Life Jacket Research Articles

Seasteading

Seasteading Tana Jean Welch (bio) I E Mare Libertas Seasteading seeks to move human communitiesout into the vast expanse of sea smothering the globe. The oceans contain99 percent of the living space on earth and we want that space. II The Final Frontier Her lips move and we know what she is saying the woman in the hot pink skirt suit, her new blonde hair hired to boost the seasteading movement: "Floating cities are the next frontier," she says and senses the hostof this cable news show is about to interrupt, about to say something intended to highlight her gender, so she rushes the next line: [End Page 176] "All the surface area on this planet is occupied." She is good at her job so his smug jowls rest while she speaksabout the need for space, more space to experiment with new ways of living. But then the host reaches across the table, grabssqueezes her hand in one oil slick gesture Tell me dear,who is allowed to live on this floating city? her lipstick flakes as the camera zooms in on her face and we can tell it wasn't the pale handof the host, but his question that woke in her eyesan animal kingdom of jealousy as she fears both her own exclusion and the inclusion of all others in parachutesdescending upon the high seas. [End Page 177] III Democracy "...leads to unrest, runaway spending, and a tyrannical government." —Frank Karsten, Beyond Democracy IV Entrepreneurial Opportunities on the sea they might sell fishto passers-by on boats or they might sell fishto other like-minded people afloat on the floating city the word selfish is seventeenth-centuryPresbyterian, first usedin reference to events of the year 1641 which could be any numberof events, including but not limited tothe Iroquois declaring war against New France,the Dutch seizure of Malacca (or the Dutch capture of Angola),or the Irish Rebellion in Ulster self-ful, self-ended, self-seeking:synonyms used during the Early Modern era how else to sell fish? freeze, pack, ship (no need to heed the regulations) string a metal needle through the eyes, brine hang dry and vacuum pack [End Page 178] or they might not sell it at allbut fry it on a Friday, swallow as much as they can and bury the rest at sea V Recruiting Please complete this survey: Why would you choose to live on a seastead? (click all that apply) □ Opportunity to experiment with new governance □ Preference for small communities □ Solitude □ Love of the sea □ Desire to pioneer a new way of life □ Commercial advantages of conducting an offshore enterprise Would you want to operate a business from the seastead? If yes, what kind of business would you like to operate? Do you own more than one home? What is the total value of your real estate assets? How many days a year do you spend on vacation? Do you own a timeshare? If you own a timeshare, how much do you pay for it annually? [End Page 179] VI Ephemerisle Ephemerisle is a floating celebration of community and seasteading. There are no tickets, no central organizers, and no rangers to keep you safe. Ephemerisle prepares usfor our future world through five days of floating on the Sacramento River Delta. You must practice radical self-reliance. You must build a boat. There is limited space. There are no rangersto keep you safe. You are free to do what you want.You must conform to the island commodore's rules. There are no rangers to keep you safe. You are free to do what you want. You can sleep in the nude.You can eat all of your food.You can carve trees in your calves with a switchblade or machete. You can horde life jackets and flares.You can snort several lines of pure white Prague. You can keep your drawbridge raised. You can hoist a flagdepicting buckteeth biting watermelon, but there are no rangers to keep you safe.You can dress your feet in pink FiveFingers.You can have ten wives [End...

Optimization of engine performance parameters and exhaust emissions in compression ignition engine fueled with biodiesel-alcohol blends using taguchi method, multiple regression and artificial neural network

Abstract Humanity is on the verge of setting new benchmarks in warming up the planet 4-5°C by triggering a series of cascading tripping points. Rising content in the atmosphere is causing an unprecedented spike in global temperatures leading to drastic climatic changes like massive heat waves, droughts, melting of polar ice caps and a rise in the sea level. Vehicles alone are responsible for at least 12% of the total Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in the world. Carbon Monoxide (CO), a toxic air pollutant, is produced by the incomplete combustion of carbon-containing fuels like gasoline in automobiles and its emissions are responsible for a wide range of health problems like headache, nausea, vomiting, and dizziness. Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) emissions produced by motor vehicles are instrumental in causing smog, acid rain which can lead to adverse health effects like respiratory disorders, heart problems etc. Alternative fuels will act as a life jacket to save humanity from drowning in this ocean of its design. Biodiesel is a carbon neutral fuel that can be blended with diesel and used in driving compression ignition engines. In the study engine performance in terms of brake thermal efficiency (BTE), brake specific fuel consumption (BPSC) and CO, HC, CO2, and NOx emissions are optimized for Kusum Oil Ethyl Ester (KOEE) with butanol blend using Taguchi's method, to obtain an optimized dataset of the input parameters viz. engine rpm, fuel properties and lower heating value of fuel which are then fed into the two prediction techniques viz. Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and multiple regression. These techniques are also ranked in terms of precision, based on generated errors.

