Hard Life Research Articles

The Spiritual and Religious Concept of Optimism in Philosophy and Pedagogy of Ivan Ilyin

Introduction. The spiritual and religious concept of I. Ilyin’s optimism brings a new vision of the problem of human and his qualities into philosophy and pedagogy and is of scientific interest as a kind of program of spiritual stamina. The purpose of the study is to trace the genesis of the phenomenon of optimism in the spiritual and religious concept of I. Ilyin against the background of the evolution of his philosophical views; determine the spiritual and moral foundations of optimism within the framework of this concept; to determine the methods of formation of spiritually faithful optimism as a personality trait. Results. The spiritual and religious concept of I. Ilyin’s optimism manifests itself in the moral stamina of the individual, in conscious humility with what cannot be changed and in overcoming those difficulties that are within our power; it is the ability to recognize one’s life purpose and faithfully follow it throughout life, overcoming difficulties. It is the difficulties that act as steps to overcome them and on the way to the moral self-improvement of the individual. In the spiritual and religious concept of I. Ilyin, optimism acts in two ways: both as a gift (something innate) and as an art (something acquired) of self-empowerment, which is actualized during the period of overcoming difficulties. The article traces the evolution of I. Ilyin’s philosophical views: from understanding optimism as a moral will (in the traditions of German classical philosophy) to understand optimism as an effective overcoming of suffering and courage in the best traditions of Russian Orthodoxy. The harder and bleaker life is, the more in demand is optimism as the art of spiritual victory over the suffering and hardships of life, which carry a powerful emotional charge of spiritual purification, hardening, strengthening and strengthening. Discussion and Conclusion. For our research, it is especially valuable that optimism as a quality of a person, having both innate and acquired strength, can be brought up: by prayer, by inner (cordial contemplation), by emotional comprehension, by consolation, by distraction with joy. No less valuable is the fact that the methods of his upbringing reveal the spiritual principles of optimism.

A Non-Western Representation of the Third World Women in Nadia Hashimi’s A House without Windows

Third-world women in western literature have often been depicted as submissive, illiterate, vulnerable, and having no identity. They are cast from the outside discourses, always entangled in the gaze of the west as being primitive. Yet the world is open to change with viable feminist female practices to enhance the accurate and exact image oe third-world women. Nadia Hashimi’s A House Without Windows is a manifestation of deconstructing the false stereotyped image created by the West writers through skillfully presenting the real pressing contemporary issues of Afghan women in their society with diverse forms of ordeals. This paper aims to reflect upon the significant differences between stereotypical western depictions of third world women— are portrayed in mainstream western discourses as weak and in need of help— and their representation by Non-Western writers. It further explores how the female characters can cope with life hardships and pass the closures with no fear despite the difficulties of living within the nonwestern codes of patriarchy and culture. Investigating Hashmi’s novel is significant because it presents an accurate depiction of third-world women together with a variety of their inspirational tales, correcting and changing the stereotyped western representation. This study elucidates the Transnational Feminist Theory as a remarkable framework for comprehending the gap between the global north and south to address the representation of third-world women. Consequently, dismantling the stereotypical images of women in the third world and the phony universalization of global sisterhood is investigated by reflecting upon the vivid pictures of strong women.

Childhood adversity and cognitive impairment in later life.

ObjectivesThis study examined the association between childhood adversity and cognitive impairment in later life and explored the potential moderation effect of gender and race.MethodsThe study sample included 15,133 participants of the Health and Retirement Study (1998–2016 surveys) who had complete data on key study measures and were more than 50. The outcome variable is a dichotomous indicator of cognitive impairment as assessed by the Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status for self-respondents and the 16-item Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly for proxies. A total of six childhood adversity indicators included grade retention, parental substance abuse, physical abuse, trouble with the police, moving due to financial hardship, and receipt of help due to financial hardship in early life. The estimation of the association between childhood adversity and cognitive impairment involved Cox proportional hazards regression. Results: Grade retention had the largest effect on incident cognitive impairment (HR = 1.3, 95% CI = 1.23–1.38, p < 0.001), followed by physical abuse by a parent (HR = 1.10, 95% CI = 1.00–1.20, p = 0.001). The impact of grade retention was more detrimental to women than men (interaction term HR = 0.89, 95% CI = 0.80–1.00, p = 0.048, female as the reference). Parental substance abuse was associated with a lower risk of incident cognitive impairment for most racial groups (HR = 0.89, 95% CI = 0.83–0.95, p = 0.001), but this association was reversed in “non-Hispanic other” race, consisting mainly of Asians (HR = 1.54, 95% CI = 1.05–2.26, p = 0.025).DiscussionSome aspects of childhood adversity continue to harm cognitive functioning in later life, while some events may have the opposite effect, with evidence of heterogeneity across gender and race.

