LiFePO4/C Research Articles

Micro-Reducing Atmosphere with High-Rate Capability Performance of Carbon-Coated LiFePO4 Prepared from Spray-Drying-Assisted Solid-Phase Reaction

Nanostructured mesoporous LiFePO4/C (LFP/C) composite was prepared by spray-drying-assisted solid-state reaction with FeSO4 and LiOH as reactants. Instead of tubular furnace in various atmospheres (nitrogen or argon) of the calcination method, box furnace embedded with biomass waste rice husk char as embedded agent did not need to supplement atmosphere method was first applied in this study. The influence of micro-reducing atmosphere on the phase formation and particulate morphology of product was systematically investigated by XRD, SEM, TEM, XPS and Raman techniques. Rice husk char embedded was beneficial to the formation of LFP/C materials with good electrochemical performance and high stability. XRD and Raman test results show that pure LFP material can be prepared in the micro-reducing atmosphere, and the addition of glucose is conducive to the formation of crystallized carbon network. XPS of LFP/C materials demonstrate the micro-reducing atmosphere is conducive to the reduction of Fe3+ to Fe2+. Cathodes of LFP/C provided specific discharge capacities of 158 mA h/g and 128 mA h/g at 0.2 C and 10 C, respectively. The low cost spray-drying-assisted solid-phase reaction may be a practical way for the economic synthesis of LFP/C as high-rate electrodes of lithium-ion batteries.

In Situ Metal Organic Framework (ZIF-8) and Mechanofusion-Assisted MWCNT Coating of LiFePO4/C Composite Material for Lithium-Ion Batteries

LiFePO4 is one of the industrial, scalable cathode materials in lithium-ion battery production, due to its cost-effectiveness and environmental friendliness. However, the electrochemical performance of LiFePO4 in high current rate operation is still limited, due to its poor ionic- and electron-conductive properties. In this study, a zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF-8) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) modified LiFePO4/C (LFP) composite cathode materials were developed and investigated in detail. The ZIF-8 and MWCNT can be used as ionic- and electron-conductive materials, respectively. The surface modification of LFP by ZIF-8 and MWCNT was carried out through in situ wet chemical and mechanical alloy coating. The as-synthesized materials were scrutinized via various characterization methods, such as XRD, SEM, EDX, etc., to determine the material microstructure, morphology, phase, chemical composition, etc. The uniform and stable spherical morphology of LFP composites was obtained when the ZIF-8 coating was processed by the agitator [A], instead of the magnetic stirrer [MS], condition. It was found that the (optimum of) 2 wt.% ZIF-8@LFP [A]/MWCNT composite cathode material exhibited outstanding improvement in high-rate performance; it maintained the discharge capacities of 125 mAh g−1 at 1C, 110 mAh g−1 at 3C, 103 mAh g−1 at 5C, and 91 mAh g−1 at 10C. Better cycling stability with capacity retention of 75.82% at 1C for 100 cycles, as compared to other electrodes prepared in this study, was also revealed. These excellent results were mainly obtained because of the improvement of lithium-ion transport properties, less polarization effect, and interfacial impedance of the LFP composite cathode materials derived from the synergistic effect of both ZIF-8 and MWCNT coating materials.

Microwave assisted preparation of LiFePO4/C coated LiMn1.6Ni0.4O4 for Li-ion batteries with superior electrochemical properties

LiMn1.6Ni0.4O4 (LMNO) spinel is a promising cobalt-free electrode for high potential applications. However, its chemical stability against electrolytes is relatively poor. Inorganic coatings have widely used to achieve superior chemical and electrochemical properties. A promising example is LiFePO4/C (LFP/C) olivine coated LMNO spinel particles, in which olivine provides a high chemical stability. Chemical incompatibility between them during atmospheric synthesis conditions makes the process extremely challenging. Herein, we propose a simple and practical route to prepare LFP/C-coated LMNO using microwave irradiation. This process significantly improves the crystallographic order of the spinel structure and provides sufficient physical interaction between both materials while avoiding side reactions. Li-ion battery using LFP/C-coated LMNO electrode exhibits a higher discharge capacity at 25°C and 60°C than those of uncoated spinel. Moreover, cyclability (up to 500 cycles) at 25°C and C-rate capability performances at 60°C are superior in LFP/C-coated LMNO particles and not possible using uncoated spinel.

