Disruption Of Life Research Articles

A survey of patient informational preferences when choosing between medical and surgical therapy for ulcerative colitis: a sub-study from the DISCUSS project.

People living with ulcerative colitis (UC) have two broad treatment avenues, namely medical or surgical therapy. The choice between these can depend on patient preference as well as the receipt of relevant information. The aim of this study was to define the informational needs of patients with UC. A postal survey was designed to capture respondent demographics, treatment experienced within the previous 12 months and informational preferences by rating a long list of items. It was delivered through two hospitals that provide tertiary inflammatory bowel disease services. Descriptive analyses were performed to describe demographics and experiences. Principal component analysis was carried out using a varimax rotation to investigate informational needs. A total of 101 responses were returned (20.1% response rate). The median age of respondents was 45 years and the median time since diagnosis was 10 years. Control preferences skewed towards shared (42.6%) or patient-led but clinician-informed (35.6%). Decision regret was low for the population (median 12.5/100, range 0-100). Key informational needs related to medical therapy were benefits and risks of long-term therapy, burden of hospital attendance, reproductive health, need for steroid treatment and impact on personal life. For surgery, these were stoma information, effect on daily life, effect on sexual and reproductive health, risks and benefits and disruption of life due to surgery. This study has identified key areas for discussion when counselling patients about treatment decisions around medical therapy and surgery for UC.

Routine Disruption Predicts Stress During the 2020 COVID-19 Lockdowns in the U.S.

In early 2020, governments around the world imposed various non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) to slow the spread of COVID-19. NPIs like stay-at-home (or “lockdown”) orders were especially effective in mitigating virus transmission but could also significantly disrupt people's usual activities. Given the hypothesized relationship between routine disruption and stress (e.g., Hou, Lai, Ben-Ezra, & Goodwin, 2020), we predicted that the amount of daily-life disruption people experienced during lockdowns would significantly predict their stress levels. To test this hypothesis, we collected data from over 300 adults living across the United States via an online survey. Analyses revealed that lockdowns did disrupt participants’ daily routines, that most participants experienced several stress symptoms during lockdowns, and that overall life disruption strongly correlated with stress scores (r = .50). Subsequent multiple linear regression analyses revealed that changes in just 4-5 activities were driving this relationship—exercising, relaxing, using social media, eating, and volunteering—and that disruptions to these behavioral routines predicted between 24-32% of the variance in participants’ stress symptoms. Overall, our results showed that many disruptions in daily routines correlated with stress during lockdowns but that some activity changes were more strongly related to stress than others.

Parents voice their experiences of caring for children with special healthcare needs amid the COVID-19 pandemic

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to understand the experiences of parents and caregivers of children with special healthcare needs during the COVID-19 pandemic. Design and methodsIn this descriptive phenomenological study, the researchers used purposive and snowball sampling to recruit nineteen participants, ranging in age from 21 to 55 years of age until saturation was established. Colaizzi's method guided data analysis. Iterative examination of the interview transcripts, an audit trail, bracketing, and validation of findings with a subset of participants established trustworthiness. ResultsNavigating the COVID-19 Pandemic was the overarching theme. Four major themes emerged under Navigating the COVID-19 Pandemic as follows: Disruptions in Daily Life, Shifts in Daily Life, Innovations in Daily Life, and Surprising Silver Linings. ConclusionThis study elucidated an in-depth understanding of the positive and negative impacts of the pandemic on the lives of families living with a child with special needs.The COVID-19 pandemic profoundly affected families and parenting approaches. Parents of children with special healthcare needs in this study found day-to-day living especially difficult in similar and unique ways. For virtually all parents the pandemic added new challenges in meeting their child's physical, mental, social, and educational needs. Parents and caregivers revealed innovative ways of maintaining a sense of normalcy during the height of the pandemic. Practice implicationsThese findings demonstrate the importance of developing interventions and creating public health policies as we move beyond the current pandemic and plan for potential outbreaks in the future.

