Phases Of Life Cycle Research Articles

Reforming legal and regulatory structure of public–private partnerships in Sri Lanka

PurposeThis paper aims to investigate the current practices and deficiencies in the legal and regulatory structure of public–private partnerships (PPPs) in Sri Lanka and explore recommended practices by international model laws and guidelines addressing such deficiencies.Design/methodology/approachFirstly, a desk study review was conducted to explore the current practices of PPP in Sri Lanka. Secondly, nine expert interviews were conducted to comprehend further current PPP practices and identify the deficiencies of legal and regulatory structure of PPP in Sri Lanka, and content analysis was used to analyse the interviews findings. Finally, international model laws and guidelines were reviewed to explore recommended best practices.FindingsThe research explored non-existence of a national PPP policy, lack of clarity of executing a project’s preliminary affordability, and lack of guidance on risk assessment and feasibility studies as current major deficiencies of PPP legal and regulatory structure in Sri Lanka. Further, findings showed that setting-up two project governance structures, a steering committee and a project team, and develop clear guidelines and standard forms can be adapted to strengthen the PPP legal and regulatory structure.Research limitations/implicationsThe findings of this study may be useful to policy makers in tracing essential reforms to PPP legal and regulatory structure. This study is limited to legal and regulatory structure of first three phases of the PPP project life cycle: project identification, project preparation and project procurement.Originality/valueThis paper establishes a novel framework to visualise the current practices and deficiencies in the PPP legal and regulatory framework in Sri Lanka, and the way of incorporating recommended practices by international model laws and guidelines for its future reformations.

Unraveling the Kaposi Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus (KSHV) Lifecycle: An Overview of Latency, Lytic Replication, and KSHV-Associated Diseases

Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is an oncogenic gammaherpesvirus and the etiological agent of several diseases. These include the malignancies Kaposi sarcoma (KS), primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), and multicentric Castleman disease (MCD), as well as the inflammatory disorder KSHV inflammatory cytokine syndrome (KICS). The KSHV lifecycle is characterized by two phases: a default latent phase and a lytic replication cycle. During latency, the virus persists as an episome within host cells, expressing a limited subset of viral genes to evade immune surveillance while promoting cellular transformation. The lytic phase, triggered by various stimuli, results in the expression of the full viral genome, production of infectious virions, and modulation of the tumor microenvironment. Both phases of the KSHV lifecycle play crucial roles in driving viral pathogenesis, influencing oncogenesis and immune evasion. This review dives into the intricate world of the KSHV lifecycle, focusing on the molecular mechanisms that drive its latent and lytic phases, their roles in disease progression, and current therapeutic strategies.

Auditors’ Life Cycle in Clients and Auditor Independence

This study hypothesizes that, in client firms, audit teams or auditors go through life cycle phases—entry, adjustment, and recursion—that give rise to distinct patterns of independence across time. The life cycle paradigm depicts the auditors as facing pressures during entry to adhere strongly to their professional mandate, including the strict exercise of independence. The result is tense auditor–client relations and an increased likelihood of auditor turnover during the entry phase. Auditors that gain entry will “loosen up” and adjust their stance on independence due to the reduced entry pressures. As a result, the adjustment phase will witness a decline in auditor–client disagreements and a lower likelihood of auditor turnover. Over protracted periods, the audit process becomes tightly structured and recursive; the repetitive nature of the processes leads to audit fatigue, less attention to the independence mandate, and greater reliance on clients. The phenomenon portends an even further decline in auditor–client tension and a diminished likelihood of auditor turnover. These predictions are tested using auditor turnovers following auditor–client disputes as surrogates for auditor independence. The results confirm the life cycle phenomena and show that the level of auditor independence peaks during the early years of the auditors’ tenure and declines afterwards.

The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Managing Scientific Research Projects Funded by KEGA and VEGA Grant Schemes

The article examines the application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in managing scientific and educational projects funded by the KEGA and VEGA grant schemes in Slovakia. The objective is to analyse how AI contributes to more efficient management of project processes, including the initiation, planning, implementation, monitoring, and closure of projects. Research identifies key areas where AI provides significant benefits, such as automation of administrative tasks, optimisation of resource allocation, and decision-making support through predictive analysis. The article also highlights the utilisation of AI tools, such as chatbots and advanced machine learning algorithms, to improve communication and monitoring project activities. The findings indicate that AI not only facilitates the complex grant management but also improves the quality of achieved outcomes. Despite these positive contributions, the research has revealed several challenges, including insufficient integration of AI in certain phases of the project lifecycle and concerns about the ethical use of these technologies. Recommendations include the need to further education of project managers in AI-related areas and the development of strategies for their effective implementation. The article offers a fresh perspective on the use of AI in project management and introduces valuable tools and methodologies that can help project teams in achieving superior results.

