Life Of Emigration Research Articles

Тематическая композиция эмигрантского автобиографического романа: «Жизнь Арсеньева» И. Бунина

The paper provides the analysis of the original, four-book edition of the novel “Life of Arseniev” by I. Bunin. The thematic rhythm of Bunin’s novel is subject, as often is the rhythm of his stories, to elegiac laws with alternating and contrasting semantics of death, failure, and rebirth, love, life, and creativity. The first four books of the novel were separated from the full, five-book variant by a pause. The last (fifth) book of the novel has a different plot compared to the first four ones, can be read independently, and changes the rhythm and the composition of the text, if added to the other four parts. The novel’s composition formula is thus 4 + 1. Particular attention is paid to the finales of all four books offering the most strik-ing examples of harmony of all thematic lines. Spring and south motifs are considered pre-dominant in the novel. The finales of the second, third, fourth, and fifth books are marked with spring, with the descriptions of the final springs being quite a contrarian: deaths and losses are inseparable from the dawn, abundance of life, youth. The four-book edition has its own finale that is also contrarian: open and closed at the same time. Arseniev’s meeting Lika, leaving home, adapting to new spaces, even foreign lands (the first edition includes fragments from the life in emigration) all give a broad perspective to the text while, at the same time, the ruin of the estate, the death of relatives and Grand Dukes predetermine the tragic final point of the story.

ДІЯЛЬНІСТЬ ТЕАТРУ КОРИФЕЇВ В ЕМІГРАЦІЙНИХ ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯХ

The article reviews the publications of emigration issues dedicated to the activities of the Coryphee theater. It is stated that the theater has occupied an important place in the life of emigrants since the time of the first Ukrainian settlers in the “pioneer era”. Theatrical life continued even during and after both world wars in the camps of captured Ukrainian soldiers, where plays by M. Kropyvnytskyi, M. Starytskyi and I. Karpenko-Karyi were performed. It is noted that the studying of the Coryphee theater phenomenon was an essential component of education, in particular for students of the Ukrainian Free University (Vienna, Prague, Munich). It became the subject of scientific studies, which results were used in the educational process. These include the works “Ukrainian Theater” (1923) by D. Antonovich and “Theater” (1951) by I. Mirchuk. The Coryphee theater is mentioned in a number of works of a synthetic nature, which are “An Essay on Ukrainian Culture” (1961) by V. Yaniv, “The Ukrainian Culture” (1994) by I. Mirchuk, “A Thousand Years of Ukrainian Culture” (1985) by M. Semchyshyn. Much work is dedicated to activity of the Coryphee theater in S. Chorny’s monograph “Karpenko-Kary and Theater” (1978), which traces the artist’s life – as a playwright and an actor – and outlines his theatrical and aesthetic principles. The work by D. Antonovych “Three Hundred Years of Ukrainian Theater” (1925) reveals the breadth of the chosen material and the depth of its analysis, whereby the development of the Coryphee theater and the multifaceted activity of its creators are analyzed in the contemporary socio-political context. It is established that emigration researchers consider the Coryphee theater not only an outstanding artistic phenomenon, but also an important factor to strengthen the national identity of the colonized Ukrainian people. The latter made these researches to be distinctly polemical towards Soviet theatrical studies sustained in the spirit of Marxist ideology.

Sokolské jednoty Čechů z Volyně

The fundamental purpose of this article is to contribute towards mapping out the hitherto largely neglected development and significance of one of the most important aspects of the community life of emigrants from the Czech Lands settled in the area of Volyně – known as the Volyně Czechs. The article deals with their Sokol Physical Education Associations, from their initial foundation in the 1870s to the activities of the Czechs of Volyně in the aftermath of World War II subsequent to their re-emigration to Czechoslovakia. Particular attention is devoted to the inter-war period, during which the Associations achieved their greatest expansion in Volyně. They helped not only to develop physical fitness but also towards the upbringing of the youth, strengthening their Czech consciousness and sense of belonging to their historical homeland. Despite the fact that their activities would later become complicated and indeed rendered impossible by the Polish and Soviet authorities, the Sokol Associations left an important mark – still remembered in various places within the region, and to which present-day associations hark back.

