Life Cycle Evaluation Research Articles

The sustainable prospect of biodiesel production: Transformative technologies, catalysts from bio-wastes, and techno-economic assessment

Energy is the most significant factor influencing a nation’s economic success, social advancement, and human welfare. The increasing demand for oil and other forms of energy has fuelled the need for sustainable alternative energy sources. In this context, energy-providing biofuel materials are widely considered a sustainable alternative. Biodiesel, among other biofuel materials, is currently recognized as a valuable resource for the transportation sector on a global scale. To fulfill the growing demand for biodiesel and to ensure sustainability, the biodiesel synthesis process must be expedited. Therefore, reviewing and upgrading the technological strategies for biodiesel production is vital. The current review paper summarizes recent technological advancements in the biodiesel production process and the process parameters that influence the biodiesel production yield. Also, the significance of eco-friendly biocatalysts derived from waste biomass and waste metals for enhancing biodiesel yield has been highlighted. Furthermore, a techno-economic analysis and life cycle evaluation of different biodiesels are reviewed to examine their economic viability and environmental sustainability when produced using bio-derived catalysts. Overall, it is recognized from recent improvements in biodiesel synthesis that the processes that use catalysts generated from waste sources might considerably facilitate the transition to a more sustainable and economical biodiesel production.

Life cycle management of natural infrastructure: assessment of state of practice and current tools

Design alternatives for traditional infrastructure are often compared in terms of expected–and often narrowly defined–costs and benefits to justify the selected plan. Taking a broader life cycle perspective in the benefit-cost evaluation process helps account for potentially rare, indirect, or accruing project benefits. Natural infrastructure design alternatives are generally difficult to compare to conventional alternatives due to their distinctly different costs and benefits. Natural infrastructure differs from conventional infrastructure in terms of performance and benefit development over time, lifespan, materials, intensity of intervention needs, and social and environmental benefits. This paper presents a life cycle framework that expands conventional life cycle analysis to capture other important and relevant aspects of natural and conventional infrastructure, enabling a more complete and equitable comparison of project costs and benefits. The framework consists of four dimensions: risk mitigation performance (e.g., traditional benefit of flood risk management), co-benefits, financial costs (life cycle cost analysis), and environmental costs (life cycle assessment). The framework takes current benefit cost analysis practice for both infrastructure types into account, is informed by existing life cycle evaluation methods and tools and is responsive to the unique needs and characteristics of natural infrastructure. Components of this framework have been advanced elsewhere, including in business product management, asset management, building code development, environmental certifications, ecosystem goods and services accounting, and others, but are generally not developed for natural infrastructure. Our proposed framework provides a roadmap for development of supporting resources to conduct life cycle evaluation for natural infrastructure. Systematically grasping the temporal flow of costs and benefits of natural infrastructure, in comparison to conventional flood risk management projects, will be important as societies address vast infrastructure needs in the face of climate change.

Photovoltaic technology in rural residential buildings in China: a comprehensive review on applications, development and its benefits

ABSTRACT China’s rural residential photovoltaic system has been greatly developed in recent years. However, most existing researches, are difficult to reflect the real development situation of the whole system. This study systematically sorts out the results in related fields through the literature review, aiming to clarify the current situation of applications and benefits of photovoltaic technology. The results show that currently the photovoltaic power generation technology is relatively mature and widely applied, and passive photovoltaic technology can play a greater role in reducing energy consumption in rural residential buildings in China. However, the development of photothermal and photovoltaic combined with other energy technologies, as well as the integration between photovoltaic technology and buildings are relatively lagging behind. Besides, the life cycle analysis and evaluation of photovoltaic system has not been established. In view of opportunities and challenges, this study prospects two future development directions. Firstly, the system coupling of photovoltaic technology should be strengthened, especially between the joint supply subsystems, between the active and passive technologies, and between photovoltaic technology and buildings. Secondly, the rationality of photovoltaic technology evaluation should be ensured, particularly to cover the three aspects of economy, ecology and society on the whole life cycle dimension.

Lifecycle evaluation of medical devices: supporting or jeopardizing patient outcomes? A comparative analysis of evaluation models.

