Life History Analysis Research Articles

Socio-Cultural Transformation in Rural Areas on the Lombok Island: Implications of International Migration in the Origin Regions of Indonesian Workers

The socio-cultural transformation due to international migration in rural areas of the island of Lombok is not widely known because studies of these socio-cultural aspects are still limited. This study aims to reveal and explain the socio-cultural transformation that occurs in the rural areas of the island of Lombok. Data collection was carried out by in-depth interviews, moderate participant observation, life history analysis, and focus group discussions. Data analysis after data collection was carried out by data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion/verification. Also, the validity of the data collected was traced with degrees: trustworthiness, transferability, dependence, and degree of certainty. The results showed the socio-cultural transformation in the area of origin, namely: increasing the degree and quality of education of household members, the more proportional the division of labor between women and men, changes in the lifestyle of household members, the more adaptive society is to values and norms that are seen as modern, the development of rural social institutions as a network system for international migration, and the growing social unrest and problems in the areas of origin of the workforce .

성매매 공간의 분절과 ‘가성비주의’: 온라인 매개 성매매 경험에 대한 구술생애사 분석을 중심으로

성매매 공간의 분절과 ‘가성비주의’: 온라인 매개 성매매 경험에 대한 구술생애사 분석을 중심으로

Calibration of shell δ18O from the common whelk Buccinum undatum highlights potential for palaeoenvironmental reconstruction

The common whelk, Buccinum undatum, is a commercially important gastropod found throughout the North Atlantic. One method of age and life history analysis for gastropod species is the use of oxygen isotope ratio (δ18O) measurements from their shells, which is a well-established technique for the reconstruction of historical seawater temperatures at the time of shell biomineralization. Palaeotemperature calibrations have been developed for different types of calcium carbonate as well as species-specific equations to produce the most accurate seawater temperature reconstructions. Here we investigate the four-layer internal structure of B. undatum shells and confirm an aragonite composition using Micro-Raman Spectroscopy (MRS). We then calibrate a species-specific palaeotemperature equation for this gastropod species. This was achieved through the isotopic analysis of shells from laboratory reared specimens of known provenance reared at specific seawater temperatures to produce the following:t(°C) = 14.96 (± 0.15) – 4.94 (± 0.22) x (δ18Oshell – δ18Owater)The calibrated equation differs significantly from previously published data derived from both aragonite and calcite. An offset of 1.04‰ (± 0.41‰) was discovered between observed δ18OShell values and those expected under equilibrium, suggesting a species-specific vital effect. The calibrated equation was used to reconstruct accurate, high resolution historical seawater temperatures from three sites across the U.K. (Shetland, the Menai Strait and Jersey). With this new accurate calibration, both modern and fossil B. undatum shells now have the potential to be employed as high-resolution archives of recent and historical seawater temperature.

Temporally Separated Data Sets Reveal Similar Traits of Birds Persisting in a United States Megacity

We present an analysis of life history and behavioral traits associated with urbanization for 53 breeding bird species on 173 survey blocks in the Los Angeles area of southern California, USA, across two time periods, 1995–99 and 2012–16. We used observational data from two community science efforts and an estimate of urban land cover in each block to develop an index of urban association, and then modeled the relationship between species occurrence and eight traits likely associated with urban tolerance. We found two traits to be significantly associated with urbanization in both eras: Structure-nesting (i.e., the tendency to build nests on human-built structures) was positively associated, and cavity-nesting (i.e., the tendency to build nests in natural tree cavities) was negatively associated. Our analysis provides a template for mining historical community science data, and for “retrofitting” contemporary data to gain insights into ecological trends over time, and illustrates the persistence of ecological traits of species associated with urban areas even as the makeup of these species communities may change.

Genetic identification of blue rockfish (Sebastes mystinus) and deacon rockfish (S. diaconus) to enable life history analyses for stock assessment: suppl. figure

Genetic identification of blue rockfish (Sebastes mystinus) and deacon rockfish (S. diaconus) to enable life history analyses for stock assessment: suppl. figure

Genetic identification of blue rockfish (Sebastes mystinus) and deacon rockfish (S. diaconus) to enable life history analyses for stock assessment

Genetic identification of blue rockfish (Sebastes mystinus) and deacon rockfish (S. diaconus) to enable life history analyses for stock assessment

Genetic identification of blue rockfish (Sebastes mystinus) and deacon rockfish (S. diaconus) to enable life history analyses for stock assessment: suppl. table 2

Genetic identification of blue rockfish (Sebastes mystinus) and deacon rockfish (S. diaconus) to enable life history analyses for stock assessment: suppl. table 2

