Lifestyle Risk Factors For Cancer Research Articles

Pairwise association of key lifestyle factors and risk of solid cancers - A prospective pooled multi-cohort register study

Smoking, alcohol consumption, obesity, and physical inactivity are key lifestyle risk factors for cancer. Previously these have been mostly examined singly or combined as an index, assuming independent and equivalent effects to cancer risk. The aim of our study was to systematically examine the joint pairwise and interactive effects of these lifestyle factors on the risk of a first solid primary cancer in a multi-cohort prospective setting.We used pooled data from seven Finnish health survey studies during 1972–2015, with 197,551 participants diagnosed with 16,373 solid malignant primary tumors during follow-up. Incidence of any cancer was analyzed separately without and with lung cancers using Poisson regression with main and interaction effects of key lifestyle factors.When excluding lung cancer, the highest risk of any cancer in men was observed for smokers with a BMI of ≥25 kg/m2 (HR 1.36, 95 % CI 1.25–1.48) and in women for smokers consuming alcohol (HR 1.22, 1.14–1.30). No statistically significant interactions between any studied risk factor pairs were observed. When including lung cancer, the highest HRs among men were observed for smokers who consume alcohol (HR 1.72, 1.57–1.89) and among women for smokers who were physically inactive (HR 1.38, 1.27–1.49).Smoking combined with other lifestyle factors at any exposure level resulted in highest pairwise risks, both in men and women. These results highlight the importance of smoking prevention, but also the importance of preventing obesity and reducing alcohol consumption.

Environmental and Lifestyle Cancer Risk Factors: Shaping Extracellular Vesicle OncomiRs and Paving the Path to Cancer Development.

Intercellular communication has been transformed by the discovery of extracellular vesicles (EVs) and their cargo, including microRNAs (miRNAs), which play crucial roles in intercellular signaling. These EVs were previously disregarded as cellular debris but are now recognized as vital mediators of biological information transfer between cells. Furthermore, they respond not only to internal stimuli but also to environmental and lifestyle factors. Identifying EV-borne oncomiRs, a subset of miRNAs implicated in cancer development, could revolutionize our understanding of how environmental and lifestyle exposures contribute to oncogenesis. To investigate this, we studied the plasma levels of EV-borne oncomiRs in a population of 673 women and 238 men with a body mass index > 25 kg/m2 (SPHERE population). The top fifty oncomiRs associated with the three most common cancers in women (breast, colorectal, and lung carcinomas) and men (lung, prostate, and colorectal carcinomas) were selected from the OncomiR database. Only oncomiRs expressed in more than 20% of the population were considered for statistical analysis. Using a Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines (MARS) model, we explored the interactions between environmental/lifestyle exposures and EV oncomiRs to develop optimized predictor combinations for each EV oncomiR. This innovative approach allowed us to better understand miRNA regulation in response to multiple environmental and lifestyle influences. By uncovering non-linear relationships among variables, we gained valuable insights into the complexity of miRNA regulatory networks. Ultimately, this research paves the way for comprehensive exposome studies in the future.

Identifying Novel Causes of Cancers to Enhance Cancer Prevention: New Strategies Are Needed.

The burden of cancer from a clinical, societal, and economic viewpoint continues to increase in all parts of the world, along with much debate regarding how to confront this. Projected increases in cancer indicate a 50% increase in the number of cases over the next 2 decades, with the greatest proportional increase in low- and medium-income settings. In contrast to the historic high cancer burden due to viral and bacterial infections in these regions, future increases are expected to be due to cancers linked to westernization including breast, colorectum, lung, and prostate cancer. Identifying the reasons underlying these increases will be paramount to informing prevention efforts. Evidence from epidemiological and laboratory studies conducted in high-income countries over the last 70 years has led to the conclusion that approximately 40% of the cancer burden is explained by known risk factors—the 2 most important being tobacco and obesity in that order—raising the question of what is driving the rest of the cancer burden. International cancer statistics continue to show that approximately 80% of the cancer burden in high-income countries could be preventable in principle, implying that there are important environmental or lifestyle risk factors for cancer that have not yet been discovered. Emerging genomic evidence from population and experimental studies points to an important role for nonmutagenic promoters in driving cancer incidence rates. New research strategies and infrastructures that combine population-based and laboratory research at a global level are required to break this deadlock.

