Life Habits Research Articles

Life habits of secondary school students and sense of satisfaction with life - an example of two vocational school

Cilj ovoga rada je tvrditi zadovoljstvo i životne navike učenika srednje medicinske škole i neke druge srednje nemedicinske škole. Istraživanje je provedeno u Školi za medicinske sestre Vinogradska i Obrtničkoj školi za osobne usluge Zagreb. Ispitanici su bili učenici koji su ispunjavali anonimnu anketu s upitnikom životnih navika. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 158 učenika. Statistički značajne razlike utvrđene su u prosječnom stupnju zadovoljstva školovanjem općenito (t=2,452; p=.017). Učenici medicinske škole su u prosjeku zadovoljniji školovanjem nego učenici obrtničke škole. Učenici medicinske škole spavaju manje od učenika obrtničke škole (χ2=34,896; p=.000). Većina učenika medicinske škole ima manje obroka dnevno od učenika obrtničke škole (χ2=8,506; p=.014). Učenici medicinske i učenici obrtničke škole statistički se značajno razlikuju prema učestalosti odlaska na tjelesne vježbe (χ2=10,537; p=.015) – većina učenika obrtničke škole češće ide na vježbanje od učenika medicinske škole. Učenici medicinske škole navode kako nemaju vremena za odmor, dok većina učenika obrtničke škole navodi kako imaju dovoljno vremena za odmor (χ2=23,776; p=.000). Učenici medicinske i učenici obrtničke škole statistički se značajno razlikuju prema tome koliko često viđaju prijatelje (χ2=19,740; p=.001) – većina učenika obrtničke škole viđa prijatelje češe nego učenici medicinske škole. Učenici medicinske i učenici obrtničke škole statistički se značajno razlikuju prema tome pati li im društveni život zbog školovanja (χ2=19,008; p=.000). Među učenicima medicinske škole je, u odnosu na učenike obrtničke škole, veći broj onih koji smatraju da im društveni život pati zbog školovanja. Dakle, možemo zaključiti da učenici Škole za medicinske sestre Vinogradska u odnosu na učenike Obrtničke škole za osobne usluge imaju drukčije životne navike i da im je zadovoljstvo kvalitetom života po njihovu vlastitu mišljenju umanjeno.

Populacional epidemiological study of dementia in the city of Londrina, Paraná, Brazil

AbstractBackgroundUnderstanding the population context of dementias allows us to prepare socio‐economic and public policies aimed at broad and early care of the elderly population, in order to enhance health care, concerning the prevention and treatment of these diseases. The objective of the study is to obtain an estimate of the prevalence of dementia in Londrina ‐ PR, through the sample of two specialized service centers, as well as qualitative analysis of variants, such as subtype of dementias, gender, age, education, comorbidities, life habits, degree of dementia (CDR) and drugs used for its treatment, with the purpose of correlating them to gather information on potential risk factors for the development of dementia and, therefore, to be able to perform early diagnoses and proper interventions.MethodA collection of 1469 electronic medical records were undertaken and analyzed manually from patients who consulted with previous diagnosis or who were diagnosed with dementia in 2019. When the exclusion criteria were applied, a total of 658 patients remained.ResultThe prevalence found in the ambulatory clinics of PUC‐PR and in the Municipal Polyclinic of Londrina are, respectively, 11.18% and 60.80%. It was detected that 60.8% of the diagnoses were in the female sex, with only 39.2% in the male sex. And there was a peak of diagnoses in patients who were 80‐89 years old. It was also observed 82% of cases of Alzheimer's Disease (AD), 7.1% of Mixed Dementia (MD), 5.8% of Vascular Dementia (VD), 3.4% of Lewy's Body Dementia and 1.7% of Parkinson's Disease. No correlation of dependence was identified between the development of dementia and the level of education (p > 0.05). In comorbidities, previous strokes were a risk factor for AD, VD and MD. A higher CDR was observed in older age groups. Greater use of donepezil and memantine was observed in AD and greater use of galantamine in DV.ConclusionIt has been concluded that additional studies are needed to prove the potential risk factors for dementias, so that an early approach and prevention of this disease can be invested in, improving care even more.