Науково-технічні відкриття 1920-х та українська еміграція в міжвоєнній ЧСР (1918–1939)

This article informs about the impact of scientific and technological progress of the 1920s on everyday life of the Ukrainian emigration center in the interwar period of Czechoslovakia in 1918-1939. First of all, it is referred to technological novelties of the period in 1921-1929: cinematography, television, automobile manufacturing, fashion, medical industry, telegraph, and bank and post transfers. The proposed topic has not been submitted to the scientific audience yet, as far as the life of the Ukrainian emigration in the interwar of Czechoslovak Republic was considered mainly in the context of political and sociocultural work both emigrants themselves and the latest Ukrainian, Czech and Slovak historians. It is focused on two pointsin the proposed scientific intelligence: consideration of the everyday life of anti-Bolshevist emigration and of the lives of Ukrainian immigrants in Czechoslovakia which were arbitrarily distributed for four periods: 1918-1921, 1921-1925, 1925-1933, 1933-1939, all of which had its own specific features. Consideration of the Ukrainian everyday emigration life in the years 1921–1929 in the interwar of Czechoslovakia carried out with the help ofrecollection, memoirs, postal correspondence (letters) and archival documentation. Therefore, it implies the usage of general methods of the scientific research: analysis, analogy, historical and logical methods. The emigrational routine is a farsighted direction of the historical research, because it is the history of the small vivid worlds, peculiar alternative to the researches which are focused on global political and social processes and events.Everyday life is not minted in special decrees or laws;it is notrecorded in programs and speeches, as far as political and state history, and it is not honed by the financial gains in the economy, and by the cultural monuments, though it always exists like air, it goes unnoticed as time.

ПИТАННЯ СОЦІАЛЬНОГО ЗАХИСТУ ВІЙСЬКОВОСЛУЖБОВЦІВ У ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ ВИЩИХ ОРГАНІВ ВЛАДИ УНР (ГРУДЕНЬ 1918 – ЛИСТОПАД 1920 РР.)

Abstract. The Purpose of the Research. The organization of an effective social protection of servicemen is an important component of the state policy in the military service formation sphere. Therefore, the purpose of the article is to elucidate the highest authorities activities of the UkrainianPeople’s Republic (the UNR) during the Directory period. The research methodology is based on theprinciples of historicism, logic, scientific objectivity in assessing the past, a critical approach to thesources, including the highest authorities official legislation of the Ukrainian People’s Republic, theresearch works of participants and eyewitnesses. The scientific novelty of the article consists in the fact that the social protection issue of servicemen of the UNR Army, although it occupied one of the key places in the activities of the highest authorities of the UNR – the Directory and the government – the Council of People’s Ministers, was not the subject of a separate scientific study. The social protection issue was presented in the context of a military policy and military formation in general, or in the aspect of the state social policy. The Conclusion. The social protection issues of servicemen were constantly in the field of view of the highest state authorities of the Ukrainian People’s Republic during the Directory period. By means of relevant laws adoption, the state tried to make service in the army prestigious, to increase the status of a soldier in the society not only materially but also socially. However, the unfavorable situation on the fronts, the critical domestic and foreign policy situation of the state did not allow to implement the adopted bills. After the final defeat of the Ukrainian People’s Republic in the war with Soviet Russia and theretreat of the Ukrainian army on November 21, 1920, to the territory of Poland, the government tried to support its troops during the year. However, the depletion of funds put an end to the functioning of social care for them. The military had to adapt to the new realities of an emigrant life on their own.Key words: Ukraine, the UNR Directory, Active Army, social protection of servicemen.

«Повесть слишком многословна»: М. Горький и несостоявшийся писатель Марк Волгин (сюжет романа «Эмигранты» и судьба его автора)

The article is devoted to the plot of Mark Volgin’s novel “Emigrants”. Letters of the writer Olga Nikolaevna Nikiforova and her mother, Lyudmila Alekseevna Nikiforova, to M. Gorky were found in the Gorky Archive of the Institute of World Literature. They asked the writer to read the manuscript “Emigrants” signed with the pseudonym Mark Volgin and give a review. The manuscript was sent from Harbin in July-August 1935. Gorky read the novel and wrote an answer in October. Gorky’s letter about the novel reached the addressees only in early 1936. We learn about the content of the novel from the letters of L. A. and O. Nikiforov and the letter of the Deputy People's Commissar of Foreign Affairs B. S. Stomonyakov. Mark Volgin’s political novel depicted the whole essence of emigrant life. The novel interested the Harbin Consul M. M. Slavutsky and M. Gorky. Gorky advised Nikiforova to work on it seri-ously. The manuscript of the novel “Emigrants” has not been preserved in Gorky’s Archive. The fate of two more copies of the manuscript is unknown. New, previously unpublished let-ters of Gorky’s correspondents are being introduced into scientific circulation.