Drowning among fishing communities on the Tanzanian shore of lake Victoria: a mixed-methods study to examine incidence, risk factors and socioeconomic impact

ObjectivesTo estimate the incidence of unintentional fatal drowning and describe associated risk factors among Lake Victoria fishing communities, and to assess perceived social, financial and other impacts among families and...

Epidemiology of Thoracolumbar Spine Injuries associated with Speedboat Travelling without Collision: A Unique Spine Injury Mechanism.

OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the epidemiology of thoracolumbar spine injuries when travelling by speedboat to our coastal tertiary trauma center, and to identify injury patterns and mechanism of injury of these specific injuries and to determine the link of the position when seated on board with the risk of thoracolumbar injury in this type of transportation.MATERIALS AND METHODS:A retrospective review of a consecutive series of 80 patients sustaining thoracolumbar spine injuries after travelling by speed boat was conducted. The enrolled patients were treated at a Level II trauma center over a 2-year period from July 1, 2016 to May 31, 2018. All the victims were unrestrained passengers on board a speedboat travelling at high speed without any safety regulation except a life jacket. Initially, a full evaluation with advance trauma life support protocol on arrival was performed. Plain radiographs, computed thermography or MRI study was obtained individually. Number, level and type of thoracolumbar injury were recorded and reported based on CT scan and Thoracolumbar Injury Classification by AO group. The link to the position when seated on board with the incidence of thoracolumbar spine injury was then analyzed and compared relatively.RESULTS:There were a total of 80 patients in our study, 48 (60%) were men and 32 (40%) were women with a mean age of 47.50 years (Min 20, Max 71). All the spinal fractures were a single level injury. The injury occurred only at the thoracolumbar area, these involved 6 cases (7.5%) of T11 vertebra, 20 cases (25%) of T12 vertebra, 44 cases (55%) of L1 vertebra and 10 cases (12.5%) of L2 vertebra respectively. No cervical or sacral region injury was observed nor other associated injuries such as traumatic brain injury, intra-abdominal organ injury or long bone fracture. A spinal cord/nerve root injury occurred in the lumbar region in 1 patient (1.25%). All of the 80 injuries were type A injury (compression type), classified by AO Spine Thoracolumbar Injury Classification, and included 32 levels (40%) of subtype A1, 18 levels (22.5%) of subtype A2, 8 levels (10%) of subtype A3 and 22 levels (27.5%) of subtype A4. 50 cases (62.5%) were treated non-operatively with bracing while 30 cases (37.5) were treated operatively with computer navigation spinal surgery using pedicle screws and rods construction before the patient was discharged or repatriated. Patients who sat in the front row seat were significantly at higher risk for thoracolumbar spine injury (p < 0.05; odds ratio = 41.83; 95%CI: 15.24, 114.8). No patient who sat at the rear reported having had this kind of injury.CONCLUSIONS:Our data shows a high incidence of this unique compressive type of thoracolumbar spine injury in patients who sit in the front row seat while travelling on board a speed boat.As a result of an increasing recognition of these regional-specific injuries, practitioners who take responsibility for trauma patients on the coastal area should be aware of the high prevalence of these injuries. Proper universal spinal precautions must be followed to optimize treatment outcomes. Current safety regulations including speed limits, proper safety restraining techniques, bracing position on board and marine rescuers should be reviewed or changed to minimize the number of injuries and degree of damage.

Robust and durable fluorinated 8-MAPOSS-based superamphiphobic fabrics with buoyancy boost and drag reduction

A robust and durable fluorinated 8-MAPOSS-based superamphiphobic fabric (Fabrics-S-MAPOSS-F) was obtained by in situ grafting of 3-Mercaptopropyltriethoxysilane (MPTES), 8-Methacryl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (8-MAPOSS) and 2-(perfluorooctyl) ethyl methacrylate (FMA) on a cotton fabric. The micropores and mesopores bonding structure with low surface energy on the as-prepared Fabrics-S-MAPOSS-F can capture air, endowing the fabric antifouling, self-cleaning, dehydration resistance, buoyancy boost, drag reduction performance, as well as good durability after UV irradiation, mechanical damage, 300 °C oven heating for 2 h and separately immersion in acid/base/salty solution, even in 98% H2SO4 for 30 min. The Fabrics-S-MAPOSS-F can float on the surface of water or blended oil effortlessly with loading 18.8 times and 15.6 times its own weight of SiO2 powder, respectively. Compared to untreated fabric, the Fabrics-S-MAPOSS-F exhibits a sailing velocity boost by nearly 2.5 times in both water and blended oil. The drag reduction rate is as high as ~154.7%. This novel smart Fabrics-S-MAPOSS-F can be considered a promising material in life jacket, special garments, package protection or smart device.