Genetic identification of blue rockfish (Sebastes mystinus) and deacon rockfish (S. diaconus) to enable life history analyses for stock assessment: suppl. table 1

Genetic identification of blue rockfish (Sebastes mystinus) and deacon rockfish (S. diaconus) to enable life history analyses for stock assessment: suppl. table 1

Innovative approaches to the formation of environmental safety at the objects of oil and gas production

The innovative approach to environmental safety upgrade of pumping-circulatory equipment of drilling rigs based on the analysis of life history and continuous perfection principles. Examples of implementation of innovative approach in environmental safety investigation of oil and gas wells in order to define environmentally hazardous units of equipment and technological processes are given. In order to solve the problem of environmental safety improvement and the effectiveness of flushing out of well that are being drilled a modernized scheme of drilling rig pumping-circulatory system has been designed. System approach of modernizing separate elements of pumping-circulatory system has been used. The maximum air-tight pumping-circulatory drilling rig system has been designed. The proposed model takes into account the necessity of hazardous evaporations outlet with the aim of their further utilization. Such an approach will avoid the entry harmful substances into the environment and prevent harmful effects of aggressive substances on health personnel of drilling rig, environment and on state of the technological equipment.

Crecimiento Postraumático en víctimas del conflicto armado colombiano: análisis de historias de vida

This research study aims to analyze life histories connected to post-traumatic growth of victims of forced displacement in El Carmen de Atrato, department of Chocó (Colombia). The study was based on the qualitative methodology using a descriptive approach. The in-depth interview was used as a technique and the interpretative life history analysis was used as a method. In a sample of life histories, post-traumatic growth after forced displacement was analyzed. The changes with the greatest impact found in this research study include personal strength, new possibilities and a new assessment of life that attest to a change in self-perception. A change was also observed in interpersonal relationships with improvement in social interactions. Finally, an increase or strengthening in the beliefs of the participants was found, which indicates moderate levels of spiritual growth.

Insights into the genetic architecture of sexual dimorphism from an interspecific cross between two diverging Silene (Caryophyllaceae) species.

The evolution of sexual dimorphism in species with separate sexes is influenced by the resolution of sexual conflicts creating sex differences through genetic linkage or sex-biased expression. Plants with different degrees of sexual dimorphism are thus ideal to study the genetic basis of sexual dimorphism. In this study we explore the genetic architecture of sexual dimorphism between Silene latifolia and Silene dioica. These species have chromosomal sex determination and differ in the extent of sexual dimorphism. To test whether QTL for sexually dimorphic traits have accumulated on the sex chromosomes and to quantify their contribution to species differences, we create a linkage map and performed QTL analysis of life history, flower and vegetative traits using an unidirectional interspecific F2 hybrid cross. We found support for an accumulation of QTL on the sex chromosomes and that sex differences explained a large proportion of the variance between species, suggesting that both natural and sexual selection contributed to species divergence. Sexually dimorphic traits that also differed between species displayed transgressive segregation. We observed a reversal in sexual dimorphism in the F2 population, where males tended to be larger than females, indicating that sexual dimorphism is constrained within populations but not in recombinant hybrids. This study contributes to the understanding of the genetic basis of sexual dimorphism and its evolution in Silene.

Combining envelope methodology and aster models for variance reduction in life history analyses

Precise estimation of expected Darwinian fitness, the expected lifetime number of offspring of organism, is a central component of life history analysis. The aster model serves as a defensible statistical model for distributions of Darwinian fitness. The aster model is equipped to incorporate the major life stages an organism travels through which separately may effect Darwinian fitness. Envelope methodology reduces asymptotic variability by establishing a link between unknown parameters of interest and the asymptotic covariance matrices of their estimators. It is known both theoretically and in applications that incorporation of envelope methodology reduces asymptotic variability. We develop an envelope framework, including a new envelope estimator, that is appropriate for aster analyses. The level of precision provided from our methods allows researchers to draw stronger conclusions about the driving forces of Darwinian fitness from their life history analyses than they could with the aster model alone. Our methods are illustrated on a simulated dataset and a life history analysis of Mimulus guttatus flowers is provided. Useful variance reduction is obtained in both analyses.

Early maturity, shortened stature, and hardship: Can life-history trade-offs indicate social stratification and income inequality in the United States?