TRANSITIVITY ON OPRAH WINFREY’S SPEECH AT GENERAL LECTURE OF UNIVERSITIES GRADUATIONS

This descriptive qualitative research deals with the types of Transitivity Process on Oprah Winfrey’s Speech. The objectives of this study are to find out: the types of Transitivity Process occurred in Oprah Winfrey’s speech; the dominant type of process found in Book of Titus and; the reasons of why one process is dominantly used in Book of Titus. The data of this study were Oprah Winfrey’s speeches which are delivered to universities graduation of five universities such as University of Duke, Harvard, Howard, Standford, and Wellesly. There were 2502 clauses of the total clauses in her five speeches. The findings showed that there were six types of process occurred, Material Process (28.25%), Mental Process (20.94%), Behavioral Process (7.43%), Relational Process (33.13%), Verbal Process (8.79%), and Existential Process (1.43%). Relational Process is the process which is dominantly used in Oprah Winfrey’s speech. It could be implied that the clauses in Oprah Winfrey’s speech mostly related to giving some encouragements to the universities graduations through personal potential and through experience of moving forward in facing the hardship of life.

Sankara Is Not Dead, dir. Lucie Viver

<i>Sankara Is Not Dead,</i> dir. Lucie Viver

“So I think that back then if I had not gone to College Prep, I don’t think I could reach this far.”

Refugees relocated to Western countries often experience adversity in regard to achieving a high quality of life in a Western context where financial security is generally linked to educational achievement. Many refugee youth arrive in the United States without the ability to speak, read, or write in English with little background in formal education making it hard for them to fully benefit from their time spent in public schools which results in decreased opportunities to advance into higher education. In 2020, qualitative interviews were conducted with four young women of the Karen ethnic group in Burma/Myanmar who had arrived in the U.S. when they were very young. They attended a college prep class taught by occupational therapy students and all attended college. They were asked to describe their experience with the class. Using thematic analysis, the following themes were identified: Confidence Lacking/Confidence Building, The Need for Doing, It’s a Hard Life, and Seeking Comfort in Communication and Support. It is clear that the group had a significant positive impact on the participants’ access to and success in college. Results indicate that educational groups designed to support access to higher education would be of benefit to former refugees in Western countries.

Violent Exceptions: Children's Human Rights and Humanitarian Rhetorics by Wendy S. Hesford