Assessment of Occupational Hazards and Usage of Sea Safety Devices by Fishers of Kerala, India

ABSTRACTKerala, a maritime state on the west coast of peninsular India, constitutes approximately 10% of India’s total coastline and claims a 20% share in national marine fish production. The registered fishing fleet consists of about 29,969 motorized, 4248 mechanized, and 2515 non-motorized crafts. This study was done to assess occupational hazards faced by fishers as well as the usage of sea safety devices (SSDs) in Kerala. Information was collected from 180 mechanized, motorized, and traditional boat owners. The study revealed that capsizing, sinking, grounding, burning, collision, mishaps, man overboard, and injuries were common occupational hazards. SSDs used were life buoy, life jacket, first aid kit, emergency rations, fire extinguisher, fire bucket, global positioning system, magnetic compass, emergency position indicating radio beacon (EPIRB), sonar, echo sounder, oil lamp, signaling torch, and batteries. Fishers with mechanized boats had high knowledge and used most SSDs. Fishers with motorized boats had adequate knowledge but less SSD usage. Traditional and small-scale fishers did not use most SSDs. Non-parametric Kruskal–Wallis statistical test revealed a significant difference in regards to usage between mechanized, motorized, and traditional fishers, indicating there are gaps in usage of SSDs between the three groups of fishers. It is necessary to educate and motivate fishers with motorized and traditional boats to use SSDs.

Mapping refugee litters in the eastern coast of Lesvos using UAS, an emerging marine litter problem

Abstract. In the last year, the Greek islands of the eastern Aegean Sea were the main entrance points used by refugees arriving in the EU. The crossing between Turkey and the eastern Aegean islands is carried out using mostly small inflatable boats. Additionally, wooden and plastic vessels of various sizes are abandoned at the beaches upon arrival together with other items such as life jackets, inflatable tubes, and clothing. In many cases, these boats are sunk offshore, and their wrecks litter the seabed. This new type of marine litter has overwhelmed many of the eastern Aegean island beaches. In this study, a methodology using Unmanned Aerial Systems (widely known as UAS, UAVs or drones) are used for surveying and mapping of the location and the concentration of marine litter in the coastal areas. More specific is presented the methodology of the mapping of two beaches in Lesvos Island that were surveyed for marine litter, and immigration-related items. One beach is located in the southeaster part and is named Kratigos, and the other one is in the Northeast part of Lesvos close to Korakas cape a widely used "destination" for immigrants due to the lighthouse that is located in this area. The data acquisition has been performed with the use of a Vertical Take-off and Landing (VTOL) quadrotor configuration and the creation of detailed orthophoto maps by processing the aerial photos using Structure from Motion methods and algorithms. The final results of sea marine litter mapping are two very detailed with a high spatial resolution orthophoto maps that are depicting the location, the density and the size of selected litter located underwater and, on the shore, (Figure 1). The main scope of this work was to evaluate: (i) the extent of the refugee arrival related marine litter problem along the eastern coast of Lesvos; and (ii) the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of new technologies to provide quick, accurate cartographic visualizations of the marine litter distribution in order to plan efficiently the clean-up operations. The study has shown that the eastern coast of Lesbos faces a very significant environmental problem. Wide stretches of the coastline are overwhelmed by marine litter, such as ship wrecks, and PVC boat remains, lifejackets, discarded clothing and personal items, boat engines and engine fragments. It was also found that litter concentrations varied along the coastline in terms of their distribution over the “dry” (land) beach and the nearshore seabed. In some areas, there was extensive littering of the dry beach but not of the nearshore seabed, whereas other areas, both with good and very poor (or no) access, showed small quantities of litter on the dry beach but extensive littering on the nearshore seabed. The nearshore seabed offshore of cliff coasts which due to complete lack of access have been not used as entrance points was found to be full of different litter as located from the cartographic representations and observed by dedicated dives.

Eating Disorder Recovery: A Metaethnography.