Impacts of Public Health Status and Life Disruptions on Alcohol Consumption in Young Adults Early in the COVID-19 Pandemic

ABSTRACT Using data from a national online sample, the current study examined factors impacting changes in alcohol use immediately following the WHO pandemic declaration (March 2020), including pre-COVID risk for alcohol use disorder (AUD). Participants with pre-COVID AUD risk, who experienced at least one COVID-related problem (e.g. housing, finances), demonstrated the greatest increase in weekly drinking. However, college students at-risk for AUD pre-COVID, with academic disruptions, showed the greatest consumption increases. The findings provide insight into the complex relationships between COVID-19 related disruptions, preexisting AUD risk, and their impact on risky drinking during a critical period in the pandemic. Implications for future public health prevention and intervention responses are discussed.

Clinical characteristics and associated factors of qualitative olfactory dysfunction.

Although interest in qualitative olfactory dysfunction (OD), including parosmia and phantosmia, has been increasing since the COVID-19 pandemic, little is known about the clinical characteristics and associated factors of qualitative OD. Adult patients with subjective smell disturbance who underwent both the olfactory questionnaire and psychophysical olfactory function test were retrospectively enrolled. Demographic and clinical characteristics were analysed according to the presence or absence of parosmia or phantosmia. Among a total of 753 patients with self-reported OD, 60 (8%) and 167 (22.2%) patients reported parosmia and phantosmia, respectively. Younger age and female sex were related to both parosmia and phantosmia. The frequency of parosmia was significantly higher in patients with post-viral OD (17.9%) than in patients with the sinonasal disease (5.5%), whereas that of phantosmia was not different according to aetiologies of OD. Patients with COVID-19 had significantly younger ages and higher TDI scores than those with other viral infections. Remarkably, patients with parosmia or phantosmia had significantly higher TDI scores than those without but experienced more disruption in daily life. In the multivariate analysis, younger age and higher TDI score were identified as independent factors associated with both parosmia and phantosmia, while the viral infection was associated with parosmia but not with phantosmia. Patients with OD who have parosmia or phantosmia have higher odour sensitivity than those who do not, but experience more deterioration in the quality of life. Viral infection is a risk factor for parosmia but not for phantosmia.

Effects of risk exposure on emotional distress among Chinese adults during the COVID-19 pandemic: The moderating role of disruption of life and perceived controllability.

COVID-19 affects not only the physical health of individuals but also their mental health and different types of risk exposures are believed to have different effects on individual emotional distress. This study explores the relationships between risk exposure, disruption of life, perceived controllability, and emotional distress among Chinese adults during the COVID-19 outbreak. This study is based on an online survey conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic, from 1 to 10 February 2020, with a total of 2,993 Chinese respondents recruited through convenience and snowball sampling. Multiple linear regression analysis were used to examine the relationships among risk exposure, disruption of life, perceived controllability, and emotional distress. This study found that all types of risk exposures were significantly associated with emotional distress. Individuals with neighborhood infection, family member infection/close contact, and self-infection/close contact had higher levels of emotional distress (B = 0.551, 95% CI: -0.019, 1.121; B = 2.161, 95% CI: 1.067, 3.255; B = 3.240, 95% CI: 2.351, 4.129) than those without exposure. The highest levels of emotional distress occurred among individuals experiencing self-infection/close contact, while the lowest levels of emotional distress occurred among individuals experiencing neighborhood infection and the moderate levels of emotional distress occurred among individuals experiencing family member infection (Beta = 0.137; Beta = 0.073; Beta = 0.036). Notably, the disruption of life aggravated the effect of self-infection/close contact on emotional distress and family member infection/close contact on emotional distress (B = 0.217, 95% CI: 0.036, 0.398; B = 0.205, 95% CI: 0.017, 0.393). More importantly, perceived controllability lowered the strength of the association between self-infection/close contact and emotional distress, as well as family member infection/close contact and emotional distress (B = -0.180, 95% CI: -0.362, 0.002; B = -0.187, 95% CI: -0.404, 0.030). These findings shed light on mental health interventions for people exposed to or infected with COVID-19 near the beginning of the pandemic, particularly those who themselves had COVID or had family members with COVID-19 risk exposure, including being infected/having close contact with an infected person. We call for appropriate measures to screen out individuals or families whose lives were, or remain, more severely affected by COVID-19. We advocate providing individuals with material support and online mindfulness-based interventions to help them cope with the after-effects of COVID-19. It is also essential to enhance the public's perception of controllability with the help of online psychological intervention strategies, such as mindfulness-based stress reduction programs and mindfulness-oriented meditation training programs.