Life-history strategies promote reproductive fitness and survival. Limited energy availability and competing energetic demands between life-history decisions may result in organismal trade-offs leading to selection for "optimal" traits that facilitate fitness and survival in present environmental conditions. Few life-history analyses have been conducted in food abundant/high resource human populations. Here, we use a life-history theory framework integrated with a biocultural approach to assess whether trade-offs between growth (height) and the onset of reproductive maturation (ages at menarche) were observed in a sample of adult women living in the United States. Adult women (18 years and older) from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005 to 2006 were analyzed using complex survey regression to evaluate associations between ages at menarche, height, and biological, socio-economic, demographic, and anthropometric variables. Associations between stature, ages at menarche, and socio-economic status (household income and education level) suggest life-history trade-offs in this populations may be mitigated by access to resources and marginalization. These study results have applied public health implications. We demonstrate that females who experience early menarche in the US population achieve short stature. Our study also demonstrates the need for implementing life-history analyses in Western affluent populations, where marginalization may result in life-history trade-offs.

ROLE MODEL AND CAREER PROFILE FOR CAREER DEVELOPMENT OF THE POORIN PHILIPPINE

Reduction of the poverty is one of the SDGs and one of the major issues in the developing countries where the poor accounts for larger part of the population. Despite long-term and energetic effort of supporting institution (SI) including NGOs, most of the middleclass poor who occupy the major part of the poor are still staying in poverty. For the fundamental solution, the individual efforts of self-reliant and endogenous development for their independence are indispensable, by those marginalized people themselves who cannot access enough supports of SI.For those who need to become independent, they need to recognize who they are, where they are from (past history) and where they would like to go (goal of their life). However, for their self-independent, motivation for independent and self-development of their own career seem to be useful. Such motivation and career development have close relationship with maturity and self-determination, self-efficacy and personal-causation of the said person, and kind of motivation. Namely, person who has high maturity has high self-determination, hi self-efficacy, hi-personal-causation, and intrinsic motivations are effective, and who has low maturity has low self-determination, low self-efficacy, low personal-causation and extrinsic motivations are effective.In this paper, we proposed a method of ‘role model’ and ‘career profile’ for self-independence through the literature reviews and discussions. Firstly, we present macro vs micro approach of solving poverty issue, then focus on micro approach –we review about motivation, time-perspectives,and career development. Secondly, on role models, we discuss about its definition and functions, role models and mentor, four types of role models. Thirdly, on career profile, we discuss about its definition and functions, self-analysis, structure and elements, life history analysis, and goal setting and roadmap. Finally, we show result of our preliminary questionnaire and discuss about problems and future issues.

Host-parasite life-histories of the diurnal vs. nocturnal chronotypes of Schistosoma mansoni: adaptive significance.

To optimise host-to-host transmission, digenean trematodes (parasites) synchronise their cercarial emission patterns with the aquatic activities of their vertebrate hosts. Schistosoma mansoni has two different circadian chronotypes: a diurnal shedding pattern with a mean peak occurring at 11:00h, and a nocturnal shedding pattern with a mean peak occurring at 20:00h. We analysed the life-history variations between these two chronotypes at the levels of the parasite and its hosts. For each chronotype, we quantified three life-history traits related to the parasite (prepatent period, infection rate and cercarial production) and analysed the morphometry and the morphology of the parasite eggs; we also quantified three life-history traits related to the snail intermediate host (shell diameter, fecundity and survival rate) and one life-history trait related to the experimental definitive host (survival rate). A phylogeny based on the mitochondrial cytochrome-oxidase gene was made on samples of both chronotypes. Life-history analysis revealed significant variations between the two chronotypes. Life-history traits were optimal for both the parasite and the snail host for the diurnal chronotype compared to the nocturnal one. The new chronotype behaved like an allopatric population towards its snail host. Phylogenetic analysis supports the hypothesis of a lateral transfer of S.mansoni from humans to Rattus rattus. These results were interpreted in terms of an ongoing sympatric speciation. The nocturnal chronotype of S.mansoni showed non-adapted life-history traits in its relation with the snail intermediate host Biomphalaria pfeifferi. The emergence of this new phenotype is probably linked to divergent natural selection.

Life History of an Imperiled Appalachian Crayfish Species, Cambarus callainus (Big Sandy Crayfish)

In 2016, a species of crayfish endemic to Central Appalachia, Cambarus callainus (Big Sandy Crayfish), was listed by the United States Fish & Wildlife Service (USFWS) as threatened under the Endangered Species Act (ESA) due to limited and declining range caused by various anthropogenic activities, especially those causing stream sedimentation. Cambarus callainus was recently described and was formerly considered to represent the Big Sandy River populations of Cambarus veteranus (Guyandotte River Crayfish), a species which was listed as endangered under the ESA by USFWS in 2016. A limited picture of the life history of C. callainus has been pieced together from surveys conducted over the past decade, as well as from specimens from historic collections. A more complete life history analysis of C. callainus is needed, one which follows the same populations a consecutive year, which will better aid state and federal agencies in formulating effective conservation strategies. A twelve-month life history of C. callainus began in March 2018, following two populations. One population in the Dry Fork watershed at War, WV; and the other population in the Russell Fork watershed at Haysi & Davenport, VA. The project also examines the community composition and interplay with three syntopic stream crayfish species: Faxonius cristavarius (Spiny Stream Crayfish), Cambarus hatfieldi (Tug Valley Crayfish), and Cambarus theepiensis (Coalfields Crayfish).