Beneficial Effect of LiFePO4/C coating on Li0.9Mn1.6Ni0.4O4 obtained by microwave heating

There is increasing interest in 5 V vs. Li/Li+ cathodes due to their high energy density; however, unfavourable reactions occur at potentials higher than 4.8 V vs. Li/Li+. In order to avoid degradation of the active material, the L0.9MNO (Li0.9Mn1.6Ni0.4O4) with spinel type structure was coated with nanoplates of LFP/C (LiFePO4 /C) with olivine type structure and a carbon layer of ∼ 2 nm, seeking to improve the stability of the L0.9NMO spinel phase and retain active sites for lithium intercalation. L0.9MNO-LFP/C composite was prepared by microwave heating at power of 10 W obtaining a thin LFP/C layer of around 20 nm on L0.9MNO particles. Homogeneous layer and a low formation of by-products in the electrolyte-cathode interphase were obtained with LFP/C amounts of 4 and 6 wt%. The highest cycling stability was achieved with LFP/C amount of 4 wt% (96.8% after 100 cycles). The high rate capability was obtained in the composite with 2 wt% of LFP/C (89% retention at 20C), the effect of which is attributed to the charge transfer kinetic improvement in L0.9MNO spinel phase that the carbon coating of LFP/C provided without affecting the lithium mobility within active material.

Fabrication of Single-Particle Microelectrodes and Their Electrochemical Properties.

Compared with traditional centimeter-level electrodes, microelectrodes exhibit a small reaction area, high sensitivity, fast mass transfer rate, and low polarization current. However, current microelectrode preparation processes are very complicated and costly. Herein, we proposed a facile and universal method for fabricating single-particle microelectrodes. In the precursor solution, polyvinyl alcohol and ammonia were introduced as the polymeric binder and pore-forming agent, respectively. Through spaying-drying-sintering processes, the single-particle microelectrodes were successfully prepared for Li4Ti5O12 (LTO), LiCrTiO4 (LCTO), and LiFePO4/C (LFP/C), which showed excellent electrochemical properties. Furthermore, the single-particle microelectrode can be adopted to study the electrochemical oscillations of Li-ion batteries and assemble a full-cell microbattery as a potential next-generation microscale power source.

Influence of the LiFePO4/C coating on the electrochemical performance of Nickel-rich cathode for lithium-ion batteries

LiFePO4/C (LFP/C)-coated LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1(NCM811) was prepared by a simple ball milling method (400 rpm for 4 h), and the influence of different coating amounts of LFP/C on the electrochemical performance of NCM811 was studied in detail. When the LFP/C coating amount was 1 wt%, the material maintained good electrochemical cycling stability and rate performance. The capacity retention of NCM811 @ 1LFP/C after 300 cycles was 61.6% at 25 ℃, which was significantly better than the corresponding value of 48.63% of NCM811. Simultaneously, the high temperature (55 ℃) and high pressure (2.8–4.5 V) cycling stability performance of NCM811 @ 1LFP/C was also better than for uncoated materials. The EIS results showed that the 1LFP/C modification effectively reduced RSEI (from 46.37 to 32.13 Ω) and Rct (from 155.9 to 113.5 Ω), which was beneficial for the interface charge transfer of electrons and Li+ ions, consistent with the CV analysis. The XRD, XPS, and FESEM results indicated that the coating layer suppressed the changes in the NCM811 particle macro-volume and reduced the side reactions, improving the electrochemical performance of Nickel-rich layered materials.