Reviewed by: Violent Exceptions: Children's Human Rights and Humanitarian Rhetorics by Wendy S. Hesford Alexandra S. Moore (bio) Wendy S. Hesford, Violent Exceptions: Children's Human Rights and Humanitarian Rhetorics ( Ohio State University Press, 2021) ISBN 978-0-8142-1468-8, 260 pages. The recent New York Times story, "A Viral Photo Helps Bring Syrian Refugee Family to Italy," recounts how photojournalist Mehmet Aslan's award-winning photo of a father and son, both maimed by the war in Syria, spurred a successful humanitarian campaign to offer the family asylum and medical care in Italy.1 The photo titled "Hardship of Life" shows Munzir El Nezzel, who lost a leg in the bombing of a market in Idlib and is balanced on his crutch, raising his son Mustafa high in the air. Its caption explains that Mustafa was born without limbs as a result of the medication his mother took while she was pregnant with him to counter the effects of her exposure to nerve gas, and it is the composition and combination of father and son's loving expressions with their physical conditions that give the image its power.2 The photo and celebratory story of the family's arrival in Italy raise the questions driving rhetorical studies scholar Wendy Hesford's Violent Exceptions: Children's Human Rights and Humanitarian Rhetorics: how and why might the photograph mobilize viewers; how does the image of Mustafa combined with the promise of prosthetics in the Global North distract readers of the New York Times from environmental poisoning and violence affecting primarily poor children of color in the US; and, how might the successful humanitarian effort undertaken on behalf of Mustafa and his family deflect attention away from or substitute in public consciousness for the human rights claims of millions of Syrians affected by war? In Violent Exceptions, Hesford analyzes the figure of the "child-in-peril" in contemporary legal and cultural discourses that circulate in the United States. The book has two central aims. First, Hesford develops a material rhetorical methodology to analyze human rights-related case studies concerning children in vulnerable or violent contexts ranging from war and displacement to trafficking to disability to race, gender, and sexual identity. Second, she shows how the figure of the child-in-peril elides collective human rights struggles in favor of humanitarianism on behalf of select victims. In Hesford's words, the book "argues for the recognition of the limits of the humanitarian paradigm of human rights to address systemic violence and scale the magnitude of the risks that imperil the human rights, lives, and futures of children growing up in the midst of violent conflicts, racial dispossession, [End Page 640] and environmental degradation, and in contexts governed by the rise of authoritarian regimes and leaders."3 Hesford grounds the methodological framework of Violent Exceptions in a set of key theoretical concepts: genealogy, material rhetoric, diffraction, and exceptionalism. Drawing on Michel Foucault's genealogical method, she situates normative human rights and the rhetorics that engage them in their historical contexts. Each case study begins with a concise overview of the circumstances from which it arose. That attention to context, including the context of the relevant human rights norms and of the example's social and cultural representations, undergirds her material rhetorical approach. While she makes a sustained argument against humanitarianism when it functions as a neoliberal substitute for collective human rights claims concerning structural and systemic violence, she also considers the multiple, contradictory ways a given text might circulate and be consumed by different local, national, and transnational publics. Employing feminist physicist Karen Barad's concept of "diffractivity" to refer to those differences in meaning and significance, Hesford repeatedly asks how discourses are mobilized, by whom, within what contexts, and with what effects. In probing these questions of which stories and images of the child-in-peril circulate and to what ends, Hesford aims to refigure the idea of agency. The problem of whether children may be direct human rights claimants or require some form of custodial representation rests at the heart of children's human rights. Hesford approaches this problem by redefining agency. Instead of being tethered to the individual (the...

Opportunities and Barriersto E-CommerceAdoption forWomen in Bangladesh:

This study investigates the Bangladeshi women’s opportunities when operating e-commerce from a COVID-19 shock viewpoint. There was a time when women's work was not given priority. Women were considered to be less educated, get married early and handle all the work in the husband's family throughout their life. All those women had a hard life. Women were deprived of education, science, research, business and technology. But now, times have changed a lot. Women are fighting for equal rights. Proper use of technology at home can make them financially sustainable. The role of e-commerce is immense in making women financially independent or self-reliant, especially during the outbreak of COVID-19. And by doing this e-commerce business, even a woman from house to house has become successful. Women can't go out whenever they want; they have to take care of the housework. But e-commerce has also made it easier for women to do business. Today, women are able to do business even after taking care of the family. However,women have to think about skills and practices, knowledge of technology, training, market demand, and their own interests. The government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh may find the policy recommendation helpful in overcoming challenges and boosting the e-commerce industry's profitability.

Opportunities and Barriersto E-CommerceAdoption forWomen in Bangladesh:

This study investigates the Bangladeshi women’s opportunities when operating e-commerce from a COVID-19 shock viewpoint. There was a time when women's work was not given priority. Women were considered to be less educated, get married early and handle all the work in the husband's family throughout their life. All those women had a hard life. Women were deprived of education, science, research, business and technology. But now, times have changed a lot. Women are fighting for equal rights. Proper use of technology at home can make them financially sustainable. The role of e-commerce is immense in making women financially independent or self-reliant, especially during the outbreak of COVID-19. And by doing this e-commerce business, even a woman from house to house has become successful. Women can't go out whenever they want; they have to take care of the housework. But e-commerce has also made it easier for women to do business. Today, women are able to do business even after taking care of the family. However,women have to think about skills and practices, knowledge of technology, training, market demand, and their own interests. The government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh may find the policy recommendation helpful in overcoming challenges and boosting the e-commerce industry's profitability.