Modeling phone use prevalence and risk assessment among long-haul truck drivers in India

Research on distracted driving due to phone use has increased substantially over the past decades, however, very little is explored about commercial vehicle drivers (e.g., truck drivers) in this aspect. This study focused on examining the prevalence of phone use habits and the associated crash risk for data collected from 490 Indian truck drivers. The data on demographic details, driving history, phone use habits (in everyday life and during driving), history of receiving any penalty for phone use and incidences of crash occurrence, was collected through face-to-face interviews with the drivers. Binary logistic models were used to identify the factors affecting phone use habits during driving and the associated crash risk. Further, the incidences of receiving a penalty for the phone use were examined through cross-tabulation and chi-square statistics. The results showed that 55% of the drivers used a phone during driving, mainly for talking purpose. The model revealed that education, vehicle size, vehicle ownership and everyday life phone use habits were the significant factors associated with phone use while driving. Regarding the history of penalty receiving incidences, 41% of the drivers who used a phone during driving had received the penalty, and 52% of these penalty-receiving drivers were penalized repetitively. The model results for crash risk showed that the frequent phone users were 29 times more likely to be involved in a crash due to phone use compared to the non-frequent users. The results suggest a double level (legislative and company level) prohibition policy for phone use during driving for the truck drivers and also to enforce strict and effective legislative ban especially on the truck routes.

PRESCHOOL EDUCATION TEACHERS’ EVALUATIONS ABOUT THE PROBLEMS EXPERIENCED IN THE EDUCATION PROCESS AND THEIR SOURCES

The aim of this research is to reveal the evaluations of preschool teachers’ about the problems experienced in the education process and the sources of the problems. The study was carried out based on the basic qualitative research design. The research participants consist of 19 preschool teachers working in public and private schools providing preschool education in Eskişehir city center. The primary data of the research were obtained through semi-structured interviews with teachers. In addition, the parent demographic information collection forms and the researcher diaries were used. Descriptive analysis and content analysis were used in the analysis of the data. According to the main findings obtained within the scope of the research, the most frequent and common problems experienced by students in the education process are related to attention and maintaining attention, and exhibiting behaviors in accordance with the rules in the classroom. In addition, the problems experienced are observed much more intensely in male students compared to female students. When teachers compare their students from past years with their current students, they are of the opinion that there is a significant increase in the problems experienced in the education process compared to years. Problems experienced in the preschool education process occur more frequently and are more common in public schools compared to private preschool education institutions. The most important sources of problems behind the troubles that arise in the education process; students’ parents, common technology usage habits of students, quality of teachers, quality of educational environments, preschool education program, student characteristics and changing daily life habits of students.

Co-infection leprosy and tuberculosis: a systematic review.

Leprosy and tuberculosis are endemic in several countries. The aim of this study was to describe factors associated with co-infection among both diseases. A systematic review was carried out, following the Quality of Reporting of Meta-analyses, with the PubMed and Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS) portals as sources, under eligibility criteria: cross-sectional, cohort, case-control studies or case reports, published in Portuguese, English, French and Spanish, from 2015 to 2020. Studies that dealt with leprosy and tuberculosis not in the context of co-infection were excluded. The initial phase resulted in 1079 articles; 13 went on to a final stage. All were case reports. Thirteen (72.2%) participants were male, aged between 17 and 72 years. Life habits were found in 8 (44.4%) of the articles: 1 (12.5%) reported chronic alcoholism, 1 (12.5%) reported chronic smoking and alcoholism and 1(12.5%) reported chronic smoking, alcoholism and use of illicit drugs. Pathological history was mentioned by 14 (77.8%) patients; 1 (7.1%) reported HIV/AIDS. Three patients (16.6%) described previous history of tuberculosis and/or leprosy. Seven (38.9%) participants reported vaccination with Bacillus Calmette-Guérin. The pulmonary form of tuberculosis predominated and one third of the patients presented resistance to, at least, one tuberculostatic. All cases had multibacillary leprosy. The study did not highlight any comorbidity, and there was no change in the course of the conditions owing to co-infection.