Lack of evidence regarding safety and effectiveness at market entry is driving the need to consider adopting a lifecycle approach to evaluating medical devices, but it is unclear what lifecycle evaluation means. This research sought to explore the tacit meanings of "lifecycle" and "lifecycle evaluation" as embodied within evaluation models/frameworks used for medical devices. Drawing on qualitative evidence synthesis methods and using an inductive approach, novel methods were developed to identify, appraise, analyze, and synthesize lifecycle evaluation models used for medical devices. Data was extracted (including purpose; audience; characterization; outputs; timing; and type of model) from key texts for coding, categorization, and comparison, exploring embodied meaning across four broad perspectives. Fifty-two models were included in the synthesis. They demonstrated significant heterogeneity of meaning, form, scope, timing, and purpose. The "lifecycle" may represent a single stage, a series of stages, a cycle of innovation, or a system. "Lifecycle evaluation" focuses on the overarching goal of the stakeholder group, and may use a single or repeated evaluation to inform decision-making regarding the adoption of health technologies (Healthcare), resource allocation (Policymaking), investment in new product development or marketing (Trade and Industry), or market regulation (Regulation). The adoption of a lifecycle approach by regulators has resulted in the deferral of evidence generation to the post-market phase. Using a "lifecycle evaluation" approach to inform reimbursement decision-making must not be allowed to further jeopardize evidence generation and patient safety by accepting inadequate evidence of safety and effectiveness for reimbursement decisions.

Integrated design and real-world application of a tuned mass damper (TMD) with displacement constraints for large offshore monopile wind turbines

Passive tuned mass dampers (TMDs) have been increasingly investigated for vibration control of wind turbines. However, TMD designs based on individual or a few operating conditions may result in insufficient consideration of the TMD's impact on wind turbines. For instance, the influence of end-stop collision forces on the main structural damage may be significantly underestimated, thereby affecting the overall lifecycle evaluation. In this study, focusing on large offshore fixed-bottom monopile wind turbines, we propose an integrated TMD design methodology taking the damper displacement constraints into full account. A comprehensive optimization of the passive omnidirectional pendulum-type TMD is conducted considering large number of operating conditions in the offshore environment. Next, a real-world application of the optimally designed TMD is performed for a 6450 kW monopile offshore wind on the Yellow Sea, China. We develop an on-site testing methodology and evaluation criteria for assessing the effectiveness of the TMD offshore. The results of resonance, emergency stop, operatingand reliability test conditions demonstrate the following: under the optimized TMD design taking into account all operating conditions, the TMD with a mass ratio of 1.56% can offer added damping in the fore-aft and side-side directions of the turbine, and provides the desired damping ratio of 1%; within a 4% frequency range around the design frequency, the TMD achieves effective vibration control; at rated power, the TMD achieves a reduction of more than 50% in the amplitude of the tower base side-side bending moment (Mx). The integrated TMD design with displacement constraints allows for the optimal TMD design across all operating conditions, thereby achieving superior overall vibration control and reduction in fatigue loads. The successful real-world application of the TMD based on integrated design methodology is of high value to the research community.

Exergy, carbon footprint and cost lifecycle evaluation of cascade mechanical subcooling CO2 commercial refrigeration system in China

The concept of cascade mechanical subcooling is recommended to widen the application of natural working fluid CO2, improve the efficiency and reduce the carbon footprint of CO2 refrigeration system applied in commercial supermarket. Three potential configurations for CO2 system with integrated multi-stage dedicated mechanical subcooling (MS-DMS) are proposed as prospect solutions. Life cycle assessment is conducted from the viewpoint of exergy, carbon footprint and cost performance for the proposed refrigeration systems, and compared with baseline CO2 booster refrigeration system (BASE) and traditional R404A system. 8 representative cities located in diverse climatic zones across China are chosen as scenarios and discussed in detail. The results indicate the irreversible loss is efficiently reduced with the utilization of MS-DMS. The annual exergy efficiency of CO2 system integrated with triple-stage DMS (TS-DMS) is 11.92–18.48% higher than BASE. Life cycle climate performance (LCCP) is reduced by 6.87% when the TS-DMS is employed in Haikou in contrast to BASE from the perspective of carbon emissions. Additionally, the life cycle cost (LCC) is remarkably reduced by 6.8% compared with BASE. Consequently, MS-DMS CO2 systems are more suitable for the application in warm or hot regions in contrast to BASE due to its better emission reduction performance as well as lower life cycle cost.