Time-dependent risks of cancer clustering among couples: a nationwide population-based cohort study in Taiwan

ObjectivesSpousal clustering of cancer warrants attention. Whether the common environment or high-age vulnerability determines cancer clustering is unclear. The risk of clustering in couples versus non-couples is undetermined. The time...

Abstract 5289: Assessment of environmental influences, behavioral risk factors and genetic differences among a cohort of 819 African American community members

Abstract Objectives: This study was designed to address genetic, environmental and lifestyle risk factors for cancer in populations of African Ancestry. We have established a non-cancer control registry which involves the collection of epidemiological, lifestyle, culture and cancer prevention behaviors (such as cancer screening and diet, etc). Methods: Data was coded and analyzed using Stata from initial study surveys. Results: At analysis, the cohort consisted of 819 participants. The cohort was 65.9% female, ages 18-89 (23.5% within 50-59 age group), 35.9% college graduates, and 17.4% with income level $20,000-$25,000. Two-thirds of the cohort had BMI greater than 25, indicating overweight or obese. When stratified by country of birth, participants born in the US & Territories were more likely to be current smokers (23.3%) and have higher rates of environmental exposure to smoking than any other region of birth analyzed. Participants from US & Territories had the highest access to health care (85.9%). Pap smears were the only screening test with statistically significant difference between the regions, with US & Territories having the highest rates of screening (p < 0.001). Conclusions & Implications: Overall, the cohort and its data provide researchers with a resource to further investigate health disparities in cancer as well as other chronic diseases and tailor culturally relevant education materials to help decrease the rates of cancer in this vulnerable population. Citation Format: Jacquelyn Bucci, Ming Chin Yeh, Khursheed Navder, Joel Erblich, Elizabeth Blackman, Grace X. Ma, Camille Ragin. Assessment of environmental influences, behavioral risk factors and genetic differences among a cohort of 819 African American community members [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 5289. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-5289

There is another gap to narrow

Evidence consistently points to worse cancer outcomes for rural Australians. Improved access to diagnostic and treatment services is commonly identified as the solution, yet access to services is only one of a set of complex factors associated with these disparities. While there are great advances being made through the Australian Government's investment in Regional Cancer Centres, this should not negate an emphasis on understanding all the factors contributing to disparities in outcomes in order to develop system-wide solutions. The social determinants of health are drawn into sharp focus when considering the outcomes for people who live in rural, remote and very remote parts of Australia. An additional challenge is that lifestyle risk factors for cancer are generally higher in these populations, compounding other factors such as lower screening participation rates that also influence health outcomes. The overlap between socio-economic disadvantage, lifestyle risk factors, Aboriginality or being from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds and rurality creates a complex milieu of health disadvantage, especially in cancer. The authors of the papers in this edition1, 2 explore some of the reasons for disparities experienced by people from the bush and some of the innovative solutions that are being used to overcome these disparities. The significant reliance of our health system on effective primary care is another factor potentially influencing outcomes, as rural Australians often have poorer access to primary care with, on average, lower doctor to patient ratios and sometimes high turnover of staff. Doctors new to the bush also face the challenge of establishing their own referral networks to specialist services without clear guidance on when it is appropriate to refer to local treatment centres and where better outcomes are achieved by travel to a larger centre, such as for rare and complex surgical resections. The health behaviours of some patients and clinicians may be influenced by their underlying beliefs, their expectations or, at times, a pervasive nihilism that influences the way and the timing of interactions with health services. Stronger engagement with primary care requires specialist services and their clinicians to think differently about how they interact with, and provide support for primary care practitioners in isolated settings. This includes ensuring that there is timely documentation of the treatments being offered, the goals of care (cure, life prolongation, palliation) and the particular issues that a primary care practitioner should consider, especially if they have to see the patient for an unplanned consultation. The role of primary care practitioners across the cancer pathway from prevention and diagnosis, through treatment, survivorship and palliative care requires new thinking if cancer care is to be successfully delivered closer to home for people in rural Australia. As we build a health system that continues to deliver some of the best cancer outcomes in the world, we will require a more patient-centred approach to service development. This includes decentralising services wherever possible, creating new models of care and ensuring the necessary connectivity between specialist, primary and community services with a greater focus on enabling patient and family self-management. These models will challenge many current models of delivering specialist services. At the same time, if we are to deliver better outcomes, there are specific procedures for some cancers which will continue to require sub-specialist support in larger centres in order to further improve survival. We need to understand what treatment and care can be decentralised and what needs to be centralised in order to get best possible outcomes. However, it is important not to assume rural and remote Australia as always worse off. As Burns et al.3 identify, access to palliative care is better in rural South Australia, and the communities in which these people are dying are providing more supportive, practical care. This issue of the Australian Journal of Rural Health presents a combination of new evidence, synopses of current evidence and working examples within the Australian health system of the emerging models of care that can be scaled up in order to improve systematically access to high-quality services mostly closer to home. The papers4-6 examine how health systems can evolve to better meet the needs of people at risk of, diagnosed with and being treated for cancer in Australia. Innovations such as these will help cancer services to reinvent the delivery of care with the aim of reducing the postcode lottery of cancer outcomes. The health of rural and remote Australians is the responsibility of us all. We trust that this edition of the Australian Journal of Rural Health will help to continue an important dialogue about how better outcomes can be achieved.