The Development of Pop Up Book Media with The Character of Art Figure Besutan Jombang

One of the use of learning media is to deliver the material from teacher to students. There are many types of learning media that can be applied to learning activities, especially at the primary school. In the era of technology, there are many new habits in life especially for primary school. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the material for primary school students about the value of goodness contained in regional arts. This research is included in research and development which will later obtain the results of a teaching material in the form of a Pop up book learning media by using Jombang's art figures. In addition to obtain a learning media, this research also aims to determine the process, implementation, and quality of the media. The research process was carried out in accordance with the steps in the 4-D model from Thiagarjan which had been modified by researchers without dissemination stage. In the development process, the researcher obtained 94.35% from material and media experts. While at the implementation stage, the researcher obtained 85.89% from the average score given by media users. Then 87.01% for the quality score which is the average of the process and implementation stages which indicates that the media developed by researchers is included in the category of very valid and feasible to be used without the need for improvement.

Lifestyle of medical students

Purpose: Using the World Health Organization definition that a healthy lifestyle is a way of living that lowers the risk of serious illness or early death, our goal was to examine the lifestyle changes made by medical students over the years of study. A healthy lifestyle, which is crucial to maintain and protect health, is determined by many variables, both positive and negative.
 Methods: A total of first, third and fifth year medical students at the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Maribor (165 students, 57 males and 108 females) were enrolled in the study during the academic year 2017/18. Lifestyle data, including physical activity, nutrition, sleep hygiene, and drug, tobacco and alcohol use, were collected using a standardized self-assessment questionnaire, the FANTASTIC Lifestyle Assessment Instrument, which had been translated into Slovenian. The questionnaire was supplemented with further questions to explore psychological aspects of lifestyle, such as mental well-being, social inclusion, altruism and student activities.
 Results: Our sample of first, third and fifth year medical students revealed unhealthy changes in life habits, which were closely associated with the length of training. For the third year students, the situation had reached a crisis point, probably because the initial enthusiasm over choice of study had worn off, and stress had become less managable in the transition period between preclinical and clinical training. During their third year, the students consumed the largest amount of controlled substances and prescription and OTC drugs (p=0.003), lacked goals and purpose in life, were less connected with the faculty (p=0.000) and showed a decline in altruism (p=0.007).
 Conclusions: Our results show that the psychophysical stress burden among medical students increases with duration of training, reaching crisis point during the third year. We recommend that medical students should arrange self-help and support groups to maintain a healthier lifestyle during this challenging period.

Does the lifestyle of patients with psoriasis affect their illness?

Abstract Psoriasis is one of the most common chronic, incurable inflammatory skin diseases, affecting 2–4% of the general population. Etiopathogenesis of this disease remains unclear. It is widely considered to be a multifactorial disorder caused by the interaction between inherited susceptibility alleles and environmental risk factors, such as lifestyle, diet, stimulants, foci of inflammation, and psychological factors. The widespread prevalence of psoriasis is a very significant health and socioeconomic problem. Treatment of psoriasis is based on relieving the acute symptoms of the disease. Despite the implementation of many therapeutic options, including biological treatment, effectiveness of these options is not always sufficient, or in some patients it is not satisfactory. In order to properly control the symptoms of the disease, the patient should be told that the therapeutic effect is achieved not only by pharmacotherapy but also by introducing appropriate healthy habits in everyday life. This article discusses the importance of patient-controlled factors that affect the severity of psoriasis. Theimportance of regular exercise, smoking avoidance, and reduced alcohol consumption is explained, as well as the importance for psoriasis treatment of psychotherapy and spa therapy. Understanding the essence of these factors in the treatment of psoriasis is important in achieving satisfactory therapeutic effects.