Cultural connotations of the image of perception of emigrants in Chinese ethnic consciousness of the 20-40s of the 20th century based on the material of Chinese literature and publicism

The relevance of the study is determined by the interest of modern humanitarian knowledge in the study of the image of the alien, the study of the mechanisms of reception of the foreign and other ethnic world in the process of interethnic and intercultural interaction of the 20th century. The novelty is due to the involvement of the material of journalistic and artistic texts of the Chinese authors of the left and right wing in their correlation with the historical, political and linguocultural realities of the 20-40s of the 20th century. The research problem consists in the correlation of ethnocultural, ethnopsychological and socio-political connotations of the image of the perception of an emigrant in the Chinese ethnic consciousness. The aim of the research is to study the lexical and semantic transformations of the concept of emigrant in the context of Chinese ideology and Chinese literature of the 20-40s of the 20th century, as well as to identify the individual features of the artistic perception of an emigrant by Chinese writers. The research methodology is based on an imagological approach to the study of literature with the involvement of ethnopsychological observations. The work uses historical-literary, comparative-historical, lexical-semantic methods, as well as techniques of translation studies. It is discovered that in the Chinese fiction and journalistic texts of the 20-40s of the 20th century the negative artistic image of the perception of emigrants - white emigrants prevails. Thus, in the Chinese ethnic consciousness of the 1920s and 1940s, the cultural connotation of the concept of emigrant had negative semantics. On the one hand, it reflects the real situation of emigrant life and emigrant consciousness; on the other hand, it captures the complex socio-political and ethno psychological processes that have taken place in Chinese society, affecting the foundation of Chinese culture and Chinese ethnicity.

ЛЕМКІВСЬКА ЕМІГРАЦІЯ У МІЖВОЄННИЙ ЧАС: ПРИЧИНИ, ОСЕРЕДКИ, КУЛЬТУРНА ДІЯЛЬНІСТЬ

The purpose of the article is to study the causes and directions of the Lemko’s emigration in the interwar period, to clarify the cultural and educational work of the activists in the countries, the Lemko community settled the most, on the basis of the “Nash Lemko” and “Lemko” newspapers. The research methodology is based on the combination of scientific research principles (historicism and objectivity) and methods (philosophical, general scientific and special-historical), being usual for works on the historical science. Of particularly significance are the methods of source study analysis (at the stage of collection and critique of empirical material), as well as comparative and typological methods (at reconstructive and narrative stages). The scientific novelty of the article is its attempt to comprehensively reconstruct the causes, directions and cultural and educational life of the Lemko emigration in the interwar period based on the materials of the “Nash Lemko” and “Lemko” newspapers. As a result of the study, it has been proved that most Ruthenian newspapers have written about the causes and destinations of emigration, as well as have covered the life of the Lemko Diaspora in the United States, Canada, Brazil, Uruguay, Peru and others. These media explored the social and cultural-educational life of the foreign Ruthenians: cultural institutions, concerts, exhibitions and radio programs. Along with the successes of the community, the Lemko publications did not hide the difficulties of emigration life caused by the disunity and disorganization of the Lemko community abroad. The article finds out that all Lemko publications, regardless of ideological orientation, were grateful to the emigration for its financial assistance to the region. At the same time, the Ruthenian publicists noted the considerable damage of the long-term outflow of the most active population. Therefore, the Lemko newspapers launched a powerful anti-immigration propaganda campaign. They nurtured an active attitude to life in the Ruthenian environment, persuaded the Lemkos to become entrepreneurs and confident owners of their native lands. The article concludes that the active and united discussion of emigration issues by Lemko periodicals contributed to the unification of the Ruthenians both in exile and at home.