Non-AIDS definings malignancies among human immunodeficiency virus-positive subjects: Epidemiology and outcome after two decades of HAART era

Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has been widely available in industrialized countries since 1996; its widespread use determined a dramatic decline in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related mortality, and consequently, a significant decrease of AIDS-defining cancers. However the increased mean age of HIV-infected patients, prolonged exposure to environmental and lifestyle cancer risk factors, and coinfection with oncogenic viruses contributed to the emergence of other malignancies that are considered non-AIDS-defining cancers (NADCs) as a relevant fraction of morbidity and mortality among HIV-infected people twenty years after HAART introduction. The role of immunosuppression in the pathogenesis of NADCs is not well defined, and future researches should investigate the etiology of NADCs. In the last years there is a growing evidence that intensive chemotherapy regimens and radiotherapy could be safely administrated to HIV-positive patients while continuing HAART. This requires a multidisciplinary approach and a close co-operation of oncologists and HIV-physicians in order to best manage compliance of patients to treatment and to face drug-related side effects. Here we review the main epidemiological features, risk factors and clinical behavior of the more common NADCs, such as lung cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, colorectal cancer and anal cancer, Hodgkin's lymphoma and some cutaneous malignancies, focusing also on the current therapeutic approaches and preventive screening strategies.

Emerging and established global life-style risk factors for cancer of the upper aero-digestive tract.

Upper aero-digestive tract cancer is a multidimensional problem, international trends showing complex rises and falls in incidence and mortality across the globe, with variation across different cultural and socio-economic groups. This paper seeks some explanations and identifies some research and policy needs. The literature illustrates the multifactorial nature of carcinogenesis. At the cellular level, it is viewed as a multistep process involving multiple mutations and selection for cells with progressively increasing capacity for proliferation, survival, invasion, and metastasis. Established and emerging risk factors, in addition to changes in incidence and prevalence of cancers of the upper aero-digestive tract, were identified. Exposure to tobacco and alcohol, as well as diets inadequate in fresh fruits and vegetables, remain the major risk factors, with persistent infection by particular so-called "high risk" genotypes of human papillomavirus increasingly recognised as also playing an important role in a subset of cases, particularly for the oropharynx. Chronic trauma to oral mucosa from poor restorations and prostheses, in addition to poor oral hygiene with a consequent heavy microbial load in the mouth, are also emerging as significant risk factors. Understanding and quantifying the impact of individual risk factors for these cancers is vital for health decision-making, planning and prevention. National policies and programmes should be designed and implemented to control exposure to environmental risks, by legislation if necessary, and to raise awareness so that people are provided with the information and support they need to adopt healthy lifestyles.

Development of a scale to assess cancer stigma in the non-patient population.