Persepsi Generasi Muda terhadap Budaya Maren dalam Bingkai Bhineka Tunggal Ika

Maren culture is a tradition of the people of the Kei archipelago, especially in the community in Ohoi Ur-Island, in the form of mutual cooperation, please help fellow citizens. This culture has existed since their ancestors. However, in this era of modernization and globalization, Maren culture has begun to fade. Thisi studyi aimsi are: (1) toi determinei the younger generation's perceptioni of Maren culture, (2) to know how to develop Maren cultural values to support the values of Bhineka Tunggal Ika through a qualitative approach. The resultsi showedi ithat: (1) The younger generation's perception of Maren culture is that it is a habit or way of life of the community to relieve the help of others by working together, (2) How to develop Maren culture to support the value of Bhineka Tunggal Ika, namely (a). The local government, namely the Regent and Mayor of Tual in Southeast Maluku Regency, must be able to issue a regional regulation that can build public awareness of the importance of Maren culture, (c). For parents or traditional leaders and the community, they are re-applying the real Maren culture so that it can be seen and passed on by the younger generation.

The Relationship between Parents' Behavior and the Implementation of PHBS Habits in Children During the Covid-19 Pandemic

Introduction: The condition of the corona virus makes a new change for children starting from learning methods that require a brave system and clean and healthy living habits (PHBS) in everyday life. Objectives: The objective of this research was to find out the correlation between the parents’ behaviors and the clean and healthy life behavioral habits (PHBS) for children during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: This research used a cross-sectional method. This research took samples from mothers with children aged 6-12 years old with a total of 45 participants. They were taken randomly. The data collection used questionnaire filling directly. The data analysis used the spearman-rank correlation. Results The findings showed a significant correlation between the parents’ behaviors and the PHBS of the children. The spearman test showed a p-value of 0.000. It indicated the correlation of parents with the clean and healthy life habits of children during the COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusions: The parents’ behaviors became the role model for the children to promote the habits of living clean and healthy every day.

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Portuguese population: Consumption of alcohol, stimulant drinks, illegal substances, and pharmaceuticals.

BackgroundThe measures implemented by governments worldwide to control and prevent the spread of the COVID-19 have impacted the populations and directly influenced individuals’ quality of life and consumption habits.ObjectiveThis work investigates the Portuguese population’s changes in alcohol, stimulants drinks, illegal substances, and pharmaceutical consumptions habits during the COVID-19 pandemic.MethodsAn online questionnaire comprising seven groups of questions–with one group referring to alcohol, stimulant drinks, illegal substances, and pharmaceuticals consumption habits–was made available to the general adult population of mainland Portugal from the 26th January through the 31st of March 2021. After applying the inclusion criteria, 1666 questionnaires were selected and analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics.ResultsOur results show that 48.9% of the participants have alcohol drinking habits and increased their alcohol consumption by 16% after the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown. Furthermore, 8.7% of the respondents felt the need to increase their consumption of stimulant drinks, especially coffee, the most consumed stimulant drink (77.9%). We also observed that of the 3.1% of respondents who are usual consumers of illegal substances, 26.9% increased their consumption of these substances during the COVID-19 pandemic. Concerning pharmaceuticals, 23.2% of the respondents expressed their need to take a therapeutic drug after the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. The profile of common consumers of alcohol, stimulant drinks, illegal substances, and pharmaceuticals in the COVID-19 pandemic context is contrasting and varies according to gender, age, and employment status.ConclusionsThe COVID-19 pandemic led to an increase in the consumption of alcohol, stimulant drinks, illegal substances, and pharmaceuticals prescribed to treat anxiety, depression, and sleep changes in the Portuguese population. These new consumption patterns have probably aggravated domestic violence, mental diseases, and impairment of family quality of life in the Portuguese population.