Life and intellectual trajectory of Aurel Kolnai: crossing borders, defining himself

The article examines the role of cross-border movements in the development of philosophical discourse. The life and work of the Hungarian philosopher Aurel Kolnai, who spent most of his life in emigration, is analyzed. It is noted that the position of "outsidedness", taken by the philosopher, contributed to the formation of original socio-political ideas.

Zakłady (dépôts) dla emigrantów polskich w Châteauroux i departamencie Indre w latach 1831–1833

Refugee depots for Polish emigrants in Châteauroux and Indre department in the years 1831–1833 In the article the author presents the setting up and operation of refugee depots (Fr. dépôts) in the Indre department for Polish emigrants who arrived in France after the fall of the November Uprising. The refugee depot in Châteauroux was one of the several depots founded by the French government. It was intended for civil exiles. The other camps for military refugees were set up in Avignon, Lunel, Besançon, Bourges, Lons-le-Saunier, Salins and Dijon. From the beginning of August 1832 till August 1833, the French authorities directed civilians to cities of Indre: Châteauroux – the capital of the department, as well as Issoudun, Levroux, La Chatre, Argenton, Buzançais, Chatillon, Saint Benoit, and La Blanc. The author establishes that in that period of time, 634 Polish refugees went through the camps of the Indre department. Most of them were students (from the Vilnius University), young officials and members of free professions. They came from the pre-partition areas of the former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (Lithuania, Volhynia and Podolia). Despite the restrictive policy of the administration and the fact that they stayed in the French province, the Poles engaged in the social and political life of emigration. They participated actively in democratic and educational organizations of the Great Emigration. In many cases, by their own determination, they went to study and obtained aducation at French universities and technical universities. The article is based on sources from the Indre Department Archives in Châteauroux, archives of the Defense Historical Service in Vincennes, the National Archives in Paris, the Polish Library in Paris, the Princes Czartoryski Library in Krakow, and academic studies.

НОВА ОБЈЕКТИВИЗАЦИЈА НА СТВАРНОСТА: ЗАДНИНАТА НА КУНДЕРИНАТАНЕПОДНОСЛИВАЛЕСНОТИЈАНА ПОСТОЕЊЕТО

This text sheds light on the meaning of the popular phrases "unbearable lightness of being" and "feeling of austerity" in Milan Kundera's novel "The Book of Laughter and Oblivion" and Philip Kaufman's film "Unbearable Lightness of Being", which is based on Kundera's novel of the same name. This explanation is rooted in his subversive magically realistic poetics, which are related to his emigrant life path and the inability to directly write about the burning topics of freedom, terror, morality, human relations, promiscuity, love.Special emphasis is put on the poetics of magical realism, which is explained as the way in which Kundera expresses his artistic ideas. Specifically, many magically realistic elements are present in the above-mentioned works, such as: verbal magic; magical atmosphere; merging the real and the magical; displacement of time, space, identity. The representation of all these magically realistic elements is interpreted as a shield that covers a new objectification of the reality of East and West and of the postmodern world in general, which is characterized, as Kundera sarcastically states, by the phrase "unbearable lightness of being".

The Emigration Life Cycle: How Development Shapes Emigration from Poor Countries

Many governments seek to reduce emigration from low-income countries by encouraging economic development there. A large literature, however, observes that average emigration rates are higher in countries with sustained increases in GDP per capita than in either chronically poor countries or established rich countries. This suggests an emigration life cycle in which average emigration first rises, then falls with development. But this hypothesis has not been tested with global datasets controlling for unobserved heterogeneity between countries. This paper finds that emigration rises on average as GDP per capita initially rises in poor countries, slowing after roughly US$5,000 at purchasing power parity, and reversing after roughly $10,000. Before this reversal, the within-country elasticity of rising emigration prevalence to rising GDP per capita is +0.35 to all destinations, and +0.74 to rich destinations. This relationship between emigration flows and economic growth is highly robust to country and time effects (fixed or random), specification (linear, log, nonparametric), emigration measure (stock or flow), country subsamples (rich destinations, large origins), and historical period (1960-2019 or 1850-1914). Decomposition of channels for this relationship highlight the joint importance of demographic transition, education investment, and structural change, but question a large role for transportation costs or policy barriers.