Fabrication of Current Collectors and Binder‐Free Electrodes on Separators Used in Lithium‐Ion Batteries

AbstractWe report the fabrication of a composite electrode through the deposition of electrode materials directly onto a separator to avoid the use of a metallic current collector. In addition to being an active electrode material, this method employs only graphene as both a carbon additive and a binder. A major achievement is the elimination of heavy and inactive current collector, harmful solvents, and resistive binder. The deposition of the composite film electrode was applied through the filtrated dispersion of a redox active material and graphene through a separator (Celgard), which is commonly used in battery. The electronic conductivity of LiFePO4/Celgard electrodes was ∼10 times higher than that of conventional electrodes spread onto an aluminum current collector. The electrochemical performances of LiFePO4/C (LFP) and Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) half‐cells fabricated according to this process and a conventional method were compared. A clear improvement in the electrochemical performance for electrodes fabricated using the new method was observed, particularly at high C‐rates. LiFePO4/Celgard electrodes deliver specific capacities of up to 125 mAh.g−1electrode corresponding to more than 6 times the gravimetric capacity of an LFP electrode coated on Al foil. A LiFePO4/Li4Ti5O12 full cell made using film electrodes deposited on a Celgard membrane shows stable specific capacities during the cycling at various C‐rates and delivers a specific capacity of 106 mAh.g−1electrode at a C/10 rate.

LATP ionic conductor and in-situ graphene hybrid-layer coating on LiFePO4 cathode material at different temperatures

In this work, a hybrid-layer coated LiFePO4/C (LFP/C) cathode material is investigated for the application of high temperature performance of Li-ion battery. The electrochemical performance of the material is significantly enhanced by improving its ionic and electronic conductivity via hybrid-layer coating, i.e., Li1.4Al0.4Ti1.6(PO4)3 (LATP) and graphene nanosheets (GNS) layer. Initially, the LATP layer is coated by a sol-gel method and later, the in-situ GNS layer is coated through a wet chemical process. The characteristic properties of LFP/C@LATP@GNS composite are examined by various spectroscopy and microscopy method. The electrochemical performances of LFP/C@LATP@GNS cathode material have been evaluated at different temperature such as −20 °C, 25 °C and 55 °C. The best electrochemical performance is observed at 55 °C with the discharge capacities of 160, 156, 154, 153, 149, 144, and 130 mAh g−1 at 0.1C, 0.2C, 0.5C, 1C, 3C, 5C, and 10C rate, respectively. Due to its higher ionic and electronic conductivity, the long cycle-life is obtained for LFP/C@LATP@GNS cathode material at 55 °C, which is maintained over 500 cycles at 10C rate with the fading rate of ca. 8.76%. Hence, the dual-layer coating on LFP cathode material is the superior method to develop the high performance Li-ion battery for electric vehicles.

Effect of carbon precursor on electrochemical performance of LiFePO4-C nano composite synthesized by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis as cathode active material for Li ion battery

In this study, LiFePO4-C (LFP-C) nanocomposites are synthesized by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis technique followed by short calcination step, to apply as cathode active material of Li ion battery. 5.0 g of either table sugar, citric acid, and 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10 g of sucrose are added to separate 100 ml solutions containing 0.2 M of LiNO3, Fe(NO3)3, and H3PO4, as starting solution. A carbon-free sample and an uncalcinated sample are also prepared. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that the olivine phase is obtained only after calcination. SEM images show spherical morphology with micron and submicron sizes and features, as well as change in morphology and agglomeration, especially when carbon content of LFP-C is not enough. Calcination and addition of carbon-leaving species to the starting solution is proved to be vital for acceptable electrochemical performance. LFP-C sample derived from addition of 5 g sucrose to 100 ml of the starting solution shows the best electrochemical performance in terms of capacity, cyclability, capacity retention, and rate performance.

Synthesis of LiFePO4/C using ionic liquid as carbon source for lithium ion batteries

LiFePO4/C (LFP/C) materials are synthesized by a hydrothermal method with ionic liquid 1-vinyl-3-ethylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfony)imide ([VEIm]NTf2) as carbon source. Carbon films of 5–10nm are successfully coated on the surface of LiFePO4 (LFP) particles and serve as the protective layers of LFP particles during cycling. The carbon materials also fill the gap between LFP particles, which creates electron transfer paths. Due to the integrated carbon materials, the LFP/C exhibits significantly improved reversibility, cycle stability, rate performance, and charge and discharge capacity. These results demonstrate a simple and scalable application of ionic liquid [VEIm]NTf2 as carbon source toward electrochemical energy storage.

