups, the association between flavonoid intake and measures of cognition is unclear. This study sought to identify associations between flavonoid intake and cognitive performance among Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity across the Life Span (HANDLS) study participants (n = 1947) across three study visits. Flavonoid intakes were assessed via two 24-h dietary recalls. Cognitive performance was assessed via the Trail Making Test (TMT)-A and TMT-B, which provide measures of attention and executive function, respectively. Mixed effects linear regression was used to model TMT scores over three study visits against visit 1 (v1) flavonoid intake, time (years from v1), and the interaction between v1 flavonoid intake and time, capturing both the cross-sectional association between flavonoid intake and time at v1 as well as the longitudinal association between v1 flavonoid intake and the change in TMT scores over time. Prior to adjustment, inverse cross-sectional associations at v1 were observed between (1) anthocyanidin intake and TMT-A scores for the overall sample and (2) total flavonoid, anthocyanidin, flavan-3-ol, flavone, and flavonol intake and TMT-B scores for the overall sample and among White adults. Only the association between anthocyanidin intake and TMT-B at v1 among White adults persisted after adjustment (for demographic characteristics such as age). One possible explanation for the few significant associations is universally low flavonoid intakes resulting from the consumption of an unhealthy dietary pattern.

Language Attitudes on English Informal Learner of Non-English Graduate through Lifespan

&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Globalization has produced cutting-edge technology that allows people, especially young people, to access information anywhere. Blommaert calls globalization a historical keyword. Despite their similarities, the process of globalization is revolutionary in scope, complexity and dimensions. Over time, globalization can change locations, people, societies, cultures, economies, education, technology, and markets. Many generations consider English to be a universal language. This research is qualitative in nature. Creswell states that qualitative research investigates group intentions in social or human matters. Qualitative research evaluates participants' meaning in this way. Qualitative research uses specific methods to investigate social or human problems. Problem-oriented qualitative research collects data about primary object phenomena. Because it can store and replicate the most profound events and deal with complexity, moral relativism, and live animals, this research uses narrative inquiry. Narrative humanizes humans through the creation and restructuring of stories. Based on interviews and tables about language attitudes among casual English learners across the age range, respondents are very enthusiastic about the English skills learned on YouTube. Baker (quoted in Thuan) says that effective language learners develop a favorable attitude toward their language, which must be taken into account when defining language acquisition attitudes. Divita's lifelong theory helped her learn English. Since learning English, respondents have increased substantially, according to the time scale interview. When the respondent learned English on YouTube informally, he found many channels helpful. Language variation and evolution can be better understood with life span studies, and statistics show that respondents want to learn English. The problem of researching student attitudes by age is solved. The research found that respondents now enjoy their skills across a lifetime, spanning periods and life events. The author concludes that respondents prefer learning English informally. He enjoys learning English on YouTube, which he has used since childhood. This research should investigate respondents' local language skills before and after learning English and whether they prefer formal or informal English learning.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

If You Torture Your Data Long Enough, It Will Confess to Anything: On the Epidemiological Basis of the LNT Model.

This note deals with epidemiological data interpretation supporting the linear no-threshold model, as opposed to emerging evidence of adaptive response and hormesis from molecular biology in vitro and animal models. Particularly, the US-Japan Radiation Effects Research Foundation's lifespan study of atomic bomb survivors is scrutinized. We stress the years-long lag of the data processing after data gathering and evolving statistical models and methodologies across publications. The necessity of cautious interpretation of radiation epidemiology results is emphasized.

Developmental Perspectives on Transitions at Age 60: Individuals Navigating Across the Lifespan (TRAILS) – latest data collection in a longitudinal JYLS study

At around age 60, people are approaching late adulthood and are typically going through or anticipating life transitions such as grandparenthood, retirement, or changes in health and functioning. The timing and perception of transitions are individual and based on current circumstances and earlier life history and may link to well-being. The TRAILS (Developmental Psychological Perspectives on Transitions at Age 60: Individuals Navigating Across the Lifespan) study, which is presented in the current article, examines the diversity and underlying factors of different transitions at around age 60 and how they associate with mental well-being. It also investigates whether these transitions link to personality characteristics, contextual resources, and/or societal challenges. The role of earlier life history in the studied associations requires a prospective multiwave design where the same participants are followed over time. Only a few longitudinal studies have examined the developmental pathways from childhood to the beginning of late adulthood. The TRAILS study continues the Jyväskylä Longitudinal Study of Personality and Social Development (JYLS). The JYLS was initiated in 1968 and includes earlier data collected from ages 8 to 50. At age 61, in 2020–21, 206 of the JYLS participants (of the initial 369 children) took part in TRAILS. The data collection included a Life Situation Questionnaire, a psychological interview, self-report inventories, a health examination and physical activity surveillance covering major areas of adult life. TRAILS extends the JYLS study to over 52 years of follow-up time and provides unique opportunities for studying individual development throughout the lifespan.