Lifestyle and cardiovascular mortality in menopausal women: a population-based cohort study

Introduction and objectivesThere are models for cardiovascular risk prediction in the general population, but the prediction of risk in postmenopausal women has not been specifically studied. This study aimed to determine the association of lifestyle habits and chronic diseases with cardiovascular risk in menopausal women, as well as to build a risk scale. MethodsRetrospective population-based cohort study using data from the 2011 National Health Survey of Spain as a data source, Women ≥ 50 years were included. The characteristics that best defined the life habits of the study women were collected, as well as their health status and self-reported medical history at the time of the survey. Follow-up data on all-cause mortality were obtained from participants from 2011 to 2017. ResultsA total of 5953 women ≥ 50 years of age were included, with a mean age of 66.4 ± 11.4 years. The incidence of cardiovascular mortality in the follow-up period was 4%. Vegetable consumption less than 1 time/week (HR, 1.758), smoking (HR, 1.816) or excess hours of sleep (≥ 9h/day, HR, 1.809), or o have main daily activity sitting most of the time (HR, 2.757) were related to cardiovascular mortality. The predictive model presents an honest C-index in test sample of 0.8407 (95%CI, 0.8025-0.8789). ConclusionsLife habits such as the consumption of vegetables, daily main activity, sleeping hours or smoking are risk factors for cardiovascular mortality of great relevance among menopausal women. A simple 6-year self-reported risk scale with high predictive capacity is provided.

Longitudinal bidirectional relationship between children's appetite and diet quality: A prospective cohort study

This study explored the relationship between eating behaviours and diet quality, from 7 to 10y. The sample included 3879 children evaluated, from the Portuguese birth cohort Generation XXI, with complete information on Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) and the Children Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (CEBQ). A healthy eating index (HEI) (range: 9–31) was developed to evaluate the child's diet quality. The eight CEBQ's eating behaviours were included in the analysis. Generalised linear models were used to estimate the associations. Adjusted structural equation modelling was performed to study the direction of the associations. Eating behaviours measured at age 7y tracked to age 10y. A bidirectional inverse association between the food fussiness trait and diet quality was found, with a similar magnitude (p < 0.001), thus a higher score on food fussiness predicted a lower quality of the diet. A higher HEI score at 7y was associated with lower satiety responsiveness at 10y (βstandardized = −0.039), and a higher HEI score at age 10y was associated with higher enjoyment of food at 7y (βstandardized = 0.046). Eating behaviours were linked to diet quality in children with high enjoyment of food and low food fussiness at age 7y linked to a high-quality diet at 10y. In addition, children with high-quality diets at 7y were more likely to have lower food fussiness and satiety responsiveness at 10y. Given the stability of eating behaviours and the bidirectional nature of effects between eating behaviours and dietary quality in the long term, tailored interventions may be needed to encourage the acquisition of healthy eating behaviours and habits in early life.

Influence of Internet Language Violence on Young Students' Mental Health and Intervention Countermeasures.

With the development of the Internet, it has increasingly become an indispensable product in people's lives, but many problems have arisen with it. Internet language violence is one of them. At present, the main Internet users in my country are young people, and online language violence brings extremely serious psychological problems to young students. In order to understand the current mental health of young students and the impact of online language violence on them, this article investigates the students in the city's no. 1 middle school, filters the data through decision tree analysis, and judges online language through the psychological symptoms self-rating scale. The mental health symptom self-rating scale has the characteristics of large capacity, abundant symptoms, and more accurate description of the subject's conscious symptoms. It contains a wide range of psychiatric symptoms, from feelings, emotions, thinking, consciousness, and behavior to life habits, interpersonal relationships, eating, and sleeping, and it uses 10 factors to reflect the psychological symptoms in 10 aspects. It has good distinguishing ability for people with psychological symptoms (that is, they may be on the edge of psychological disorder or mental disorder). The chi-square statistical method is used to analyze the basic characteristics of different youth groups of verbal violence. For the research content, the school surveys all schools and adopts questionnaire surveys and case studies to analyze the factors that influence youths' attribution of online violence behaviors and make recommendations. The impact of violence on young students will be analyzed later through psychological intervention. The results of the study found that online language violence caused serious harm to young people's psychology and caused students' depression, anxiety, and other mental illnesses. Active psychological interventions can effectively alleviate students' mental health. The improvement of students' mental health is the most obvious. The score improved by nearly 10%.

Do Epigenetic Clocks Provide Explanations for Sex Differences in Life Span? A Cross-Sectional Twin Study.