Enhanced electrochemical performances of LiFePO4-C synthesized with PEG as the grain growth inhibitor for Li-ion capacitors in LiNO3 aqueous electrolyte

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to conduct the synthesization of LiFePO4-C (LFP-C) with fine particle size and enhanced electrochemical performance as the positive electrode material for Li-ion capacitors (LICs) with neutral aqueous electrolyte.Design/methodology/approachLFP-C was prepared by using polyethylene glycol (PEG) as a grain growth inhibitor, and the effects of the calcination temperature and PEG content on the structure and morphology of LFP-C were investigated. LICs using environment-friendly, safe and low-cost LiNO3 aqueous electrolyte were assembled with LFP-C as the positive electrode and active carbon as the negative electrode. The electrochemical performances of LFP-C and LICs were studied.FindingsThe results show that the particle size of LFP-C decreases significantly through the introduction of PEG. Cyclic voltammetry results show that the LFP-C prepared at 550°C with 1.0 g PEG exhibits the highest Cpe of 725 F/g at the scanning rate of 5 mA/s. Compared to LFP prepared without PEG, the electrochemical performance of optimized LFP-C dramatically increases due to the decrease of the particle size. Moreover, the LIC assembled with the optimized LFP-C exhibits excellent electrochemical performances. The LIC maintains about 91.3 per cent of its initial Cps after 200 cycles which shows a good cycling performance.Research limitations/implicationsThe LFP-C is the suitable positive electrode material for LICs with neutral aqueous electrolyte. LICs can be used in the field of automobiles and can solve the problems of energy shortage and environmental pollution.Originality/valueBoth the LFP-C with fine particle size and its optimal LIC using environment-friendly, safe and low-cost LiNO3 aqueous electrolyte own good electrochemical performances.

Development of surface functionalized ZnO-doped LiFePO4/C composites as alternative cathode material for lithium ion batteries

Surface modified olivine-type LiFePO4/C-ZnO doped samples were synthesized using sol-gel assisted ball-milling route. In this work, the influence of ZnO-doping on the physiochemical, electrochemical and surface properties such as charge separation at solid-liquid interphase, surface force gradient, surface/ionic conductivity of pristine LiFePO4/C (LFP) has been investigated thoroughly. Synthesized samples were characterized using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. All the synthesized samples were indexed to the orthorhombic phase with Pnma space group. Pristine LiFePO4 retain its structure for higher ZnO concentrations (i.e. 2.5 and 5.0wt.% of LFP). Surface topography and surface force gradient measurements by EFM revealed that the kinetics of charge carriers, e−/Li+ is more in ZnO-doped LFP samples, which may be attributed to diffusion or conduction process of the charges present at the surface. Among all the synthesized samples LFP/C with 2.5wt.% of ZnO (LFPZ2.5) displays the highest discharge capacity at all C-rates and exhibit excellent rate performance. LFPZ2.5 delivers a specific discharge capacity of 164 (±3) mAhg−1 at 0.1C rate. LFPZ2.5 shows best cycling performance as it provides a discharge capacity of 135 (±3) mAhg−1 at 1C rate and shows almost 95% capacity retention after 50 charge/discharge cycles. Energy density plot shows that LFPZ2.5 offers high energy and power density measured at high discharge rates (5C), proving its usability for hybrid vehicles application.

Preparation of porous-structured LiFePO4/C composite by vacuum sintering for lithium-ion battery

The LiFePO4/C (LFP/C) composite as a cathode material for lithium-ion battery was synthesized by solid-state reaction under vacuum sintering condition (20–5Pa). The effects of vacuum sintering temperature and time on the phase composition, morphological structure, and electrochemical performance of LFP/C composite were investigated by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, galvanostatic charge–discharge cycling test, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The synthetic LFP/C composite possessed uniform particle-size distribution with porous architecture upon sintering at 650°C for 12h and thus exhibited the highest discharge capacity and best cycle performance. The complete decomposition of citric acid at a suitable temperature under vacuum condition resulted in the formation of porous structure. Compared with atmospheric argon sintering, vacuum sintering method led to the formation of porous architecture, the porous sample showed excellent cycle performance with less than 2% capacity loss after 80 cycles at 0.2C, and reached the discharge specific capacity of 87.6mAhg−1 at 10C rate, these are better than that of atmospheric argon sintering. The LFP/C composite prepared under vacuum sintering also reduced the optimum sintering temperature by nearly 100°C compared with that prepared under atmospheric argon sintering.