Organising digital twin in the built environment: a systematic review and research directions on the missing links of use and user perspectives of digital twin in Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) sector

There has been growing interest in the adoption of advanced digital technologies in the Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) sector, as shown by the increasing number of review studies on the adoption of Digital Twin (DT) in the sector. While previous reviews on DT in the AEC sector have emphasised the technical opportunities and challenges, reviews that take a specific organisational and management focus on the use of DT are lacking. In this systematic review, we close this gap by analysing 102 papers from three main scientific databases (Google Scholar, Scopus and Web of Science), which emphasise organisational and management aspects of using DT in the AEC sector across the project and asset lifecycle phases. The findings indicate that, whereas there is still a stronger focus on finding optimisations for various performance concerns (e.g. project efficiency, health and safety and maintenance performance), there is increasing awareness and interest in using DT to encourage collaboration and (end-)user participation. Despite this recognition, our review also identified a number of critical knowledge gaps on the use and user perspectives of DT, which includes how powerful computational tools can be developed into user-friendly interfaces to reduce complexity and increase accessibility to all stakeholders in the decision-making process, and how participatory design frameworks can be combined with structured feedback systems and standardised data access protocols in order to stimulate communication, continuous improvement, and data-driven decision making.

Time to break up? The case for tailor-made digital platform regulation based on platform-governance standard types

The rise of hybrid-conglomerate platforms like Google, Apple, Microsoft, Amazon, and Meta (GAMAM) has led to significant market power concentration and negative competition implications, right down to calls for their potential breakups. To expand dominance, these platforms leverage extensive ecosystems with strategic control over resources and customer relationships, often at the expense of others. We conduct a qualitative meta-analysis of 87 empirical platform-governance problem cases from a regulatory perspective. Using a decomposition approach, we develop a taxonomy of competition problems induced by platform governance and identify four governance standard types (i.e., growth, consolidation, extension, and protect and capture), representing platform lifecycle phases from a regulatory perspective. Each standard type describes the platform owner’s governance strategy, consequent competition problems, and potential remedies. Our findings show how lack of regulation of digital platforms’ governance design has contributed to their growing market power and that effective regulatory intervention requires making platform governance more open and neutral. Moreover, we emphasize the need for platform governance regulation that shifts the burden of proof for regulatory compliance from regulators to platform owners.

Enhancing Sustainability with LCA: A Comparative Analysis of Design and Manufacturing Processes

This study evaluates the feasibility and effectiveness of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology. Two widely used products with the same functionality but different designs and production processes were selected for comparative analysis. SimaPro 9.6.0 software was used for the calculations and LCA of both assemblies. The analysis covered all phases of the life cycle, taking into account factors such as energy, materials and water consumption. The results allowed a comparison of the environmental impacts of the two assemblies, identifying the life cycle phases with the highest impact and the most relevant impact categories. The analysis revealed that the metal trolley exhibited a 40% higher environmental impact during production compared to the polypropylene trolley, primarily due to the material extraction and processing phases. Additionally, the polypropylene trolley showed higher long-term impacts in landfill scenarios due to carcinogenic substance emissions. These findings highlight the significance of design and material selection in reducing environmental impacts. Applying the LCA methodology to the two mechanical assemblies allowed us to identify opportunities for improvement in the design and manufacturing processes, with the aim of reducing the environmental impact and increasing the competitiveness of the products. By considering the full life cycle of a product from the early design phases, more sustainable design and manufacturing decisions can be made, and by using this analysis, companies can develop more sustainable products and reduce costs.