BACKGROUND: Eating disorders seriously affect both physical health and psychosocial functioning. Breaking the confines of an eating disorder requires engagement in a multifaceted recovery process. OBJECTIVE: This article provides a synthesis of 12 qualitative research studies with various eating disordered populations (anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder, eating disorder not otherwise specified, and other specified feeding and eating disorders) to elucidate the recovery process from the perspective of those who have overcome the disease. METHOD: A metasynthesis of qualitative studies was conducted using Noblit and Hare's metaethnographic methodology. RESULTS: Five overarching themes emerged from the data: (1) the eating disorder as a life jacket, (2) drowning: recognizing consequences, (3) treading the surface: contemplating recovery, (4) swimming: the path toward recovery, and (5) reaching recovery: a sense of freedom. CONCLUSIONS: Eating disorder treatment often entails a cycle of transitions before recovery occurs. Synthesizing the experiences from the perspective of individuals who have overcome an eating disorder presents a unique understanding of the treatment and recovery process.

Mengamati Keselamatan Penumpang Angkutan Sungai dan Danau

Tingkat kecelakaan angkutan sungai dan danau di Indonesia saat ini masih cukup tinggi. Hal inidisebabkan karena kurangnya tingkat kelaikan angkutan yang di gunakan dan faktor manusia yangseringkali mengabaikan standar keselamatan yang ada. Selain itu sosialisasi dalam kesadaranberkesalamatan dalam transportasi sangat minim adanya yang berakibat kelalaian terhadappengguna angkutan sungai dan darat. Dari hasil pengamatan di provinsi Sumatera Utara, SumateraSelatan, Kalimantan Selatan, dan Bali, ternyata tiap wilayah telah mempunyai Perda dan peraturanlokal untuk menanggulangi bahaya kecelakaan angkutan sungai dan danau dengan istilah teknikyang berbeda, kedalaman dan keluasan peraturan termasuk perizinan yang berbeda pula. Di sisiyang lain mempunyai orientasi yang sama bahwa dalam hal perizinan angkutan sungai dan danau(ASD) merupakan PAD (Pendapatan Asli Daerah) sehingga ketegasan dalam penerapan

Risk factors associated with life jacket wear among adult canoeists and kayakers in the United States, 1999–2017

Drowning is the most common cause of death in recreational boating. Life jackets prevent drowning, yet adult wear rates remain relatively low on most types of boats. Canoes and kayaks are among the least used boat types, yet maintain the third and first highest annual boating-related drowning rates in 2012, respectively. This 1999–2017 study collected data from 124 study sites across the US. Life jacket wear was calculated for 13 dichotomized risky and non-risky variables, using Chi-square tests. A count variable based on number of risks was created, and Cochran-Armitage trend tests examined linearity in life jacket use. Three illustrative variables for each boat type were represented in tree diagrams. Kayakers had higher wear rates than canoeists among all variables observed. For both boats, the majority of risky conditions had higher life jacket wear rates than their non-risky alternatives. As the number of risks increased, life jacket wear rate increased. Boaters seemingly conduct a mental assessment of risk to determine whether to wear a life jacket.

PERBANDINGAN PULAU BALI DAN PULAU JEJU DALAM BIDANG PARIWISATA

There are some similarities and differences between Bali and Jeju in tourism sector. Similarities and differences of the two islands consist of the early history of the development of tourism and their tourist attractions. Bali and Jeju are both became famous around the world because of a book written by foreigners. Besides of the history of tourism, both islands have similarities in the tourist attractions. If in Bali there is Desa Penglipuran, in Jeju there is Seongup Jeju Folk Village. Both villages are tourist villages which still retain their original culture. In addition to similarities in these two islands, there are also differences of Bali and Jeju. Started by the early history of the development of tourism, Bali Island from the beginning is famous for its natural beauty as a tourist destination, Jeju on the other hand, need to experience several incidents to finally become a popular tourist destination. As for the tourism attractions, compared to Bali, tourist facilities in Jeju are better, for example in Woljeongri Beach in Jeju, tourists who want to play canoe will be provided a safety life jacket, but in Sanur, Bali, visitors are not provided those facilities. Besides of those examples, there are some other similarities and differences of the two islands.