BackgroundIllness-related stigma has attracted considerable research interest, but few studies have specifically examined stigmatisation of cancer in the non-patient population. The present study developed and validated a Cancer Stigma Scale (CASS) for use in the general population.MethodsAn item pool was developed on the basis of previous research into illness-related stigma in the general population and patients with cancer. Two studies were carried out. The first study used Exploratory factor analysis to explore the structure of items in a sample of 462 postgraduate students recruited through a London university. The second study used Confirmatory factor analysis to confirm the structure among 238 adults recruited through an online market research panel. Internal reliability, test-retest reliability and construct validity were also assessed.ResultsExploratory factor analysis suggested six subscales, representing: Awkwardness, Severity, Avoidance, Policy Opposition, Personal Responsibility and Financial Discrimination. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed this structure with a 25-item scale. All subscales showed adequate to good internal and test-retest reliability in both samples. Construct validity was also good, with mean scores for each subscale varying in the expected directions by age, gender, experience of cancer, awareness of lifestyle risk factors for cancer, and social desirability. Means for the subscales were consistent across the two samples.ConclusionsThese findings highlight the complexity of cancer stigma and provide the Cancer Stigma Scale (CASS) which can be used to compare populations, types of cancer and evaluate the effects of interventions designed to reduce cancer stigma in non-patient populations.

Is Diabetes a Risk Factor for Colorectal Cancer?

Throughout the world, adoption of a Western life style has paralleled an increase in the incidence of both type 2 diabetes mellitus and colorectal cancer. This is perhaps not surprising, as the major environmental determinants for type 2 diabetes, including body mass index (BMI), central obesity, physical inactivity, and Western dietary patterns are remarkably consistent with the constellation of risk factors that have been identified for colorectal cancer. Perhaps what has been less clear is whether diabetes, independent of these other risk factors, influences the risk of colorectal cancer. If so, such a finding would have potential implications for more vigorous lifestyle modification or cancer screening of individuals with type 2 diabetes. Moreover, understanding the mechanistic basis for such an association may provide fresh insights into the pathogenesis of both conditions. A number of early studies reported a higher risk of colon cancer among individuals with diabetes. These studies were limited by small sample size, reliance on death certificates and autopsies for endpoint ascertainment, and inability to control for important confounders including BMI and physical inactivity [1‐4]. As such, it was difficult to determine if the association between diabetes and colorectal cancer was merely a reflection of the greater prevalence of known lifestyle risk factors for cancer among those with diabetes. However, more recent high quality prospective studies have shown a significant, albeit more modest association between diabetes and risk of colorectal cancer even after accounting for shared risk factors for both diseases. One of these large, prospective studies, the Cancer Prevention Study, included 866,793 individuals, 15,847 of whom had diabetes [5]. Over 13 years of follow-up, an increased risk of colorectal cancer, even after accounting for BMI and physical inactivity, was noted in men with diabetes (RR = 1.30; 95 % CI 1.03‐1.65) and a modest non-significant elevation was seen in women with diabetes (RR = 1.16; 95 % CI 0.87‐1.53). In the Nurses’ Health Study, diabetes was similarly associated with an increase in the risk of colon cancer after adjustment for BMI and physical activity (multivariate-adjusted RR = 1.49; 95 % CI 1.09‐2.06) [6]. By 2005, several case‐control and cohort studies had examined this relationship, which was systematically reviewed by Larsson et al. [7]. In their metaanalysis of 6 case‐control and 9 cohort studies encompassing more than 2 million participants, a history of diabetes was associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer (summary RR = 1.30, 95 % CI 1.20‐1.40). The results did not vary according to study design, geographic origin (United States vs. Europe), sex, or cancer site. However, not all subsequent studies have been consistent. In the Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort, Campbell et al. [8] found a moderate increase in risk of colorectal cancer among men with diabetes (pooled RR = 1.24; 95 % CI 1.08‐1.44), but no such association among women. Inoue et al. [9] using the Japan Public Health Center-Based Prospective Study, observed no increase in risk of colon cancer with diabetes after excluding cancer cases diagnosed within 5 years of diagnosis of diabetes (HR = 1.19, 95 % CI 0.91‐1.55 for men and 1.14, 95 % CI 0.70‐1.87 for women). Similarly, data from the Japan