PREDICTING RECIDIVISM RISK: COPING STYLES IN OFFENDERS WITH INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL LOCUS OF CONTROL

Conventionally, intervention programs and risk assessment tools have emphasized the shortfalls that criminal offenders hold. Most prevailing programs emphasize treating specific challenges relating to external and internal acts/behaviours, like aggression or substance abuse. Therefore, increasing support for rehabilitation, reformation, and reintegration treatment programs in correctional settings to evaluate and foster the strengths and virtues of individuals has been observed lately. Locus of Control is an individual’s expectation of specific reinforcement, in a certain situation, which depends greatly on their attitude toward the situation relatively than the situation itself. Attitude towards law was understood to be influenced by the locus of control with the internally located having a better attitude and awareness towards the law when compared to the externally located individuals. Coping with life hardship and maladaptive coping behaviour were considered to be related to offending and re-offending. Implications are noteworthy presuming that our consideration of coping can upsurge the ability of correctional staff to reduce later recidivism in the community. Recidivism is measured by various social and psychological variables and factors that could influence the offender to engross into reoffending. This study focused on exploring the coping skills as possible predictors of recidivism risk amongst prisoners with respect to their orientation of locus of control. 30 female and 50 male convicted inmates older than 18 years, serving their sentences for cognizable offenses at Telangana Central Prisons were involved as the participants. The correlations between Locus of control and coping skills were drawn and further analyzed for prediction of recidivism risk. Results indicated that the external locus of control in offenders is inversely related to their coping and the avoidant coping style in them was observed to be a significant predictor of Recidivism risk. Further, rehabilitation, reformation, and reintegration treatment programs were proposed for correctional settings based on the results.

Overcoming Family Hardships in Akhil Sharma's Novel Family Life (2014)

The purpose of this analysis is to expose the issue of overcoming life hardships in the novel Family Life (2014) by Akhil Sharma. The issue of overcoming life hardships refers to the types of life hardships that the immigrants face and efforts that the immigrants take to overcome the life hardships from the main character’s perspective. This analysis looks on the hardships of all the characters inside the novel which are having brain-damaged family member and having alcoholic family member. The two efforts that the characters make to overcome the hardships are accepting the condition of brain-damaged family member and helping the alcoholic member to sober. This analysis is related to the concept of life instinct which proposed by Sigmund Freud. The use of the concept is based on the interpretation of text and context of the novel. This analysis also uses a lot of fictional devices such as character, plot, and setting to reveal the meaning. The result of the study shows that the characters have desire to solve their problems and they are also persistent and strong even though they find another problem to solve.

Pleasures and Hardships in Modern Life: A Subjective Dimension of Social Well-Being

The article deals with the issues of studying the social well-being of the population in socio-humanitarian knowledge from antiquity to the present day. The social and cultural-historical conditionality of the social well-being of the population is revealed. Particular attention is paid to the study of the pleasure and hardships of modern life, the study of the subjective perception of positive or negative social well-being, the identification of variable factors that contribute to the strengthening or weakening of various indicators of social well-being. A practical part of the study presents the results of the author’s study of the pleasures and hardships of modern life, which contribute to the transformation of the characteristics of the social well-being of Russians. The study involved 1,170 people aged 18 to 65, 55 % women and 45 % men, living in different regions of the Russian Federation. The study was conducted in the form of an online survey. As a result, the author fixes the factors that are considered “normal” by Russians, identifies the forms of the most common “suffering” and strategies for obtaining “pleasure”. The main meanings of life are also indicated ‒ “for the sake of which it is worth enduring the hardships of life” and what are the possible prospects for personal and social (socially approved, generally accepted) happiness. Gender differences are indicated in the perception of the hardships and pleasures of life. The author proves that subjective experiences associated with the perception of personal and social well-being determine the general level of social security and personal life prospects regarding well-being and satisfaction, which determine various forms and strategies for the subjective measurement of social well-being. This becomes the basis not only of individual strategies for social realization, but also an indicator of the social dynamics of various communities, groups and entire strata of society, contributing to the processes of social consolidation or disintegration of social reproduction, social empathy and solidarity, the construction of new forms of personal and social identity and a sense of “we” in modern Russian society. The subjective measurement of social well-being becomes a cut of the emotional-cognitive perception of personal and social prospects of social development.

Formation of the concept of "benefit" in Russian language.