“When Social Media are Your Sole Life Jacket”: A Capability Analysis of Foreign Brides’ Empowerment by Social Media in South Korea

“When Social Media are Your Sole Life Jacket”: A Capability Analysis of Foreign Brides’ Empowerment by Social Media in South Korea

“That’s My Life Jacket!” Speculative Documentary as a Counter Strategy to Documentary Taxidermy

ABSTRACTDespite the socially committed attitude many documentary artists take, documentaries often end up underpinning a large-scale epistemological enterprise linked to global capitalism and Western colonialism (H. Steyerl, “Documentary Uncertainty,” Re-visiones (2011) www.re-visiones.net). Ai Weiwei’s Human Flow (2017), an award-winning documentary about the “refugee crisis”, provides an insightful case study. The film’s well-intended activism becomes a mere trope that does not prompt any change. The formal strategies deployed do not address the power differentials between the filmmakers and their subjects, so that neither subjects nor viewers are left with any form of agency. In contrast, this article argues for embracing a speculative form of documentary which puts the messiness at its heart that is typical of the relations between representation and reality, between the West and its constructed “others”. Acknowledging the impossibility to access the real in an unmediated manner, the authors believe in the intertwining of ethics and form; and in the transformative potential of art. Inspired by the pioneers of documentary art and drawing from their own practice-based research as film and theatre makers, the authors hope to offer an insight into some of the speculative documentary’s possible counter-strategies to go against the grain of taxidermic, image-positivist mainstreams.

Secret Springs.

Secret Springs Stephanie Wacha It was somewhere around river mile 200, or maybe 220 by then. We had been on the Colorado River for nineteen or twenty days, and the passing of both time and distance was becoming blurry. There had been no one around us for fifty miles in any direction for three weeks, except our group of sixteen. A hodge-podge of friends and friends-of-friends from all corners of the country, we had met at Lee’s Ferry just before the New Year to descend into the depths of the Grand Canyon. We were fully into the rhythms of river life by then. Breakfast crew would send out the coffee call around seven, sometimes with a mock rooster crow, and once with a long Irish ballad sung loud enough to echo off the canyon walls. More than once, it was by sounds of a wooden flute, with melodies that seemed to be born of this place. Every morning was much the same: eggs to order with hot sausage on the side, clean up the ashes of last night’s fire, filter water from the river, and everyone carries everything back to the boats, where the boatmen are waiting, rigging the gear in and reviewing maps for the day. It’s a process. After pulling on my dry suit and picking the cold wet sand from the zippers of my life jacket (because the sand is everywhere), I finish my personal morning routine, slightly different from the rest of the crew. I make sure my tablet is in a dry bag that will stay with me throughout the day, and I try to adjust the solar charger on deck in hopes that we will get more than an hour of sunlight that day. Though the sun has been shining almost every day of the trip, it only reaches the river for a short time around noon, so deep are the canyon walls. The highlights of this trip have been on side hikes, where our destination is almost invariably a waterfall or a creek, all of which are spring-fed. This is not just true of our trip because it is a particular interest of mine, it is true of all recreational trips below the rim in the Grand Canyon. Every river trip makes these sojourns up side canyons for many reasons. Springs support riparian ecosystems, [End Page 19] which are essentially oases in the desert. They are lush, gorgeous, areas that provide respite from the heat, and, as critical habitat and hotspots of biodiversity, they are opportunities for wildlife viewing. Backpackers seek springs because their life depends on it. Springs provide the only drinking water (other than the river, which is usually not accessible for hikers) once you are below the rim of the canyon. And the outdoorsmen and women of today are not the first to visit these special places. Humans have been frequenting springs in the canyon for the last 12,000 years, and many of them have great cultural significance as sacred sites in stories of emergence, and the passing of souls into the afterworld. Yet, as important as these sites are, studying them has proved difficult. The Grand Canyon is a vast and remote landscape, with exceptionally rugged and inaccessible terrain. Remote “trailheads” (access points) can be a day’s drive from the closest town, water sources are unknown or unreliable, and the only access to emergency services would be if you were carrying your own satellite phone. Even then, there are no guarantees. At this time, more people have walked on the moon than have walked the length of the North side. I knew that the resources of the research organization working with springs didn’t have the resources to map and verify all of these springs. It could take a lifetime, even with crews in the field constantly. I also knew that the community I was a part of, the community of guides, were in the canyon all the time, both for work and for pleasure, exploring all sorts of remote corners, and most wanted to give back to this place that they loved. The research organization needed hands on...