Critical factors for implementing sustainable construction practices in project delivery and management

Introduction/Background: The construction Industry is central to world economic growth and the ongoing process of urbanization. However, it is also an environmental problematic area as it causes pollution, resource depletion and emission of the greenhouse gases. Modern construction is experiencing significant concerns with sustainability hence the need to shift from the conventional construction practices and embrace sustainable construction. This paper looks at key issues based on construction project delivery and management for sustainability. It also focuses on how the industry can maintain the triple bottom line of sustainability in the different phases of project life cycle. Materials and Methods: This research uses literature review as the method for integrating and analyzing the existing knowledge in the construction sustainable practices. Both qualitative and quantitative data collection methods were used in the present study and the most relevant sources of information consisted of peer-reviewed journal articles, industry reports and literature as well as sustainability assessment tools were also used to analyse the findings and identify the major themes and effective measures in the field. The study focuses on three main areas: A)Functions of construction business in sustainable development, B)Measures towards improving sustainability in social, economical and environmental aspects in construction projects and C)Sustainable construction project management. Further, the research assesses sustainable assessment tools with more emphasis put on sustainable neighborhood development through LEED-ND. Results: The result finds several key factors for supporting a sustainable construction approach. They are; procurement and management of materials, use of green building practices, use of LCA in decision making and engagement of stakeholders. A viewpoint for the research is an integrated approach to the use of sustainable practices within the processes of implementing particular projects, taking into consideration the environmental, social and economic factors at the various stages of the project. Simultaneously, the LEED-ND has presented itself as an all-encompassing instrument for measuring and directing the sustainable development of neighbourhoods, focusing on both the level of buildings and of whole communities. Discussion: These are some of the key findings which indicate the interaction between different sustainability issues in construction projects. However, unlike other approaches that focus on the use of technology or even green building, the study brings out the issue of integrated design process, stakeholder engagement, and long term thinking as critical in sustainable development. They also confirm the effectiveness of targeted and case-based approaches because the issues of sustainability and their priorities differ from country to country and from one type of construction project to another. Conclusion: The need to understand critical implementation factors for sustainable construction is what has informed this research work and so, this study will add to the existing body of knowledge the world over. It stresses the imperative for constructing higher order change in the construction industry towards the type of sustainability solutions that are based on the idea of utilising a life cycle approach to problem solving. Therefore, understanding the nature and the degree of the elements impacts will help the practitioners, policymakers and the researchers to design measures towards making construction projects sustainable. Future studies should build on stronger linkages of impacts, longer time horizons of assessment, and the identification of new sources of financing sustainable practices

Digital Shift in Construction in Australia

For any country, the construction industry forms the backbone of economic growth and development. In recent times, Australian construction sector has been struggling to keep up with the increasing demands of economic growth. Being one of the least digitalised industries, the construction industry is facing myriad of challenges including inaccurate cost efficiencies, labour shortages and poor quality management and limited visibility to all the stakeholders. The advancement of digital technologies such as Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Blockchain has proven to be transformational in other sectors such as finance and banking. This research paper examines the benefits of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and blockchain throughout the different phases of the construction project lifecycle. The adoption of AI is met with resistance from leadership and sceptic approach from users. The role of leadership becomes pivotal in widespread adoption of AI and thus changing the attitude of users from “resistance to change” to “receptiveness to change.” Furthermore, various management strategies and recommendations have been discussed in detail to help the leadership teams to accelerate the digital transformation in the Australian construction industry.

Methodology for Safe and Secure AI in Diabetes Management.

The use of artificial intelligence (AI) in diabetes management is emerging as a promising solution to improve the monitoring and personalization of therapies. However, the integration of such technologies in the clinical setting poses significant challenges related to safety, security, and compliance with sensitive patient data, as well as the potential direct consequences on patient health. This article provides guidance for developers and researchers on identifying and addressing these safety, security, and compliance challenges in AI systems for diabetes management. We emphasize the role of explainable AI (xAI) systems as the foundational strategy for ensuring security and compliance, fostering user trust, and informed clinical decision-making which is paramount in diabetes care solutions. The article examines both the technical and regulatory dimensions essential for developing explainable applications in this field. Technically, we demonstrate how understanding the lifecycle phases of AI systems aids in constructing xAI frameworks while addressing security concerns and implementing risk mitigation strategies at each stage. In addition, from a regulatory perspective, we analyze key Governance, Risk, and Compliance (GRC) standards established by entities, such as the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), providing specific guidelines to ensure safety, efficacy, and ethical integrity in AI-enabled diabetes care applications. By addressing these interconnected aspects, this article aims to deliver actionable insights and methodologies for developing trustworthy AI-enabled diabetes care solutions while ensuring safety, efficacy, and compliance with ethical standards to enhance patient engagement and improve clinical outcomes.