Single-Cell Radiation Response Scoring with the Deep Learning Algorithm CeCILE 2.0.

External stressors, such as ionizing radiation, have massive effects on life, survival, and the ability of mammalian cells to divide. Different types of radiation have different effects. In order to understand these in detail and the underlying mechanisms, it is essential to study the radiation response of each cell. This allows abnormalities to be characterized and laws to be derived. Tracking individual cells over several generations of division generates large amounts of data that can no longer be meaningfully analyzed by hand. In this study, we present a deep-learning-based algorithm, CeCILE (Cell classification and in vitro lifecycle evaluation) 2.0, that can localize, classify, and track cells in live cell phase-contrast videos. This allows conclusions to be drawn about the viability of the cells, the cell cycle, cell survival, and the influence of X-ray radiation on these. Furthermore, radiation-specific abnormalities during division could be characterized. In summary, CeCILE 2.0 is a powerful tool to characterize and quantify the cellular response to external stressors such as radiation and to put individual responses into a larger context. To the authors knowledge, this is the first algorithm with a fully integrated workflow that is able to do comprehensive single-cell and cell composite analysis, allowing them to draw conclusions on cellular radiation response.

Life Cycle Cost and Evaluation of Performance between Steel Formwork and Plastic Formwork in Concrete Structure Building

Life Cycle Cost and Evaluation of Performance between Steel Formwork and Plastic Formwork in Concrete Structure Building

Physical Asset Life Cycle Evaluation Models—A Comparative Analysis towards Sustainability

In order to reach a sustainable circular economy, it is important to maximise the life cycle of a Physical Asset. An evaluation of a Physical Asset Life Cycle can be conducted via several approaches, and these may provide different results. The differences may be insignificant, but they must be taken into consideration because they have consequences for a manager’s decisions. This allows for a wider time interval to decide when to withdraw a Physical Asset or renew it and/or if it ought to continue functioning when profits are higher than expenses, thus allowing for a reduction in waste and increase in sustainability. These are some of the aspects that are discussed in this paper; it presents several models for the evaluation of the Physical Asset Life Cycle, considering the market value, devaluation methods and a more generalised use of Fisher’s Equation, which can include the Risk Tax, among others. The results are discussed based on data that support evaluations obtained with the models, and these are used for each Life Cycle model with the aim of evaluating the differences among them. Not only do all of the models consider expenses, namely those in Investment and Functioning, but also profits, which allows for a more holistic evaluation of the Physical Asset Life Cycle. The models are significantly versatile, allowing for a quantitative evaluation of changes in maintenance policies, energy price variations, risks, variations of profits according to the real market and so on. The results demonstrate the robustness of the approach described and indicate that it maximises the Physical Asset Life Cycle, allowing for the consumption of world resources to be minimised and, as a result, contributing to a more sustainable world.

Environmental Impact Assessment of Nesjavellir Geothermal Power Plant for Heat and Electricity Production

This work is focused on presenting the main results and discussions concerning the environmental benefits of reducing the non-condensable gases emitted from the Nesjavellir geothermal power plant. The primary objective of this study is to conduct a life cycle evaluation to analyse the overall environmental benefit effects of producing 1 kWh of electricity and 1 kWh of thermal energy in the geothermal power plant at Nesjavellir, which is located in Iceland. The assessment is performed both before and after implementing an abatement system designed to reduce CO2 and H2S gases. The production of geothermal energy is increasing every year and, therefore, it is crucial to identify and quantify the key environmental factors of producing this type of energy and improvements for the future energy transition of the energy generation sector. Firstly, the results show that the environmental impact of electricity production is higher compared to heat production. More in detail, the emissions due to the nature of the geothermal fluid and the construction phase represent the most relevant environmental load for both electricity and heat production for nearly all the 18 environmental impact indicators studied. Furthermore, considering the abatement system for the non-condensable gas emissions, reductions of 78% and 60% in global warming potential is achieved for a production of 1 kWh of electricity and 1 kWh of thermal energy. In terms of external environmental costs, the implementation of an abatement system results in a reduction exceeding 95% for both electricity and thermal energy production per kilowatt-hour. The outcomes obtained from both the baseline scenario and the application of the abatement system undeniably prove that the latter results in a substantial decrease in the overall environmental impacts linked to the generation of 1 kWh of electricity and 1 kWh of heat, encompassing a notable reduction in external environmental costs (externalities).