Parenting and pandemic pressures: Examining nuances in parent, child, and family well-being concerns during COVID-19 in a Canadian sample.

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused vast disruptions in family life for Canadian parents since early 2020. While numerous environmental stressors have been identified, including job loss and the demands of balancing work-life conflicts and at-home schooling, relatively less is known about the areas of family life parents are most concerned about and how these worries relate to well-being across the family system. Canadian parents (n = 29,831, 90.29% mothers, 57.40% Ontario residents) of children aged 0-14 were surveyed about their concerns related to child, parent, and family well-being in June 2020. Structural equation modelling was used to model the relationship between concerns about children, parenting, and the whole family, in association with several sociodemographic variables including child disability status, parent sex and education, job loss during COVID-19, and caregiver employment. Parenting, child, and family concerns were positively correlated. Higher child and family concerns were reported by parents who had not attended university, those who had experienced employment loss or reduced hours, and families with all adults working outside the home. Parents of children with a disability reported higher concerns across all three domains: child, parenting, and family psychosocial well-being. These results showcase distinct associations between social determinants of health and the types of worries caregivers exhibited across multiple areas of family life during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada. Findings are interpreted in relation to clinical intervention and public policy targets for families.

Differences in mental health and alcohol use across profiles of COVID-19 disruptions.

This study aimed to examine differences in mental health and alcohol use outcomes across distinct patterns of work, home, and social life disruptions associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. Data from 2093 adult participants were collected from September 2020 to April 2021 as a part of a larger study examining the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on substance use. Participants provided data on COVID-19 pandemic experiences, mental health outcomes, media consumption, and alcohol use at baseline. Alcohol use difficulties, including problems related to the use, desire to use alcohol, failure to cut down on alcohol use, and family/friend concern with alcohol use, were measured at 60-day follow-up. Factor mixture modeling followed by group comparisons, multiple linear regressions, and multiple logistic regressions was conducted. A four-profile model was selected. Results indicated that profile membership predicted differences in mental health and alcohol use outcomes above and beyond demographics. Individuals experiencing the most disruption reported the strongest daily impact of COVID-19 and significantly high levels of depression, anxiety, loneliness, overwhelm, alcohol use at baseline, and alcohol use difficulties measured at 60-day follow-up. The findings highlight the need for integrated mental health and/or alcohol services and social services targeting work, home, and social life during public health emergencies in order to respond effectively and comprehensively to the needs of those requiring different types of support.

Experiences that matter in bipolar disorder: a qualitative study using the capability, comfort and calm framework

BackgroundWhen assessing the value of an intervention in bipolar disorder, researchers and clinicians often focus on metrics that quantify improvements to core diagnostic symptoms (e.g., mania). Providers often overlook or misunderstand the impact of treatment on life quality and function. We wanted to better characterize the shared experiences and obstacles of bipolar disorder within the United States from the patient’s perspective.MethodsWe recruited 24 individuals diagnosed with bipolar disorder and six caretakers supporting someone with the condition. Participants were involved in treatment or support services for bipolar disorder in central Texas. As part of this qualitative study, participants discussed their everyday successes and obstacles related to living with bipolar disorder during personalized, open-ended interviews. Audio files were transcribed, and Nvivo software processed an initial thematic analysis. We then categorized themes into bipolar disorder-related obstacles that limit the patient’s capability (i.e., function), comfort (i.e., relief from suffering) and calm (i.e., life disruption) (Liu et al., FebClin Orthop 475:315–317, 2017; Teisberg et al., MayAcad Med 95:682–685, 2020). We then discuss themes and suggest practical strategies that might improve the value of care for patients and their families.ResultsIssues regarding capability included the struggle to maintain identity, disruptions to meaningful employment, relationship loss and the unpredictable nature of bipolar disorder. Comfort related themes included the personal perception of diagnosis, social stigma and medication issues. Calm themes included managing dismissive doctors, finding the right psychotherapist and navigating financial burdens.ConclusionsQualitative data from patients with bipolar disorder helps identify gaps in care or practical limitations to treatment. When we listen to these individuals, it is clear that treatments must also address the unmet psychosocial impacts of the condition to improve patient care, capability and calm.