Conflicts in the environment of Russian political emigration in Switzerland in 1870

Russian political emigration from the beginning of its birth in the first half of the nineteenth century was constantly in search of forms and methods of struggle with royal power in the homeland. Detachment from Russia, the feeling of isolation that was inherent in emigration to the early twentieth century, were an important factor in the ongoing conflicts that took place in its environment. We note the conflicts between the «old» and the «young» emigration in the late 1860’s, between the Marxists and the populists of the 1880’s, between the revolutionary Marxists and the «economists» at the end of the 1890’s. All of these, as a rule, were due to excessive the ambitions of some leaders, the attempt to become the «rulers of ideas» for revolutionary youth, due to significant financial problems. In the list of these and similar conflicts there are events of 1870, when in the environment of political emigration there are two serious confrontations between the leader of anarchists M. Bakunin on the one hand and S. Nechaev or «Russian section of the First International» - on the other. These conflicts significantly influenced the situation in emigration, disorganized it, weakened the ability to fight the tsarist regime. They were accompanied by sharp accusations, searches for compromising materials, attempts to get support from leaders of the world revolutionary movement. The ambitions of young revolutionaries such as S. Nechaev or M. Utin were also connected with the attempt to take the main place among the emigrants, moving to the background of former leaders M. Bakunin, M. Ogarev, P. Lavrov. All this led to split in emigrant colonies, which consisted mainly of student youth. Violent discussions, accusations, boycotts became a hallmark of emigrant life. Basically, all these events took place in Switzerland, which at that time already became the center of not only Russian, but also international political emigration. Conflicts were directed at the political annihilation of the opponents, which subsequently resulted in the arrest and extradition to the Russian government of S. Nechaev in 1872, the cessation of the activities of the Russian Section of the First International and the return of M. Utin to Russia and the cessation of revolutionary activity in general. The positive side of these conflicts was the rallying of emigrants around their leaders, better information on the state of affairs in their environment, the development of new forms and methods of interaction and the strengthening of the role of revolutionaries from Russia itself.

Unfolding the Fan of Memory in Arthur Lourié’s Recollection of Petersburg

AbstractThis article demonstrates how migration formed a process of memory construction in the work and thought of Russian émigré composer Arthur Lourié (1891–1966). It analyses Lourié’s song cycle Recollection of Petersburg, composed over two decades and across four countries, providing close readings of music and poetry and exploring the network of intertextual connections the cycle activates. Lourié has proven a difficult subject because of the diversity of aesthetic positions he took from decade to decade. Recollection allows us to trace a line of continuity as he passed through these incarnations, revealing an aesthetics of accumulation and arrangement with origins in Acmeist poetics. This aesthetics, in turn, served as a coping strategy for Lourié’s life in emigration, as he sought to order the voices of memory and escape the flow of time. Lourié’s case will contribute to our understanding of the profound impact of migration on music in the twentieth century.

IHOR KOSTETSKYI AND EUGENE IONESKO: TYPOLOGY OF ARTISTIC THINKING

The article deals with the works of such famous playwrights as Ihor Kostetskyi and Eugene Ionesco. The comparison of the work of the Ukrainian playwright with the dramatic works of the world level made it possible to distinguish the laws that show that Ihor Kostetskyi's drama is a multi-faceted and ambiguous phenomenon in the literary process of the second half of the twentieth century. The study of the peculiarities of the literary heritage of I. Kostetskyi involves a profound analysis of the influence of the emigration factor on creative process of the writer. His close interweaving of universal, national, and moral issues was caused by life in emigration and the loss of Ukraine. The combination of Ukrainian mentality with the understanding of the philosophical concepts of the West allowed the playwright-emigrant to consider social and moral problems more panoramic. Using techniques such as phantasmagority of individual scenes, deconstructivistic distrust to language, the destruction of syntactics and paradigmatics and logical structural connections in some places allows us to characterize the poetics of I. Koste-tskyi’s style as an absurdity experiment based on the drama of the Baroque era.In the result of comparison of the heritage of Eugen Ionesco and Ihor Kostetskyi the author found that both dramatists rejected the canons of classical drama with its traditional plot, experimented with the form of works, the language of characters. The artistic material of their dramatic works unfolds through absurd situations that contrast with the world of reality.One of the problems raised by the authors is the problem of human communicability, which leads to leveling of the personality. Their verbal experiments are one of the factors in the creation of new generations of heroes. The dramatists did not abandon one of the main problems of existentialism - time as characteristics of human being.