Prevalence of main cancer lifestyle risk factors in Europe in 2000

Background Estimation of changes in cancer incidence possibly induced by primary prevention policies requires knowledge of the level of exposure to risk factors targeted by these policies. Materials and methods We collected comparable exposure data from 30 European countries for five lifestyle cancer risk factors: tobacco smoking, alcohol drinking, overweight and obesity, physical activity and fruit and vegetable consumption. We obtained original reports for years 1995–2005 and the present manuscript reports results around year 2000. Results This work revealed the important heterogeneity in the quality and possibility to compare data between and within countries. Overall, we observed a clustering of lifestyle factors: highest tobacco consumption in Eastern Europe up to 61.6% in men in Latvia; high alcohol consumption in central Europe, particularly in Czech Republic in which the average daily consumption was 56.9 g/l in men and 14.6 g/l in women; low fruit and vegetable consumption (less than 150 g/d) in Finland, Sweden, Norway and United Kingdom. Obesity was the most prevalent and exceeded 18% for men in United Kingdom, Malta and Greece; and for women in UK, Greece, Luxembourg and Hungary. Conclusion We conclude that data on tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption are reasonably comparable and match the pattern of cancer incidence. Interpretation of data related to physical activity and fruit and vegetable consumption should be cautious because of considerable between-country variations in the way these data were collected. Recent efforts for harmonisation of health survey questionnaires and sampling methods across European countries should be pursued in order to increase comparability of results.

Update on prevalence, trend and socio-demographic association of five modifiable lifestyle risk factors for cancer in Alberta and Canada

Update on prevalence, trend and socio-demographic association of five modifiable lifestyle risk factors for cancer in Alberta and Canada

The Second International African-Caribbean Cancer Consortium for the study of viral, genetic and environmental cancer risk factors.

The Second International Conference of the African-Caribbean Cancer Consortium (AC3) was held on May 12–13, 2008 at the Wyndham Miami Airport Hotel & Executive Meeting Center in Miami, FL, USA. The conference was organized by the University of Pittsburgh, Graduate School of Public Health and the University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute. The AC3 (http://www.ac-ca-consortium.org) was established in 2006 for the study of viral, genetic, environmental, and lifestyle risk factors for cancer in populations of African descent [1]. The goals of this year's conference were to provide a forum for the Consortium members to (1) share their research accomplishments (2) Identify areas for further study and (3) build new collaborations. There were 38 attendees that represented institutions from various countries: The Bahamas; Barbados; Guyana; Jamaica; Nigeria, Africa; Trinidad and Tobago; and the United States (US). The attendees had an opportunity to present their research either through oral or poster presentations. Networking and further discussions were facilitated by question and answer periods after each presentation as well as during the session breaks and dinner reception.

Awareness of lifestyle risk factors for cancer and heart disease among adults in the UK

Objective To examine and compare awareness of lifestyle risk factors for cancer and heart disease in a single UK representative sample. Methods Two open-ended questions about cancer and heart disease risk factors were included in a population-based survey of 1747 adults. Responses were coded for four lifestyles with established links to both diseases: smoking, eating an unhealthy diet, drinking excessive alcohol and physical inactivity. Results Awareness of lifestyle risk factors was low for both diseases, although higher for heart disease than cancer. The average number identified by respondents was 2.1 (heart disease) and 1.4 (cancer). The strongest predictor was education (both p < 0.001). Awareness that physical inactivity is a cancer risk factor was particularly low at 7%. Conclusion These findings suggest that public awareness of the impact of lifestyle on commonly feared diseases, especially cancer, is low. Practice implications Unhealthy lifestyles make a significant contribution to ill health and mortality. Increased public awareness of the links between lifestyles and commonly feared diseases might help people understand the potential health consequences of their actions and encourage them to make much-needed lifestyle changes. Efforts are needed to improve public health messages about how lifestyle risk factors impact on the chances of developing these important diseases.