The article discusses the formation of the concept of "Benefit" from a historical point of view. Based on the material of the literary language, its stages are determined on the basis of historical changes in the nominational structure of this fragment of the Russian linguistic image of the world. The first, prehistoric period, is associated with the most common native Slavic designation of the concept of "benefit" by the lexeme greed and its various regional names (extraction, gain, profit), realizing the motivational sign "result (material) that the subject aspired to". The next stage is the collision and interaction of the pagan interpretation of benefit, primarily as prey, with the Christian understanding of benefit as something that gives relief (soul and body), liberation (from sins and hardships of everyday life). The third and fourth stages are associated with the interpretation of the concept expressed by the word benefit on Russian soil. The preservation of the connection between the concept of "benefit" with the concepts of "relief" and "help" is evidenced by the data of a number of dialects and Dahl's dictionary.

Adult offspring's experiences of living with a parent with an alcohol misuse problem

AbstractStudies on the effects of parental alcoholism on adult children of alcoholics (ACOAs) have been mostly quantitative. To acquire a richer and better understanding of this realm in Malta, while outlining concrete recommendations to further contain this problem, a qualitative study was thus employed. Six participants were selected after meeting all inclusion criteria. Data were analysed following interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) guidelines. Semi‐structured interviews were audio‐recorded and transcribed verbatim. Three superordinate themes, namely a) psychosocial impact, b) coping strategies, and c) a sense of identity, were elevated. A number of findings resulting from this study may point at the resilient nature and skills exhibited by ACOAs, who move on to lead successful lives, despite their past hard life. Recommendations for future applications are discussed. Overall, recognition of children of parents who misuse alcohol should be prioritised in service planning to ensure that their needs are not overlooked.

Poor Toddlers Feel Less Pain? Application of Class-Based Pain Stereotypes in Judgments of Children

Across four studies, we investigated whether perceptions of children’s pain are influenced by their socioeconomic status (SES). We found evidence that children with low SES were believed to feel less pain than children with high SES (Study 1), and this effect was not moderated by child’s age (Study 2). Next, we examined life hardship as a mediator of this effect among children, finding that children with low SES were rated as having lived a harder life and thus as feeling less pain (Study 3). Finally, we examined downstream consequences for hypothetical treatment recommendations. We found that participants perceived children with low SES as less sensitive to pain and therefore as requiring less pain treatment than children with high SES (Study 4). Thus, we consistently observe that stereotypes of low-SES individuals as insensitive to pain may manifest in judgments of children and their recommended pain care. Implications of this work for theory and medical practice are discussed.

“That City Af loat”

Abstract Throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, millions of migrants from every corner of the earth spent weeks and sometimes months at sea. Yet these ubiquitous voyages appear as little more than blank pages in the annals of human migration. Maritime social history has grown considerably over the past thirty years, offering brilliant new insights into the lived experiences of sailors, pirates, and slaves. But the lowly emigrant has been largely ignored. At the same time, scholars carefully tracing the development of migrant communities at the local, national, and transnational levels have tended to reify the historiography’s traditional terracentrism. Using the letters, diaries, and printed guides of those who left Ireland during the Great Famine, this article seeks to understand how the journey itself shaped community building in the Irish diaspora. It argues that the hardships of life at sea encouraged disparate groups of people to expand their traditional ideas of belonging. Localism and ethnic identity did not dissolve at sea, they changed—making room for new and heterogeneous links of solidarity anchored in shared experience.

Caring for the sick in a medieval rural community: A study based on paleopathological and archaeological data from Medieval Rus’

ObjectiveThis research seeks to identify the way the sick were treated in the 14th–15th centuries АD in a rural community located close to the medieval urban centre of Suzdal in central medieval Russia MaterialsSkeletons of 26 humans were examined from the cemetery associated with the rural settlement of Mikhali 3/Mininskoe (central Russia) (14th–15th centuries A.D.) MethodsArchaeological study, paleodemographic analysis, description of physiological stress markers, stature reconstruction, X-ray, 3D scan. ResultsThe remains comprised of 11 children, 11 adult females and 4 adult males. Numerous stress markers, as well as indicators of chronic disease and low levels of sexual dimorphism were noted suggesting a hard life and low social position. However, about 20% of adults lived to more than 40 years old and the archaeological artifacts – markers of prosperity –suggests high living standards of the majority of the inhabitants. ConclusionsAmong the possible explanations of the paradox of poor health but ample access to resources is well-developed supportive care practice within the community. SignificanceA combination of bioarchaeological and archaeological studies of a medieval settlement and cemetery of Mikhali 3 offers information about medieval attitude towards the sick. LimitationsFew sites had been analyzed using a complex approach. Suggestions for further researchCombination of bioarchaeological and archaeological sources for estimation of life quality of medieval communities and clarification of their meaning of ‘life quality’.