Synthesis and electrochemical properties of a composite LiMn0.63Fe0.37PO4 with Li3V2(PO4)3 for lithium-ion battery cathode materials

A composite materials LiMn0.63Fe0.37PO4 with Li3V2(PO4)3 can be synthesized by a sol-gel method using N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) as a dispersing agent. The structures, characteristics of the appearance, and electrochemical properties of the composites have been studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), charge/discharge tests, cyclic voltammetry (CV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The composites contained LiMnPO4/C (LMP/C), LiFePO4/C (LFP/C), and Li3V2(PO4)3/C (LVP/C) phases with a nano-sized dispersion. The TEM images showed that the composites are crystalline with a grain size of 10–50nm. The Mn2p, V2p, and Fe2p valence states were analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The incorporation of LVP and LFP with LMP effectively enhanced the electrochemical kinetics of the LMP phase by a structural modification and shortened the lithium diffusion length in LMP. The capacity of the composite 0.79LiMn0.63Fe0.37PO4·0.21Li3V2(PO4)3/C remained at 152.3 mAhg−1 (94.7%) after 50 cycles at a 0.05C rate. The composite exhibited excellent reversible capacities 159.4, 150, 140.1, 133.7 and 123.6 mAhg−1 at charge-discharge rates of 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5 and 1C, respectively.

Electrochemical Performance of LiFePO<sub>4</sub>/C via Coaxial and Uniaxial Electrospinning Method

In this work, LiFePO4/C (LFP/C) cathode materials with superior electrochemical performance have been prepared by coaxial and uniaxial electrospinning method. The electrode materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Also, cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge-discharge, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements were performed on these materials. The experimental results indicate that the electrochemical properties of LFP/C-C, such as specific capacity, coulombic efficiency, Li+ diffusion coefficient and overpotential are significantly improved. The enhanced electrical conductivity and polarization of the LFP/C-C electrode are mainly due to its porous morphology and amorphous carbon coating layer.

Preparation of carbon and oxide co-modified LiFePO4 cathode material for high performance lithium-ion battery

In this study, a LiFePO4/C (LFP/C) material was prepared using a spray dry method. The Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) surface modification on LFP/C composite was performed by a sol–gel method. The characteristic properties were examined using X-ray diffraction, micro-Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, an AC impedance method, and the galvanostatic charge/discharge method. Pristine LFP/C powder and the 1–5 wt.% LTO-coated LFP/C composites were compared. The results revealed that the 3 wt.% LTO-coated LFP/C composite showed the best performance among LFP composite samples. It was found that the 3 wt.% LTO-coated LFP/C composite showed discharge capacities of 159 mAh g−1, 157 mAh g−1, 154 mAh g−1, 148 mAh g−1, 145 mAh g−1, and 138 mAh g−1 at rates of 0.2C, 0.5C, 1C, 3C, 5C, and 10C, respectively at 55 °C. The long-term cycling performance of the LFP/C composite was greatly improved when the dual hybrid coating (carbon and oxide) was carried out. Moreover, the 3 wt.% LTO-coated LFP/C composite with the lowest fading rate maintained cycling stability at 3C rate at 55 °C after 300 cycles; by contrast, the bare LFP/C sample with the highest fading rate had an unfavorable lifecycle, and its discharge capacity decreased rapidly. A hybrid coating is a feasible method for improving the high temperature performance of LFP/C composites.

3D structural properties study on compact LiFePO4s based on X-ray computed tomography technique

X-ray computed tomography (XCT) technique has been used to image the three-dimensional structural properties of four different compact densities of LiFePO4/C (LFP/C). The LFP/C particles and pore morphology distribution are qualitatively and visually observed. The pores' structural properties such as porosity and pores size distribution have been analyzed and calculated with specific algorithm. The porosity of the LFP/C samples decreases as the increase of compact density. Meanwhile, the number percentage of the relatively small pores has a marked increase with the larger compact density. The influence of the varied compact density to the electrochemical properties of as-fabricated lithium ion battery (LIB) is also discussed, which is determined by the variation of pore structural properties based on the XCT results.