Unveiling Sustainable Potential: A Life Cycle Assessment of Plant-Fiber Composite Microcellular Foam Molded Automotive Components.

The development and utilization of new plant-fiber composite materials and microcellular foam molding processes for the manufacturing of automotive components are effective approaches when achieving the lightweight, low-carbon, and sustainable development of automobiles. However, current research in this field has mainly focused on component performance development and functional exploration, with a limited assessment of environmental performance, which fails to meet the requirements of the current green and sustainable development agenda. In this study, based on a life cycle assessment, the resource, and environmental impacts of plant-fiber composite material automotive components and microcellular foam molding processes were investigated. Furthermore, a combined approach to digital twinning and life cycle evaluation was proposed to conduct resource and environmental assessments and analysis. The research results indicate that under current technological conditions, resource and environmental issues associated with plant-fiber composite material automotive components are significantly higher than those of traditional material components, mainly due to differences in their early-stage processes and the consumption of electrical energy and chemical raw materials. It is noteworthy that electricity consumption is the largest influencing factor that causes environmental issues throughout the life cycle, especially accounting for more than 42% of indicators such as ozone depletion, fossil resource consumption, and carbon dioxide emissions. Additionally, the microcellular foam molding process can effectively reduce the environmental impact of products by approximately 15% and exhibits better overall environmental performance compared to chemical foaming. In future development, optimizing the forming process of plant-fiber composite materials, increasing the proportion of clean energy use, and promoting the adoption of microcellular foam injection molding processes could be crucial for the green and sustainable development of automotive components.

Research on the Whole Lifecycle Emission Reduction Effect of Buildings with Different Structures in Severely Cold Regions—A Case Study in China

Since the construction industry is one of China’s high carbon emission industries, to achieve China’s carbon neutrality target by 2060, CO2 emissions in cold regions must be reduced. At the same time, forests have excellent carbon sequestration abilities, so this paper takes residential buildings in severely cold regions as the object of carbon emission reduction research. A model of a two-story building in Changchun was constructed, and the life-cycle carbon emissions of reinforced concrete and wood structures were measured using the life-cycle evaluation method as the basis for calculation and simulation with DesignBuilderVer.7 software. The results show that the life-cycle carbon emission of a wood structure house is 61.46 t less than that of a reinforced concrete house, and the life-cycle carbon emission reduction rate of a wood structure house is 43.39%. Based on the data, it has been proven that wooden structures effectively reduce carbon dioxide emissions during the building life cycle while enhancing building performance, given the same structural conditions.

Using rice husk ash to imitate the properties of silica fume in high-performance fiber-reinforced concrete (HPFRC): A comprehensive durability and life-cycle evaluation

High-Performance Fiber Reinforced Concrete (HPFRCs) are recognized by a special combination of cementitious composites with high durability, high strength, and deformability. However, due to the high initial price and constrained availability of materials like Silica Fume, its implementation is challenging, particularly in developing countries. In this study, cement was initially replaced by 10%, 20%, and 30% fly ash (FA), respectively. Furthermore, the mix providing maximum compressive strength was then taken to replace the silica fume content at 10, 20, 30 and 40% by RHA, and then steel fiber was also added to optimize the compressive and flexural ductility performance of the specimens. An extensive evaluation of the durability, mechanical, and microstructural characteristics of produced HPFRCs was carried out. In addition, to evaluate the sustainability of produced mixes, a lifecycle evaluation was carried out utilizing the recipe midpoint and endpoint techniques. Test results show that the uniaxial compressive strength was significantly enhanced at RHA concentrations up to 20%. Moreover, the gradual increment of RHA concentration enhanced the durability performance of HPFRCs, as evidenced by a reduction in the sorptivity coefficient of up to 30%. In addition, the Life-cycle analysis (LCA) assessment revealed a significant reduction of crucial environmental factors, such as CO2 emissions, fine particle discharge, ozone depletion, and land use with the gradual integration of RHA and FA.

INTELLIGENT PACKAGING AS A MARKETING TOOL. ARE DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES RE-SHAPING PACKAGING?