Working Environment, Personal Protective Equipment, Personal Life Changes, and Well-Being Perceived in Spanish Nurses during COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, nurses have had to face logistical problems related to critical changes in their work environment, the supply of personal protective equipment (PPE), and hard personal life decisions. This study aimed to investigate the changes in the working environment, PPE use, personal lives, and well-being as perceived by nurses in hospitals and primary care centers in Spain, during the COVID-19 pandemic. A descriptive cross-sectional survey study was conducted in April 2020, including 61 public and private hospitals, and 852 primary care centers. A total of 1296 nurses participated. The redeployment practice for organizational or vulnerability reasons was used by 26.4% of the participants. A total of 61.9% of the nurses doubled the time they used masks, and 8.3% of them could only replace the mask once a week. A total of 11.2% (n = 145) of the nurses left home to avoid infecting their family. Finally, 60.97% of the participants stated that their well-being was reduced compared to the state before the pandemic. Changes in the work environment, the use of PPE, and personal life may be related to the decrease in personal well-being perceived by the nurses.

2. Performance in Sports and Art. The Beginnings

Abstract The topic we are referring to has been debated on various occasions, but our approach aims on one hand the importance of physical exercises and their impact on a category of students, namely those in higher art education system, and on the other hand brings to attention some age-related changes, namely the succession of forms corresponding to the functional changes in time of our body. The period of evolution within this context corresponds to the growth stage up to 20 years. The growth and development of the musculoskeletal system in length, width and depth alternate according to a specific rhythm that allows periods of division. Thus, there are periods of growth in human life, mainly in terms of width and periods of growth in height, which alternate once at 3 or 4 years. Seeveral chronicles and statistics prove that young people’s body with good physical condition has withstood the hardships of life in a much higher ratio than those who are not in fit. We know very well that a harmonious body is a preventative medicine against diseases and a body accustomed to physical exercises gives teenagers an extra dose of protection. According to the American Heart Association, physical inactivity increases the risk of stroke and amplifies other risk factors for cardiovascular disease, such as: obesity, high blood pressure, LDL cholesterol (“bad”) and diabetes. This topic is all the more important as it’s about student artists who face certain problems related to the development of the human body under the conditions imposed by a profession, many of them being forced to adopt certain body positions for a long time either in front of the easel or with the violin in their hand, or on scaffolding, on mural or restoration sites. In fact, we have raised these issues in other articles and also at some symposium communications. We want to contribute to the training of young artists through the recommendations and programs provided in anatomy and sports culture so that this information is understandable and, at the same time, becomes a decision-maker in psycho-physical and, implicitly, in professional development.

Hard life in cold waters: Size distribution and gonads show that Greenland halibut temporarily inhabit the Siberian Arctic

The range of the Greenland halibut Reinhardtius hippoglossoides (Walbaum, 1792) includes vast areas in the northern parts of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, as well as the seas of the Arctic Ocean. Despite its commercial importance and decades of study, many aspects of its life cycle and reproduction remain poorly understood. Here, we evaluate the size distribution of Greenland halibut in the catches of research surveys in the Barents, Kara, and Laptev seas and conduct micro- and macroscopic studies of their gonads in the Laptev Sea. The size of Greenland halibut individuals increases from west to east, which is associated with the settling of pelagic juveniles and the subsequent residency of growing individuals near their settling sites. To the greatest extent, this size imbalance is manifested in the areas most remote from spawning grounds, i.e. the Kara and Laptev seas. The process of maturation in large individuals of Greenland halibut in the Arctic seas is characterized by a state of inhibition-waiting in the early stages of gametogenesis (previtellogenesis). The data obtained indicate that Greenland halibut in the North Atlantic and the Siberian Arctic have a continuous range. The continental slope of the Barents Sea is a spawning and maturing ground, while the northern parts of the Barents and Kara seas, as well as the continental slope of the Laptev Sea, are feeding grounds for juveniles. The results of this study might serve as a necessary basis for monitoring condition of halibut stocks as well as for reallocation of the total allowable catch between countries that exploited them in the Norwegian and Barents seas.