Smart City Products and Their Materials Assessment Using the Pentagon Framework

Smart cities are complex urban environments that rely on advanced technology and data analytics to enhance city services’ quality of life, sustainability, and efficiency. As these cities continue to evolve, there is a growing need for a structured framework to evaluate and integrate products that align with smart city objectives. This paper introduces the Pentagon Framework, a comprehensive evaluation method designed to ensure that products and their materials meet the specific needs of smart cities. The framework focuses on five key features—smart, sustainable, sensing, social, and safe—collectively called the Penta-S concept. These features provide a structured approach to categorizing and assessing products, ensuring alignment with the city’s goals for efficiency, sustainability, and user experience. The Smart City Pentagon Framework Analyzer is also presented, a dedicated web application that facilitates interaction with the framework. It allows product data input, provides feedback on alignment with the Penta-S features, and suggests personality traits based on the OCEAN model. Complementing the web application, the Smart City Penta-S Compliance Assistant API, developed through ChatGPT, offers a more profound, personalized evaluation of products, including the life cycle phase recommendations using the IPPMD model. This paper contributes to the development of smart city solutions by providing a flexible framework that can be applied to any product type, optimizing its life cycle, and ensuring compliance with the Pentagon Framework. This approach improves product integration and fosters user satisfaction by tailoring products and their materials to meet specific user preferences and needs within the smart city environment. The proposed framework emphasizes citizen-centric design and highlights its advantages over conventional evaluation methods, ultimately enhancing urban planning and smart city development.

Сезонная активность и сроки появления сеголеток настоящих ящериц (Sauria, Lacertidae) Карадагского заповедника в Крыму и их связь с климатическими параметрами

In the course of multi-year field research (2002–2022, and partially 2023) in the Karadag Nature Reserve (southeastern Crimea; 44.9º N, 35.2º E) the seasonal activity frame and terms of the emergence of juveniles were studied in two common species of lacertids: the Balkan wall lizard (Podarcis tauricus) and the Crimean rock lizard (Darevskia lindholmi). Activity during the winter period is characteristic for both species: over 22 years of observations, P. tauricus and D. lindholmi were observed in the winter months during 20 and 16 seasons, respectively. In P. tauricus the average for all years dates of the first and last observations of active individuals are February 13 and December 4; those in D. lindholmi are February 18 and November 26. The length of the activity period, determined by the dates of the first and last records, in P. tauricus is 65–91% of the total duration of the year, and in D. lindholmi is 62–89% of the year. The duration of the period of full activity (from the beginning of the species’ regular activity to the hibernation) is 236–321 days (273 days on average) in P. tauricus, and 227–302 days (260 days on average) in D. lindholmi. Egg-laying in P. tauricus occurs mainly in May–July (two clutches per season), while in D. lindholmi it occurs in July, but may continue into August (usually the only clutch per year). Therefore, the average for all years dates of the first registration of hatchlings differ by approximately seven weeks: July 12 in P. tauricus, August 29 in D. lindholmi. The timing of the emergence of yearlings of both species is positively correlated at a statistically significant level. In both species, a statistically significant correlation with the climatic characteristics of the area of study was found for a number of phenological phenomena. In many cases, the relationship between the phases of the lizards' life cycle and climatic parameters at the trend level was confirmed.

On future power system digital twins: A vision towards a standard architecture

AbstractThe energy sector's digital transformation brings mutually dependent communication and energy infrastructure, tightening the relationship between the physical and the digital world. Digital twins (DT) are the key concept for this. This paper initially discusses the evolution of the DT concept across various engineering applications before narrowing its focus to the power systems domain. By reviewing different definitions and applications, the authors present a new definition of DTs specifically tailored to power systems. Based on the proposed definition and extensive deliberations and consultations with distribution system operators, energy traders, and municipalities, the authors introduce a vision of a standard DT ecosystem architecture that offers services beyond real‐time updates and can seamlessly integrate with existing transmission and distribution system operators' processes while reconciling with concepts such as microgrids and local energy communities based on a system‐of‐systems view. The authors also discuss their vision related to the integration of power system DTs into various phases of the system's life cycle, such as long‐term planning, emphasising challenges that remain to be addressed, such as managing measurement and model errors, and uncertainty propagation. Finally, the authors present their vision of how artificial intelligence and machine learning can enhance several power systems DT modules established in the proposed architecture.