Rapid technological advancements, digitalization trends, changes in consumer behavior, and call to achieve sustainable development goals induce transformations in the packaging industry. Digital technologies are enabling the packaging to move from its core passive functions to more enhanced features such as prolonged preservation, traceability, communication, sustainable supply chain, life-cycle evaluation, and extended shelf-life of a product. Intelligent packaging can provide information about the conditions inside and outside of the packaging preventing contamination of the product. Monitoring of food products allows consumers, producers, and retailers to avert potential spoilage and unnecessary waste. Consumer behavior determines the success of intelligent packaging. Their acceptance of new technologies, environmental concerns, attitude towards sustainability issues, as well as safety and quality preferences define customers’ buying behavior. The innovative features of packaging have not yet attracted much attention from academics and practitioners. In addition, the design and development of such packaging are associated with high prices, which encourages manufacturers to avoid it. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of current packaging trends can shed light on the benefits and potential barriers to its use. This paper provides a literature review of intelligent packaging and explains its functions. It defines the role of packaging in marketing in the current digital era. The paper discusses the definitions of smart, active, and intelligent packaging and suggests how intelligent packaging can serve as a marketing tool while achieving marketing strategies.

End of life management of crystalline silicon and cadmium telluride photovoltaic modules utilising life cycle assessment

The rapid global adoption of solar photovoltaic (PV) modules created the issue of recycling and disposal at their end of life. Several PV modules installed in the late 1980s or early 1990s have reached the end of their 30-year useful life and are now being removed as PV trash. This enormous amount of PV trash acknowledges recycling as a crucial and significant area in the value chain of PV industries. Hence, this study uses an end-of-life perspective to discuss the life cycle evaluation of two market-dominant PV technologies— c-Si and CdTe. This method examines recycling and avoided burden due to recovered material independently in order to determine the overall environmental benefit. The study concludes that recycling glass, metals like copper and aluminium, and semiconductor material from both c-Si and CdTe PV modules has a lower environmental effect than mining, providing, and refining the same components from original sources.

Energy Consumption and Carbon Emission Analysis of Typical Regeneration Methods for Asphalt Pavements

A quantitative evaluation was conducted on the energy consumption and carbon emissions during the asphalt pavement regeneration process, and the energy consumption and emission ratios during the construction and raw material production stages of the cold and hot regeneration process were obtained. This study applies the theory of life cycle assessment to propose an evaluation framework and calculation method suitable for quantitatively evaluating the environmental impact of the asphalt pavement regeneration process. Firstly, based on the life cycle evaluation theory, the evaluation framework and calculation method applicable to the quantitative study of the environmental impact of asphalt pavement regeneration processes are discussed, and the calculation formulae for the comprehensive energy consumption and comprehensive carbon emission of asphalt pavement regeneration are derived. It is found that the energy consumption and emission in the hot regeneration process account for 50~70% of the total process in the construction stage, and 50~65% of the total process in the cold regeneration process in the raw material production stage. Compared with the milling and resurfacing process, the energy consumption and carbon emission of the asphalt pavement regeneration process are reduced by about 16~66%, and the carbon emission is reduced by about 14~53%, so the energy saving and emission reduction benefits are more significant. The amount of RAP mixing, transportation distance of raw materials and pavement regeneration depth have a great influence on the energy consumption and emission of pavement regeneration. It can provide scientific guidance for the quantitative evaluation of the environmental impact of asphalt pavement regeneration, with a view to providing energy-saving and emission reduction level data support for technology improvement and engineering decisions.

Research on the security of China's oil resources supply based on the objective weight method

With the rapid development of China's economy, external dependence on petroleum resources continues to increase, and their security has become an important part of national security. To evaluate the security of China's petroleum resource supply in a scientific and objective manner, this study establishes a corresponding petroleum life-cycle evaluation index system, based on the theory and method of the whole life-cycle security evaluation of mineral resources, and conducts further independence and grey correlation analysis on the indexes for the purpose of evaluating the petroleum risk situation in China, based on relevant public data from the past 10 years. The results show that the overall trend of China's oil risk has a “U”-shaped characteristic of first decreasing and then increasing. Furthermore, the analysis finds that China's mineral resources have been greatly influenced by the domestic production situation and international trade. These results suggest that the security of petroleum supply can be improved by safeguarding international trade in petroleum resources, strengthening the strategic reserves of domestic petroleum resources, and developing new alternative clean energy sources to improve the resilience of petroleum supply security. This study's research methodology is more logical and systematic than traditional methods, and the analysis of the factors is comprehensive and of high application value, providing implications for the establishment of a big data analysis and evaluation index system for oil resource security.