Prevalence, trend, and sociodemographic association of five modifiable lifestyle risk factors for cancer in Alberta and Canada

To examine the 12-year trend, in Alberta and Canada, of five modifiable lifestyle risk factors for cancer, and their associations with sociodemographic factors. Six surveys collected data from Canadians aged > or =12 years. The prevalence, trends, and sociodemographic association of five lifestyle risk factors (smoking, inactivity, excessive drinking, overweight/obesity, and insufficient fruit/vegetable intake) were examined. Smoking and inactivity decreased significantly: by 5.4% and 2.7% (Alberta men) and 4.9% and 12.1% (Alberta women); by 7.5% and 8.5% (Canada men) and 7.7% and 11.9% (Canada women). Excessive drinking increased significantly: by 3.6% (men) and 0.9% (women), Alberta; by 2.5% (men) and 0.9% (women), Canada. Overweight/obesity significantly increased by 6.0% (Alberta) and 4.1% (Canada) in women. Being female, single, highly educated, or having higher income decreased the likelihood of exposure to multiple lifestyle risk factors; being middle aged, widowed/separated/divorced, or in poor health condition increased the likelihood. The downward trends for smoking and physical inactivity were in a direction that may help reduce cancer burden. The excessive drinking and overweight/obesity trends did not change in desired direction and deserve attention. The clustering of the lifestyle risk factors in specific social groups provides useful information for future intervention planning.

Reliability of data from next‐of‐kin: Results from a case‐control study of occupational and lifestyle risk factors for cancer

Use of surrogate responders often needs to be considered in case-control studies with a high case fatality. Agreement between 98 colon cancer patients and their closest relative was expressed as a percentage of the exact agreement and by Kappa coefficients and intra-class correlation coefficients. The percentage of "don't know" answers was higher for surrogates than for index cases and the highest percentage was seen for questions on early events like childhood diseases. Agreement was best for responses to dichotomous questions on smoking and for prevalent or chronic diseases like diabetes or psoriasis, and lower (54-64%) when a quantitative response of, e.g., smoking was requested. The next-of-kin reported fewer job periods than the study person, 4.5 and 2.8, respectively, and there was a higher agreement for the latest job held than for the longest held job. We found an overall agreement between 91% and 100% for responses to ever having worked in a specific type of industry or occupation. Use of next-of-kin data will often be a better alternative than excluding severely ill or deceased cases, if the exposure under study correlates with disease progression.

Personality and coping: their relationship with lifestyle risk factors for cancer

This study investigates associations between personality, coping and established lifestyle risk factors for cancer (including smoking, alcohol intake, low intake of fruit and vegetables and lack of physical activity). Analyses were based upon cross-sectional data obtained in the first part of a prospective cohort study on psychosocial factors and cancer risk. Data were collected through self-administered questionnaires. The study population (2514 men and women aged 20-65 years) originates from three municipalities (Amsterdam, Doetinchem, Maastricht) in The Netherlands. In univariate analyses, life satisfaction, John Henryism, neuroticism, extraversion, hostility and sense of coherence were found to relate to several lifestyle risk factors for cancer. However, meaningful associations mainly concern smoking habits, among women. When personality characteristics and coping were considered simultaneously, extraversion, neuroticism, and mastery were found to be positively and independently associated with smoking initiation among women, whereas life satisfaction, submissiveness, John Henryism and neuroticism were found to be related to smoking cessation. In conclusion, a number of personality characteristics were found to be independently associated with smoking, the major risk factor for cancer, but only for women. Alcohol intake, consumption of fruit and vegetables and lack of physical activity were associated less consistently with either personality or coping.

Lifestyle risk factors for cancer: the relationship with psychosocial work environment.

Psychosocial work characteristics (job demands, control, support, job strain and iso-strain [high job strain combined with social isolation at work]) may be linked to cancer risk, by affecting cancer-related lifestyles like smoking, high alcohol consumption, low intake of fruits and vegetables and lack of physical activity. Cross-sectional data obtained from 3309 respondents participating in an ongoing prospective cohort study in the Netherlands on psychosocial factors and cancer risk were used to study the association between psychosocial job characteristics and lifestyle. Information on job characteristics and risk factor prevalence was collected from 20-65-year-old men and women, through self-administered questionnaires. Multiple logistic and linear regression analyses were undertaken by gender, with adjustment for age and education. No differences in the prevalence of lifestyle risk factors for cancer were found amongst the psychosocial work characteristics studied. Moreover, little evidence was found for a relation between job (or iso-) strain and cancer-related lifestyles in multivariate analyses. The present study found no support for the hypothesis that job strain or iso-strain are associated with a cancer-related lifestyle. Further research on the role of other psychosocial factors-like personality or social support outside work-in mediating associations between job characteristics and lifestyle, is warranted.