Comparing the Waste and Environmental Impact of Blepharoplasty at an Office-based Operating Room Versus an Ambulatory Surgery Center in the United States.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the environmental impact of a blepharoplasty as performed by a single surgeon at an office-based operating room (OR) versus at an ambulatory surgery center. We employed life cycle analyses on routine, uncomplicated bilateral upper lid blepharoplasties as performed by a single surgeon. Life cycle phases of production, use, and end-of-life treatment were included. Study boundaries encompassed all waste products exiting the OR in addition to utility energy and water use. We conducted waste audits to collect data on surgical waste by item, material, and weight. Building energy and water use were approximated using data obtained from utility companies. Environmental impact is reported as global warming potential (GW100a; kg carbon dioxide equivalents). The office-based OR generated 784 g of physical waste per blepharoplasty as compared to 1323 g at the ambulatory surgery center. The life cycle analyses found that a blepharoplasty contributed a total of 6.42 kg carbon dioxide equivalents at the office-based OR and 7.78 at the ambulatory surgery center. The production phase contributed the majority of these carbon dioxide equivalents. Plastic supplies contributed the most waste by weight and emissions associated with production. Nonwoven polypropylene contributed the largest waste and emissions by material. The ambulatory surgery center produces more waste and carbon dioxide equivalents per blepharoplasty than the office-based OR. Use of supplies including drapes and gowns made of nonwoven polypropylene can be reduced to increase the environmental sustainability of blepharoplasty.

Categories and Factors of Cost Overrun in Construction Projects: A Systematic Review

Cost overruns represent a significant challenge in construction project management and often compromise project success. This study addresses gaps in previous research, particularly the lack of a unified classification of cost overrun factors. The aim is to provide a comprehensive, unbiased, and structured synthesis of existing research on the factors contributing to cost overruns in construction projects. It involves identifying, evaluating, and categorizing studies to answer predefined research questions related to cost overruns across various geographical contexts, project types, stakeholder perspectives, and project lifecycle phases. Through a Systematic Literature Review (SLR), the current study identifies and categorizes 99 factors into 10 distinct categories: 1) Execution, Resource, and Project Management Factors, 2) Design Factors, 3) Contractor Factors, 4) Consultant Factors, 5) Client Factors, 6) Financial Management Factors, 7) Bidding and Cost Estimation Factors 8) Contracts, Legal, and Regulatory Factors, 9) External Risks, Technology, and Sustainability Factors, and 10) Defects Liability Period (DLP) Operations and Maintenance Factors. Additionally, the present research examines both advanced and traditional methodologies for mitigating these overruns, emphasizing accurate cost estimation, risk management, and the use of advanced technologies, like Building Information Modeling (BIM), alongside strong financial and contract management. This paper synthesizes results from different global contexts to establish a solid foundation for future academic research and industry practices aimed at alleviating cost overruns in construction projects. It also promotes the development of customized frameworks that are specific to a country, a lifecycle phase, or a combination of conditions.

Automatic Bug Triaging Process: An Enhanced Machine Learning Approach through Large Language Models

Bug resolution and maintenance are the most critical phases of the software development life cycle. The traditional bug triaging concept refers to the manual assignment of bugs to the appropriate developer after reading the bug details from the bug tracker and further resolving it. The advent of machine learning algorithms provides various solutions for automated bug triaging. Machine learning algorithms can be used to classify bugs and assign each to a developer. Reducing manual efforts optimizes bug-triaging by utilizing manpower in other software development processes. Furthermore, machine learning Large Language Models (LLMs) can be used to take advantage of their natural language processing features and capabilities. This study proposes a machine learning-based embed chain LLM approach for automatic bug triaging. This approach is used to automatically classify bug reports. Based on the results, the appropriate developer is recommended. In addition, the proposed approach is used to automatically predict the priority of bug reports. This paper also discusses the strengths and challenges of the proposed approach.

Development of an evidence- and consensus-based Digital Healthcare Equity Framework.