Status and challenges of green manufacturing: Comparative analysis of China and other countries

Energy-intensive manufacturing is a major source of GHG emissions and environmental impacts. Countries in the world are all facing challenges in green manufacturing transformation. The conceptual evolution and actual implementation of green manufacturing in China and other countries show some similarities but also discrepancy. This paper describes the green manufacturing system in China from four aspects: green factory, green product, green park and green supply chain. The comparison of the four aspects is carried out between China and world's major economics including Europe, the United States, Japan, etc. Our results show that the common challenges among countries in the process of promoting green manufacturing are absent of corresponding product baseline standards in evaluating green products and no sufficient life cycle planning within plant boundaries. China is faced with specific challenges that there is no clear green product evaluation standards in life cycle assessment methods, system boundaries and life cycle stages of products. Other countries such as Germany and the United States are faced with challenges that there is a lack of environmental and performance evaluation as well as concrete implementation of life cycle evaluation within the factory boundary, and that there is difficulty for the national manufacturing industry chain to achieve a closed loop since industrial migration. We suggest that China draw lessons from the European Union, the United States and Japan in the elaborate methods design of green products assessment. As such, China's green factory assessment framework and strict government guidance can be a reference for other countries.

LCA and Scenario Analysis of Building Carbon Emission Reduction: The Influencing Factors of the Carbon Emission of a Photovoltaic Curtain Wall

The problem of global warming has become a major global concern, and reducing greenhouse gas emissions is crucial to mitigate its effects. Photovoltaic power generation is clean, low-carbon energy. Photovoltaic products can convert solar energy into electricity, reducing CO2 emissions to an extent. This paper introduces the life cycle evaluation theory to assess the carbon emissions of photovoltaic curtain walls. PVsyst software allows for the simulation and calculation of power generation under different influencing factors, which provides valuable information about the carbon reduction potential of photovoltaic curtain walls. The evaluation of carbon emissions and their influencing factors using grey correlation analysis further enhances the understanding of the benefits and limitations of photovoltaic curtain walls. According to the results of grey correlation analysis, this paper concludes that the degree of various influencing factors on carbon emission of a photovoltaic curtain wall under different scenarios in descending order is as follows: orientation, location, inclination, shadow occlusion, and seasonal changes. The research findings of this paper provide a theoretical reference for the future development and application of photovoltaic curtain walls. By demonstrating the carbon reduction potential of this technology, this study contributes to promoting the adoption of photovoltaic curtain walls as a sustainable solution to mitigate the effects of global warming.

Evaluation of the enterprise's life cycle by phases of viability as a basis for building cluster polyvector models of development transparency

Methods. In the process of tracing the life cycle of industrial enterprises through the phases of life, methods of analysis and synthesis, empirical methods, methods of induction and deduction, graphical and logical methods, and the method of analysis have been used, as well as scientificeconomic and statistical analysis. The methodological basis of the research is the index method, the results of which allow us to evaluate the life cycle of enterprises according to the phases of life cycle, which is the basis of cluster polyvector models of development transparency. Results. The article improves the structural and functional model of building an integrated adaptive-relevant system for evaluating the life cycle of an enterprise by phases of viability, which synthesizes a complex system of executing tactical actions, is implemented on the basis of receiving information from the object's local phases of the enterprise's viability, performs the functions of recognition and identification compatibility of phases of viability with the level of development of the enterprise, which allows industrial enterprises to achieve the maximum permissible level of transparency of development under the condition of effective formation of cluster polyvector models for the purpose of forecasting and eliminating discrepancies in goals and strategic directions of development management, forming the concept of viability of industrial enterprises. Novelty. It consists in improving the scientific and methodological foundations of the development of a structural-functional model of an integrated adaptive-relevant system for evaluating the life cycle of an enterprise by phases of viability. Practical value. Assessing the life cycle of an enterprise by phases of viability as a basis for building cluster polyvector models of transparency of development allows to form a system of parameterization of its activity, which is an analytical tool to organize vertical and horizontal connections of a multi-level and multifunctional management decision-making system, taking into account the properties of interdependent influence and establishing critical points for the most significant security parameters of individual trajectories of transparent development.