Decision-making during urgent phase of a nuclear accident under extreme conditions

Disasters when occurs result in a disruption of the normal life of society or community and have a severe impact on human life, health, environment, and social and economic activities. Ionizing radiations are a concern associated with nuclear accidents by their very nature, and managing a nuclear catastrophe adds additional pressure on decision-makers to address the immediate and long-term effects of ionizing radiations. Decision-making is more difficult during the early stages of a nuclear disaster because of the high level of uncertainty in the situation and the unavailability of detailed information. We introduce a systematic methodology named ROSYNA, a real-time decision support system for a nuclear accident to be considered for such an uncertain situation. The core of this decision support system is use of a decision table specific to various situations by assessing the decision problem attributes. The prototype applicability of the method was implemented to the Fukushima situation and a comparison was made with HERCA-WENRA and the IAEA approaches. With due consideration of uncertainties regarding the situation during the early phase of a nuclear emergency, we recommend considering the implementation of protective measures by utilizing the ROSYNA philosophy in the decision-making process. The decision problem attributes, which are the key element of this methodology need to be assessed using professional judgment based on the nature of the accident, the information that can be gleaned from the nuclear facility, radiation monitoring, prior understanding of such occurrences and pre-established response arrangements.

Stranded in the living room: A narrative study of occupational disruption and imbalance as experienced by two Norwegian students during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown

ABSTRACT The everyday life experiences of undergraduate students under conditions of social isolation have been little explored. This paper explores the ways in which the 2020 COVID-19 lockdown impacted two Norwegian students’ everyday lives. Data were derived from diary entries kept by the students, one with a physical impairment and the other a single parent, over a 5-week period during the first lockdown (May-June 2020). Initial data analysis was done by the students and formed part of their bachelor’s degree theses. Their two supervisors subsequently carried out the secondary analysis presented in this paper, using a narrative design and methodology. The concept of social isolation is used as a lens through which to explore occupational disruption and imbalance experienced by both students during lockdown. Three themes emerged from the students’ personal stories: 1) Life at home: Not being able to maintain a healthy occupational balance, 2) Finding confidence, regaining motivation and purpose, and 3) The meaning of a productive place. The findings highlight how social isolation led to a significant experience of occupational disruption that influenced the ability to maintain a healthy occupational balance for both students, despite their quite different situations. This paper contributes to occupational science literature by showing examples of occupational disruption in everyday life of students during a pandemic. Furthermore, we introduce occupational resignation related to occupational disruption and discuss the meaning of a productive place to maintain occupational balance and regain motivation after occupational disruption.

Chronic Disease Self-Management of Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19 Among Older Adults: A Mixed-Methods Analysis.

Approximately 20-30% of individuals who contract acute coronavirus disease (COVID-19) infection develop longer term complications of their initial infection, referred to as Post-Acute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC). PASC is characterized by chronic, varying symptomatology. Using a mixed methods study design, we aimed to gain insight into individuals' experience with PASC, including cognitive issues, fatigue, and sleep disturbances. We explored whether our previously developed application (app), aimed at improving self-management skills among individuals with chronic diseases, is relevant for individuals with PASC and gained information to adapt the app for individuals with PASC. The study included 19 individuals, aged 40 years and older, recruited from our research participant database, Nova Southeastern University clinics, and community locations. We included this age range because older adults are more likely to have comorbid conditions, allowing us to better understand the impact of COVID-19 infection in these individuals. Participants completed seven standardized self-report questionnaires online, and an individual semi-structured interview via videoconferencing. Quantitative data were assessed using descriptive statistics and calculating individuals' scores in relation to norms. Qualitative data were analyzed using a thematic analysis approach. Triangulation of the data was accomplished by calculating correlations between participants' responses on self-report scales and themes found in semi-structured interviews. Themes included disruption of everyday life, diverse physical symptoms, and cognitive problems including brain fog, fatigue, coping, and emotional upset. Quantitative analysis demonstrated that participants experienced high levels of fatigue, negative mood, cognitive problems, and overall reduction in health-related quality of life (HRQOL). Correlation analyses revealed that individual interview responses were related to participants' self-report of symptoms on standard questionnaires. Findings indicate that self-report questionnaires may reflect the experience of individuals with PASC and its impact. Additionally, further efforts to expand our prior mobile app are warranted among individuals with PASC.