Narrating the Transition to Adulthood for Youth in Uganda: Leaving School, Mobility, Risky Occupations, and HIV

School enrollment, mobility, and occupation are each important factors to consider when examining HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) infection risk among youth in sub-Saharan Africa. Through an analysis of narrative life histories from 30 HIV-positive and 30 HIV-negative youth (aged 15-24 years), matched on gender, age, and village and purposively selected and interviewed from the Rakai Community Cohort Study, this article shows the complex connection between leaving school, mobility, and occupation with implications for HIV risk. We identified a pattern of risk factors that was present in many more HIV-positive than HIV-negative youth life stories. These HIV-positive youth shared a similar pathway during their transition to adulthood: After leaving school, they moved in search of occupations; they then engaged in risky occupations before eventually returning to their home village. Linking the lines of inquiry on school enrollment, mobility, and risky occupations, our findings have important implications for adolescent health research, practice, and policy in Uganda and across sub-Saharan Africa and the developing world.

Values of Lithuanian Women Deportees in Their Life Histories

This article reviews the life histories told by Lithuanian women deportees from the middle of the twentieth to the twenty-first century. It analyzes the values of women deportees in ethnic, religious, and humanistic aspects. The work is based on life histories recorded during ethnographic fieldwork and represents the problem of displacement. The following tasks were undertaken: (1) to determine the values of women deportees in their youth, maturity, and old age; (2) to explore the continuity of humanistic, national, and religious values in the younger generation. The study reveals that Lithuanian women deportees suffered physical, psychological, and spiritual traumas that laid the foundations for their values. The analysis of life histories reveals that experiences that the Lithuanian women gained in Siberia formed new human values: perseverance, purposefulness, and empathy. On the one hand, these features played a role in shaping the personalities of the mature women. In general terms, life in exile had negative consequences for the personalities of the deported women leaving them with the feeling of isolation and the inferiority complex.

Future Directions in Eubalaena spp.: Comparative Research to Inform Conservation

All three extant right whales (Eubalaena australis (Southern; SRW), glacialis (North Atlantic; NARW), and japonica (North Pacific; NPRW)) were heavily exploited, and the status of the two northern hemisphere species remains precarious. Limited gains made by the NARW have been reversed and urgent changes to management approaches are needed to avert extinction. By contrast, some SRW populations are recovering. Given their close phylogenetic relationship, morphological, demographic, and ecological similarities, the contrasting recovery rates suggest a comparative approach. 1. Recovery Right whales were protected in 1931, but NARW, NPRW and some SRW populations have barely recovered from whaling, while others are doing well. Are these differences a legacy of extreme depletion (e.g., loss of genetic diversity and cultural knowledge) or primarily due to anthropogenic factors (e.g. ship strike and fisheries entanglement). If modern anthropogenic threats are not affecting remote SRW populations, inform on NARW and NPRW? 2. Linking individuals to population level responses In the context of life history strategies strong links exist between reproductive indices and environmental conditions. Tracking survival, reproduction and other demographic parameters, and their population-level consequences, is possible with Individual identification. Robust life-history analyses link demography with environmental conditions, potentially teasing out influencing factors. 3. Adapting to shifting resources Recent reproductive declines in NARW appear linked to changing food resources and prey phenology. We know some large-scale movement patterns for NARW and a few SRW populations, we know little of mesoscale movements. For NPRW and some SRW populations, even broad-scale movements are poorly understood. In the face of climate change, can methodological advances help identify distributional and migratory responses? 4. Emergent diseases and the vulnerability of populations under stress Marine mammals are vulnerable to infectious diseases, particularly when subjected to stressors such as fishing gear entanglements, acoustic disturbance, and prey shortages. New tools to assess large whale health include body condition imaging, viromes, microbiomes, and stress hormones. 5. Comparative synthesis and cumulative effects A good cumulative effects analytical approach is urgently required, otherwise each stressor is managed in isolation, limiting efficacy. We propose a comparative synthesis to inform future cumulative effect analyses and outline future research priorities.

Qualitative Exploration of Language Literacy Patterns of North Korean Defector College Students - Focused on Narrative Interviews of Learning life-history Approach and Analysis of Qualitative Content -

Qualitative Exploration of Language Literacy Patterns of North Korean Defector College Students - Focused on Narrative Interviews of Learning life-history Approach and Analysis of Qualitative Content -