To develop an evidence- and consensus-based Digital Healthcare Equity Framework (the Framework) that guides users in intentionally considering equity in healthcare solutions that involve digital technologies. We conducted an environmental scan including a scoping review of the literature and key informant interviews with health equity and digital healthcare technology thought leaders and convened a technical expert panel (TEP). We grouped similar concepts from the scoping review and key informant interviews, synthesized them into several primary domains and subdomains, and presented the composite list of domains and subdomains to the TEP for their input. From those, we derived the following domains for the Framework: (1) Patient and Community Characteristics, (2) Health System Characteristics, and (3) Health Information Technology Characteristics. We structured the Framework around the following 5 phases of the digital healthcare lifecycle: planning, development, acquisition, implementation/maintenance, and monitoring/improvement/equity assessment. The proposed Framework is designed to specify the aspects that need to be considered in a systematic and intentional approach to ensure digital healthcare solutions improve, and not exacerbate, healthcare inequities. The proposed Framework serves as a tool to help users and other stakeholders assess whether their healthcare solutions that involve digital technologies are equitable at every phase of the digital healthcare lifecycle.

A SWOT Analysis of Software Development Life Cycle Security Metrics

ABSTRACTCyber security is an ongoing and critical concern due to persistent threats posed by threat actors, such as hackers and crackers. With the development of information and communication technologies (ICT), the widespread usage of software systems has transformed modern society in many ways but also created new issues in protecting confidential and sensitive information. The quantification of security measures can provide evidence to support decision‐making in software security, particularly when assessing the security performance of software systems. This entails understanding the key quality criteria of security metrics, which can assist in constructing security models aligned with practical requirements. To delve deeper into this subject, the current study conducted a systematic literature review (SLR) on security metrics and measures within the realm of secure software development (SSD). The study selected 61 research publications for data extraction based on the specific inclusion and exclusion criteria. The study identified 215 software security metrics and classified them into different phases of software development life cycle (SDLC). In order to evaluate the most cited metrics in each phase of SDLC, the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) analysis was performed. The SWOT analysis offers a structured framework enabling researchers to make more effective, well‐informed decisions and mitigate potential risks, ultimately contributing to more valuable research findings. The study's findings provide researchers guidance for exploring emerging trends and addressing existing gaps in SDLC. This study also provides software professionals with a more comprehensive understanding of security measurements, constraints, and open‐ended specific and general issues.

A business process management lifecycle framework for continuous improvement towards operational excellence: lessons learned from a longitudinal study in a Brazilian organisation

Purpose The purpose of this study is to offer a business process management (BPM) framework with information and insights on designing, implementing, using and assessing business processes for continuous improvement towards operational excellence. Design/methodology/approach An action research is carried out over two and a half years on the BPM evolution of a Brazilian entertainment organisation. Findings Research provides a novel procedural framework towards improving the understanding of how a complete lifecycle approach for BPM can be implemented for continuous improvement, embracing the critical success factors for each lifecycle phase to achieve operational excellence. Information technology and project management are critical success factors resulting in project barriers. Strategic alignment, top management support, collaborative environment, methods and methodology, and focus on users and culture are acknowledged as main enablers. Findings reinforce the importance of an organisation analysis phase to begin the BPM development and highlight the assessment and improvement phase to respond to organisational environment dynamism. Practical implications Practitioners can benefit from the lessons learnt and the proposed framework, which serves as a rigorous methodology to achieve operational excellence in their real-world settings. Originality/value This paper goes beyond the well-known design and analysis phases of BPM development, generally studied with an individual focus, offering a complete lifecycle approach for continuous improvement, analysing each phase, from the drawing board to its use and evaluation. It counts on an original longitudinal study rather than a single-time assessment study.

A Review of Non-Functional Requirements Analysis Throughout the SDLC

To date, unquestionable efforts have been made, both in academia and industry, to facilitate the development of functional requirements (FRs) throughout the different phases of the software development life cycle (SDLC). Functional requirements are understood to mean the users’ needs pertaining to the services to be rendered by a software system. For example, semi-formal or graphically based approaches such as UML, and mathematically based or formal approaches such as Z and related tools have all been developed with the intention of addressing FRs. In the same vein, most of the proposed software methodologies, for instance, agile software development and model-driven software development, primarily target functional requirements. Considering the importance and even the criticality of non-functional requirements describing the quality of software systems and the constraints upon them, similar progress would be expected for their development. However, it appears that making headway with NFRs has been more challenging due to the complexity of the requirements. In this regard, the main purpose of this work is to unveil (from the academic perspective) the current state of development of NFRs through the review of publications carefully selected from five online databases.