Kinetics and thermodynamics of photocatalytic degradation of acridine orange and optimization studies for the process using RSM

Fluorescent dyes may be regarded as surrogates for pollutants. These cause contamination of springs, wells or any other water resources beyond permissible standards. This leads to the emergence of toxic, carcinogenic and mutagenic by-products following physical, chemical, or biological degradation and affects taste, odour and colour of the water. One such dye, Acridine Orange (AO) is a heterocyclic dye chemical with nitrogen atoms that is widely used in the dyeing, leather, printing ink, and lithography industries. Its mutagenic potential was recognised in toxicity studies. The release of this coloured water into the ecosystem is a significant cause of water pollution, eutrophication, and disruption of aquatic life. The current study focuses on the experiment results from batch experiments on the aqueous dye Acridine Orange (AO) degradation employing TiO2 NPs as a photocatalyst. The ideal values of various process parameters, including contact time (min), photocatalyst dose (g/L), pH, starting dye concentration (ppm), and temperature (K), were observed during investigation studies. Kinetic studies for finding the rate constant and thermodynamic studies for calculating different energies were evaluated. For the degrading process, response surface methodology investigations (central composite design) were also conducted.

Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Neural Responses to Reward: A Quasi-experiment

BackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic has been a prolonged period of stress due to social isolation, illness, death, and other major life disruptions. Neural reward sensitivity, essential for healthy functioning, may become reduced under major naturalistic stressors, though few studies have examined this. The present study sought to test whether neural responses to rewards were significantly blunted by the stress of the pandemic. MethodsWe compared 2 groups of young adult participants, who completed a monetary reward task while an electroencephalogram was recorded, at 2 time points, 1 to 3 years apart. Our measure of reward sensitivity was the reward positivity (RewP), a neural marker enhanced to gain relative to loss feedback. The magnitude of the RewP is sensitive to stress exposure and can prospectively predict depression. The pre-pandemic group (n = 41) completed both time points before the pandemic, while the pandemic group (n = 39) completed the baseline visit before the pandemic and the follow-up visit during its second year. ResultsThe pandemic group reported having experienced significant stressors over the course of the pandemic. We did not observe a significant decrease in the RewP from baseline to follow-up in the pre-pandemic group. In contrast, in the pandemic group, the RewP was significantly blunted at the follow-up visit to the extent that it no longer distinguished gain from loss feedback. ConclusionsThese results suggest that prolonged naturalistic stressors can result in adaptations in neural responses to rewards. Our findings also highlight a possible mechanism linking stress to the development of depression.

SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines, Vaccine Development Technologies, and Significant Efforts in Vaccine Development during the Pandemic: The Lessons Learned Might Help to Fight against the Next Pandemic

We are currently approaching three years since the beginning of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. SARS-CoV-2 has caused extensive disruptions in everyday life, public health, and the global economy. Thus far, the vaccine has worked better than expected against the virus. During the pandemic, we experienced several things, such as the virus and its pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and treatments; emerging variants; different vaccines; and the vaccine development processes. This review describes how each vaccine has been developed and approved with the help of modern technology. We also discuss critical milestones during the vaccine development process. Several lessons were learned from different countries during the two years of vaccine research, development, clinical trials, and vaccination. The lessons learned during the vaccine development process will help to fight the next pandemic.

Development of the Scale for Measuring Perceived Daily Life Disruption.

The measures that were taken in many countries as a response to the COVID-19 pandemic not only brought about new stimuli in the lives of individuals, but also gave rise to various restrictions that led to discontinuities in many aspects of daily life. Therefore, the development of a sound measure for monitoring the level of perceived daily life disruption is important. The Perceived Daily Life Disruption (PDLD) scale is proposed and its initial validation based on the assessment of key psychometric properties is targeted in this study. A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) on the PDLD scale was conducted on a representative sample (n = 1372). In addition, univariate statistics were calculated, internal consistency was tested, and unidimensionality based on principal component analysis was performed. The CFA yielded satisfactory results concerning the standard indices and achieved a high internal consistency. It was observed that the scale adequately differentiates the level of perceived daily life disruption among diverse subpopulations. Usage of the PDLD scale can be recommended; it is easy to administer and it yields acceptable results.