The sex gap in life expectancy has been narrowing in Finland over the past 4-5 decades; however, on average, women still live longer than men. Epigenetic clocks are markers for biological aging which predict life span. In this study, we examined the mediating role of lifestyle factors on the association between sex and biological aging in younger and older adults. Our sample consists of younger and older twins (21‒42 years, n = 1 477; 50‒76 years, n = 763) including 151 complete younger opposite-sex twin pairs (21‒30 years). Blood-based DNA methylation was used to compute epigenetic age acceleration by 4 epigenetic clocks as a measure of biological aging. Path modeling was used to study whether the association between sex and biological aging is mediated through lifestyle-related factors, that is, education, body mass index, smoking, alcohol use, and physical activity. In comparison to women, men were biologically older and, in general, they had unhealthier life habits. The effect of sex on biological aging was partly mediated by body mass index and, in older twins, by smoking. Sex was directly associated with biological aging and the association was stronger in older twins. Previously reported sex differences in life span are also evident in biological aging. Declining smoking prevalence among men is a plausible explanation for the narrowing of the difference in life expectancy between the sexes. Data generated by the epigenetic clocks may help in estimating the effects of lifestyle and environmental factors on aging and in predicting aging in future generations.

Nutritional status of children and adolescents with Down syndrome

Introduction: Inadequate eating habits and physical inactivity directly contribute to changes in nutritional status. Patients with Down syndrome (DS) are more prone to obesity due to genetic and / or environmental factors, which favors cardiovascular diseases with the possibility of complications and reduced life expectancy. Objective: To describe the nutritional status of patients followed up at an outpatient referral center for Down's syndrome in a Brazilian tertiary hospital. Methodology: Retrospective, cross-sectional and descriptive study with analysis of 1,056 medical records of patients with DS, from 2014 to 2016. Food was considered adequate if it consisted of food from all groups in three main meals and one / two snacks and water in breaks. Sedentary lifestyle was considered if the time of physical activity was less than 300 minutes per week. Nutritional status was assessed using the World Health Organization (WHO) body mass index curves, 2007. The data were analyzed using the Excel program. The Pearson's chi-square test was used to compare data from children and adolescents. The level of significance was set at p &lt;0.05. Approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee of the service referred to under number 04542712.3.0000.0096. Results: 517 children (3 to 9 years, 11 months and 29 days) and 539 adolescents (10 to 20 years of age) were evaluated. Food was adequate for 395 (76.4%) children and 336 (62.3%) adolescents (p &lt;0.001). The nutritional status was adequate in 397 (76.8%) children and 371 (68.8%) adolescents, overweight was seen in 40 (8%) children and 64 (12%) adolescents (p &lt;0.01); obesity in 50 (9.7%) children and 96 (17.8%) adolescents (p &lt;0.001) and thinness in 30 (5.8%) children and 8 (1.5%) adolescents (p &lt;0.001). As for physical activity, 39 (7.5%) children and 168 (31.1%) adolescents (p &lt;0.001) were sedentary. Discussion and Conclusion: There was an association of increased body mass index with inadequate diet and physical inactivity with increasing age of patients. Individuals with DS, children and adults, are 30 to 50% susceptible to becoming obese in childhood. According to the classic literature, the presence of hypothyroidism, food error and physical inactivity are associated with overweight and obesity in this population. The prevalence of overweight and obesity in children with intellectual disabilities is almost twice as high as in peers without disabilities. And it is observed that people with DS are less involved in physical activities compared to their siblings. For adolescents, behavioral problems such as impulsiveness, recommendation behavior and disobedience discourage good lifestyle habits. Food inadequacy and physical inactivity were more prevalent in the adolescent population. The body mass index increases the age, therefore the consolidation according to the good practices of life habits requires continuous education of the family and the individual. Multidisciplinary monitoring is essential for the prevention of overweight and obesity.

Innovation and Thinking of College Counselors’ Work from the Perspective of Moral Education

From the perspective of moral education, college counselors play an important role in education. Therefore, college counselors and teachers should actively analyze the educational connotation of moral education, constantly integrate educational resources, and cultivate the comprehensive quality of college students. At the same time, college counselors and teachers should actively think about the innovation of work mode and content, strengthen communication and exchange with students, so as to grasp the basic situation of students in time and urge college students to develop good life and study habits.