Study of electrochemical performances of lithium titanium oxide–coated LiFePO4/C cathode composite at low and high temperatures

Spherical porous LiFePO4/C (LFP/C) composite materials were prepared by employing a solid-state (SS) method and a spray dry (SP) method. The surface modification was conducted on the spherical LFP/C composite using 1–5wt.%Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) to improve the rate capability and the cycle stability properties at low temperature (0°C) and elevated temperature (55°C). The characteristic properties were examined through X-ray diffraction, micro-Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, an AC impedance method, and galvanostatic charge–discharge method. The characteristic properties of the SS-LFP/C, SP-LFP/C, and LTO-coated SP-LPF/C composites were studied and compared. The 3wt.%LTO-coated SP-LFP/C composite exhibited the most favorable performance among the samples. It exhibited discharge capacities of 150, 141, 131, 110, 103, and 84mAhg−1, at rates of 0.2C, 0.5C, 1C, 3C, 5C, and 10C, respectively. It was also found that the 3wt.%LTO-coated SP-LFP/C composite shows the best cycling stability performance at elevated temperature of 55°C. The LTO-coated SP-LFP/C composite was demonstrated to be suitable for high-temperature and high-power application in lithium-ion batteries.

Electrochemical Behavior of Spherical LiFePO4/C Nanomaterial in Aqueous Electrolyte, and Novel Aqueous Rechargeable Lithium Battery with LiFePO4/C anode

We designed a novel aqueous rechargeable lithium battery with LiFePO4/C (LFP) and LiMn2O4/C (LMO) as the anode and cathode, respectively; then investigated the battery in Li2SO4 aqueous electrolyte. We also studied the electrochemical behavior of LFP in aqueous electrolyte using cyclic voltammetry (CV). The material exhibited excellent electrochemical performance in the aqueous electrolyte, including good oxidation/reduction reversibility and cycling stability; almost no decays were observable after 200CV cycles. The diffusion coefficients of Li ions through the interface between the liquid electrolyte and the solid LiFePO4 in terms of intercalation and deintercalation were 1.22×10−14 and 9.97×10−15cm2/s, respectively. The material could be completely intercalated/deintercalated with Li ions in the aqueous electrolyte, indicating the excellent performance of LFP in an aqueous solution. Further, an aqueous rechargeable lithium battery (ARLB), which we fabricated using LFP as the anode and LMO as the cathode, also exhibited quite good performance in aqueous Li2SO4 solution: after 1,000 charge–discharge cycles at 2C, the capacity loss was less than 30%, indicating that this type of ARLB has excellent cycling stability and may be promising for future research and application.

Enhanced cathode performance of nano-sized lithium iron phosphate composite using polytetrafluoroethylene as carbon precursor

Herein we report a facile and efficient solid state synthesis of carbon coated lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4/C) cathode material achieved through the pyrolysis of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). The current investigation is comparatively analyzed with the results of the composites of LiFePO4/C (LFP/C) synthesized using polystyrene-block-polybutadiene (PS-b-PBD), polyethyhylene (PE) and sucrose as carbon precursors. The optimized LFP/CPTFE composite is synthesized at 700 °C using 10 wt.% PTFE. The composite exhibits remarkable improvement in capacity, cyclability and rate capability compared to those of LFP/C synthesized using (PS-b-PBD), PE and sucrose. The specific discharge capacities as high as 166 mA h g−1 (theoretical capacity: 170 mA h g−1) at 0.2 C and 114 mA h g−1 at 10 C rates were achieved with LFP/CPTFE. In addition, the composite exhibits a long-term cycling stability with the capacity loss of only 11.4% after 1000 cycles. PTFE shifts the size distribution of the composite to nanometer scale (approximately 120 nm), however the addition of sucrose and other polymers do not have such an effect. According to TEM and XPS analysis, LFP/CPTFE particles are mostly coated with a few nanometers thick carbon layer forming a core–shell structure. Residual carbon does not contain fluorine.