COVID-19 pandemic's impact on networks of depression and anxiety in naturalistic transdiagnostic sample of outpatients with non-psychotic mental illness.

The 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has caused an unprecedented disruption of daily lives and a mental health crisis. The present study examined how the depression and anxiety symptom network changed during the COVID-19 pandemic in a naturalistic transdiagnostic sample with non-psychotic mental illness. A total of 224 psychiatric outpatients before the pandemic and 167 outpatients during the pandemic were included in the study and were assessed for the Patient Health Questionnaire and the Beck Anxiety Inventory. The network of depression and anxiety symptoms before and during the pandemic were estimated separately and were assessed differences. The network comparison analysis showed a significant structural difference between the networks before and during the pandemic. Before the pandemic, the most central symptom in the network was feelings of worthlessness, while in the during pandemic network, somatic anxiety emerged as the most central node. Somatic anxiety, which showed the highest strength centrality during the pandemic, showed significantly increased correlation with suicidal ideation during the pandemic. The two cross-sectional network analyses of individuals at one point in time cannot demonstrate causal relationships among measured variables and cannot be assumed to generalize to the intraindividual level. The findings indicate that the pandemic has brought a significant change in the depression and anxiety network and somatic anxiety may serve as a target for psychiatric intervention in the era of the pandemic.

How microplastics interact with food chain: a short overview of fate and impacts.

Microplastics as one of the ubiquitous contaminants have recently attracted attentions. Microplastics have the potential to impact the social-ecological environment. Accordingly, negating adverse effects on the environment necessitates scrutinizing physical and chemical characteristics of microplastics, emission sources, effects on the ecological environment, contaminated food chains especially human food web, and the impacts on human health. Microplastics are defined as very small plastic particles with a size smaller than 5mm, which come in heterogeneous colors depending on their emission source and are composed of thermoplastics and thermosets. These particles based on their emission source are classified into primary and secondary microplastics. These particles diminish the quality of terrestrial, aquatic and air environments, which directly impact the habitats and trigger disruptions in plants and wild life. The adverse effects of these particles are multiplied when adsorbing to toxic chemicals. Moreover, these particles have the potential to be transmitted in organisms and human food chain. Due to the fact that the retention time in the body of organisms is longer than the time elapsed from ingestion to excretion, microplastic bioaccumulation occurs in the food webs.

Challenges of Online Boarding Schools In The Digital Era

The virtual world has caused disruption in various social lives and institutions, including Islamic boarding schools. This oldest religious institution in Indonesia has also redefined its meaning, thus building a new stream called "Pesantren Online" (online Islamic school) which changes people's perception of the pesantren itself. As a means of religious learning, Islamic Boarding Schools Online, in this case, the website www.pesantrenvirtual.com, try to satisfy people's desires for religious matters. This paper concludes that the human need to get information about religious themes instantly triggers the creation of religious online sites, such as pesantrenvirtual.com, as a reference to overcome the confusion of religious surfers.

Disruption and Community Life Strategy to Overcome The Covid-19 Pandemic From Social-cultural Perspective

This paper aims to examine the Covid-19 phenomenon and its multidimensional impacts on the form of disruption of social life and efforts to overcome it. At the end of 2019, the city of Wuhan had a new pneumonia outbreak and spread to 190 countries. The outbreak was named Corona Virus Disease 2019 (Covid-19). The Covid-19 pandemic has spread throughout the world and has claimed millions of victims, which until now have not been found a vaccine to treat it. The development of Covid-19 has had a multidimensional impact causing a decline in health, welfare, economic growth, anomies and disruption in various lives. Various strategies and policies have been taken by governments around the world in the form of the use of personal protective equipment (PPE), social distancing, and reducing crowds involving large crowds, new normal and various life revolutions so that people are able to sustain their lives and reduce the new Covid-19 cluster. Until now, the efforts taken by various countries including in the medical field, namely finding a new vaccine, but it have not been successful to be found. So the Covid-19 pandemic has caused a revolution and disruption in various aspects of the social-cultural, health and economy.
 Keywords: Personal protective equipment; PPE; covid-19; social-cultural