El mercado laboral y la religión: la religión “vivida” de la diáspora comercial de Otavalo (Ecuador)

La presente investigación muestra cómo el mercado laboral puede marcar profundamente las maneras en las que la religión es comprendida y practicada en el contexto migratorio. En la actualidad existen evidencias empíricas sólidas que indican que en diversos países de destino la población migrante, con frecuencia, se ve sobrerrepresentada en nichos laborales específicos. Este estudio, partiendo desde el análisis de caso de los kichwa otavalo, una población indígena del norte de Ecuador, revela cómo dicha concentración laboral puede plasmarse en el desarrollo de lo que denominamos la “religiosidad segmentada”. Los resultados de la investigación cualitativa, realizada en el sur de España, evidencian que la comprensión de la vida religiosa en la emigración no puede llevarse a cabo sin el análisis longitudinal de los condicionantes socioeconómicos y políticos que repercuten en la inserción de los migrantes en los contextos de acogida.

VASILY AKSYONOV ON VLADIMIR VYSOTSKY

The annotated transcript of V. Aksyonov’s radio program about V. Vysotsky recorded at the Radio Svoboda studios in July 1983. Aksyonov confessed that, although he had gotten used to all sorts of things during his life in emigration, he still struggled to accept the fact that ‘Volodya was no longer with us’. V. Aksyonov reminisces about his encounters with Vysotsky, sharing various stories from his life and the origins of the Metropol almanac.

THE ROLE OF VOLODYMYR SALSKYI IN THE ORGANIZATION UKRAINIAN MILITARY EMIGRATION (1921-1940)

The study considers the issue of saving the tradition of Ukrainian statehood in emigration, which is essential and challenging in modern historiography. It is noted that the contribution of individuals to the organization of emigrant life, preservation of national culture and identity remains poorly investigated, despite the considerable interest of researchers in its institutional level – the activities of Ukrainian political, public and cultural organizations and societies. At the personal level, on the example of Volodymyr Salskyi, the contribution to the cause of the organization of Ukrainian military emigrants' life was investigated. The basic directions of V. Salskyi's activity regarding preserving the wholeness, structure and combat capability of the UNR's Army, improving the material and living conditions of the former military, increasing their educational level, professional skills (through the organization of various military training courses and training of former UNR officers), as well as supporting the patriotic spirit were analyzed. The strategy and practical steps of V. Salskyi as the Minister of Military Affairs in exile for providing activities of emigrant political and public structures in various foreign centers such as Poland, Czechoslovakia, France, and Bulgaria are presented. In particular, the focus is on personnel policy, the creation of a human intelligence network that not only carried out intelligence assessment in the region but also tried to consolidate Ukrainians, organized their national and cultural life in new places. Keywords Ukrainian military emigration, Volodymyr Salskyi, UNR State Center, UNR Ministry of Military Affairs.

Tom Brick of South Dakota, Irish Emigrant Life Writing, and the Dynamics of Storytelling

Tom Brick of South Dakota, Irish Emigrant Life Writing, and the Dynamics of Storytelling

Emigrant o emigrantach. Oskara Miłosza i Josifa Brodskiego portrety bez skazy

This article is an analysis of associations between the portraits of other poets created by Czesław Miłosz, namely Oskar Miłosz and Josif Brodzki, and his self-portraits. The starting point is the experience of emigrant life treated as an unusual existential challenge. Miłosz’s biography, created by him in exile as a “biography of a great national poet” and simultaneously “the biography of a world poet” demands context of similar life-histories: emigrant poets from Eastern Europe successfully forming their literary careers out of homeland. However, the most important connection between those poets is – in Miłosz’s writing – “the hierarchy”, interpreted as a resistance against relativism and as an inflexible belief about the necessity of differentiation between that which is high and that which is low.