Drowning Prevention: Introduction and Recent Developments

Drowning process often results in respiratory impairment and may lead to death. World Health Organisation has identified drowning as third leading cause of unintentional death at the world level. Annually, 360000 people die because of drowning and its complications. Children, males and individuals with access to water are at risk of drowning. Drowning prevention focuses usually on asphyxia and secondary pneumonia. Prevention of craniocerebral trauma may reduce mortality due to drowning. Drowning prevention is a challenging area. The present paper is an attempt to give an overview of epidemiology, experiences, prevention & therapy, traditional & new approaches, special precautions and innovations in drowning prevention. Importance of the swimming skills, parental motivation, use of life jackets and availability of lifeguards has been realized time and again. There is a strong need to improve EMS response to drowning incidents. The governmental agencies need to bring and enforce strict legislations and policies on water safety. The professional societies need to contribute towards the improvement of professional practice guidelines. Water safety of travelers is also an area of concern. Alcohol intoxication near the water bodies and on water transport needs to be controlled. Community-based drowning prevention interventions can help effectively in drowning prevention.

Microcontroller-based Vessel Passenger Tracker using GSM System: An Aid for Search and Rescue Operations

The Maritime Transport industry in the Philippines has been growing through the years and has been a catalyst in the industrial development of the country. Although the maritime transport sector is one of the largest industries in the country, the safety devices and technology used are sluggish phase to change. The natural hazards and human error are main cause of maritime incidents, resulting to multiple casualties and missing persons every year of which this study seek to address the problem of safety in the maritime transport industry. The study aims to design and develop a system that will locate an overboard1 passenger whenever a vessel is in distress. The Floating Overboard Accident Tracking System (FLOATS) was conceptualized by combining the Search Theory, Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and Disaster Preparedness, and the increasing availability of tracking device and monitoring technologies and the advancement of communication systems. The system consists of the Global Positioning System (GPS) for location data, Global System for Mobile (GSM) communications for the transmission and reception of emergency messages, Arduino-Nano microcontroller to handle the processing, the used of an inflatable life jacket with signal light and a rescue update display using an organic light emitting diode (OLED) for the search and rescue operations. Tests and surveys established the functionality, reliability, and acceptability of the system, which will greatly benefit maritime incident responders by securing vessel passengers from hazards and reducing the time allotted through speedy search and rescue operations.

Things I Learned From Fat People on the Plane

ABSTRACTThe body that doesn’t fit in normative spaces—like airplane seats, classroom chairs, life jackets, and aisles—is constantly performing “annoying excess.” Even stories about the stigma fat bodies endure can be seen as excessive, but having them amplified on stage creates both discomfort and profound learning in audience members. This performance piece explores the impact of the “performing excess” in public spaces.

Agent-based evacuation model incorporating life jacket retrieval and counterflow avoidance behavior for passenger ships

In actual evacuations, passengers should collect their life jackets before moving toward assembly stations. Passengers who do not wear life jackets must return to their cabins to collect their life jackets, as this equipment is usually stocked in individual cabins. However, current studies ignore the behavior of collection and donning of life jackets exhibited by passengers initially walking to the assembly station without life jackets. In order to investigate the influence of the collection of life jackets on the evacuation, an agent-based social force model is proposed. This model incorporates the collection and donning of life jacket, following behavior, and counterflow avoidance behavior. The model was validated by the International Maritime Organization (IMO)’s counterflow test, and satisfied its requirements. The fundamental diagram of the bidirectional flow of our model was validated against the results of a previous study. The results show that this model can reproduce collective phenomena in pedestrian traffic, such as dynamic multilane flow and stable separate-lane flow. Finally, the model was applied to deck 5 of a passenger ship. It was found that the evacuation time with life jackets is much longer than that without life jackets if some passengers are not in their cabins before the evacuation. It was also found that reducing the number of passengers who have to undergo life jacket retrieval can greatly increase evacuation efficiency. Moreover, we provide two optimized evacuation schemes for ship designers. These findings offer ship designers some insight towards increasing the safety of large passenger ships.

Art and materiality in the global refugee crisis: Ai Weiwei’s artworks and the emerging aesthetics of mobilities

ABSTRACTProminent artists and activists have documented, collected and appropriated discarded materials of refugee journeys, such as life jackets, rafts and clothing, transforming them into largescale artworks. Material belongings play an important role in migration experiences. However, materials are often used as representational measures of rights to movement, mode of travel and refugee status. This article explores how the mobilisation and transformation of materials into artworks raises questions on the material agencies operating within global representations of refugee mobilities. Discussing recent artworks of Ai Weiwei, I explore the emerging material aesthetics that open alternative dialogues on migration flows and mobilities futures.

Wearing Life Jackets While Swimming in Open Water

Wearing Life Jackets While Swimming in Open Water