Social Participation and Associated Factors in Individuals with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease on Long-Term Oxygen Therapy

Long-term oxygen therapy (LTOT) reduces hypoxaemia and mitigate systemic alterations in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), however, it is related to inactivity and social isolation. Social participation and its related factors remain underexplored in individuals on LTOT. This study investigated social participation in individuals with COPD on LTOT and its association with dyspnoea, exercise capacity, muscle strength, symptoms of anxiety and depression, and quality of life. The Assessment of Life Habits (LIFE-H) assessed social participation. The modified Medical Research Council dyspnoea scale, the 6-Minute Step test (6MST) and handgrip dynamometry were used for assessments. In addition, participants responded to the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and the Chronic Respiratory Questionnaire (CRQ). Correlation coefficients and multivariate linear regression analyses were applied. Fifty-seven participants with moderate to very severe COPD on LTOT were included (71 ± 8 years, FEV1: 40 ± 17%predicted). Social participation was associated with dyspnoea (r s=–0.46, p < 0.01), exercise capacity (r = 0.32, p = 0.03) and muscle strength (r = 0.25, p = 0.05). Better participation was also associated with fewer depression symptoms (r s=–0.40, p < 0.01) and a better quality of life (r = 0.32, p = 0.01). Dyspnoea was an independent predictor of social participation (p < 0.01) on regression models. Restricted social participation is associated with increased dyspnoea, reduced muscle strength and exercise capacity. Better participation is associated with fewer depression symptoms and better quality of life in individuals with COPD on LTOT.

Mustofa Azami’s Criticism of Joseph Schacht’s Thoughts on Hadits

Joseph Shacht a theory developer of the origin of hadits developed by Goldziher. The study of sanad has become a central topic that has received more attention. Some of the theories developed by Schacht lead to doubts about the authenticity of the hadits sanad. Sanad is only made by people who lived later and then leaned on to an authoritative figure to seek its legality. The results of this scientific work received criticism from Azami by bringing other evidence to rely on. The claim to the correctness of Schacht's theory is then considered not objective in terms of scientific truth standards. Some of the problems above are the focus of the study in this study, based on critical analysis methods and historical approaches. The result of the research is that the Sunnah is an expression, habit and way of life even though at that time the habits agreed by the community then relied on the Prophet. The more complete the series of sanads, as an indication, the further away from the Prophet's life. Sanad as a basis for dating a hadits. Even the appearance of sanad was earlier than the hadits editorial. Schacht based the development of the hadits sanad study through the theory of back projection and common link. Azami's criticism of Schacht's theory is as a baseless scientific lie. These theories stand on some of Schacht's misunderstanding of the theory and terms formulated by hadits scholars. Schacht's theory of the Sunnah also contradicts the historical realities prevailing in the early Islamic world.

Design of Long‐Term Conditional Cash Transfer Program to Encourage Healthy Habits

Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are among the largest health emergencies nowadays. Although a large proportion of NCDs can be prevented effectively via good life habits, these remain ubiquitous and one main reason is people's self‐control problem caused by time‐inconsistent, present‐biased preferences. In this situation, we wonder whether a “long‐term” conditional cash transfer (CCT) program, which is known to be effective in shaping people's behaviors but expensive, can be a viable solution. We establish a model which can be fine‐tuned by many parameters, and show that our results are robust in a wide range of parameters. We identify the optimal CCT scheme which helps people achieve their long‐term plan while generating the lowest cash flow. Our results suggest interesting managerial insights like that the amount of necessary financial incentives can depend on people's age, and that the government's optimal CCT scheme does not depend on the level of people's naivete. Also, it is profitable for companies to hold such a program and sell enrollment to customers as self‐commitment devices. However, companies may exploit customers’ naivete to maximize their profit while hurting social welfare. We also examine situations that people's behaviors can only be monitored indirectly through inaccurate signals and that people are heterogeneous in how present‐biased they are.