Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale Research Articles

Comparative Assessment of Trends of Social Anxiety and Social Avoidance during First and Second Wave of Covid-19

Background: Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was first reported in China and became the global pandemic. This pandemic has proven fatal for the world and lasts drastic effects on the whole world. To combat with this hilarious pandemic, the whole world has adopted the strategy of social distancing and precautionary measures. Aim: To compare trends of social anxiety and avoidance during covid wave 1 and covid wave 2. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted at Central Park Medical College from October 2020 and January 2021. To assess social avoidance and anxiety LIEBOWITZ Social Anxiety and avoidance Scale was employed. Paired sample t test and correlation was used to compare mean differences. A p value less than 0.05 were considered significant. Results: There was a reduction of score of social anxiety from covid wave 1 and wave 2 (26.73±4.65. 17.86±3.81) with p value of .001 and similarly there was a reduction of score of social avoidance (25.31±0.597 v/s 15.±0.3390) as well from wave 1 to wave 2 with p value of .001 Conclusion: There is a continuous decline in social avoidance and social anxiety which can cause an increase in covid 19 infection rate in order to combat that there’s need of prompt vaccination along with the precautionary measures to combat covid pandemic. MeSH Words: Covid-19, Social anxiety, social avoidance, covid wave.

Assessment of anxiety disorders in students starting work with coronavirus patients during a pandemic in Podlaskie Province, Poland.

BackgroundAnxiety disorders are considered the sixth most important factor resulting in non-fatal health loss in the world. Moreover, they are among the first ten causes of years lived with disability (YLD) across the globe. Important clinical disorders include e.g., panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder and specific phobia.ObjectivesThe study aimed to analyse the occurrence of level anxiety in students who start work at the time of the COVID-19 pandemic, with relation to the socio-demographic factors and health status, vaccination, conovirus infection, assistance of a psychologist or psychiatrist in the past, and using tranquilizers.MethodsThe study involved 255 students from Poland starting work with coronavirus patients during the pandemic. It was conducted using our own questionnaire, the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS) and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI).ResultsFifty-one percent of subjects demonstrated symptoms of mild to severe social phobia. Level of trait anxiety among students correlated significantly with age and gender (females). The level of social anxiety in the evaluated students was significantly correlated with marital status, the self-assessment of the experienced fear, self-perceived health status, having had a coronavirus infection, fear of deterioration of one's health after starting work with coronavirus patients, and fear of contracting the disease while working with coronavirus patients, and using tranquilizers. Level of state anxiety significantly correlated with state anxiety, the self-assessment of professional preparedness for work with coronavirus patients, self-perceived health status, vaccination against coronavirus, and the assistance of a psychiatrist in the past.ConclusionsThe proportion of students showing social anxiety is alarming. Anxiety among the evaluated students during the COVID-19 pandemic was correlated with many factors.

Perfectionism, academic stress and social anxiety in female medical students and the risk for eating disorders

Both perfectionism and social anxiety have been described in patients with eating disorders (ED) and medical students. Academic stress also can increase the risk of developing ED. To analyze the dimensions of perfectionism, social anxiety, and academic stress associated with the risk of developing ED in female medical students. The Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale, the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale, the SISCO academic stress inventory and the Eating Attitudes Test-26, were applied to 163 female medical students from all levels of the career. The groups with and without risk of ED were compared according to these variables. Twenty-four percent of respondents were at risk of ED. There were significant differences between scores of perfectionism, social anxiety, and academic stress between respondents with and without risk for ED. In general, there was a significant correlation among the variables. In a multivariate analysis, the predictors of ED risk were the perception of academic stress (Odds ratio (OR) 1.09; 95% confidence intervals (CI) 1.03-1.16) and personal standards in the context of perfectionism (OR 1.16; 95% CI 1.06-1.27). A substantial proportion of female medical students were at risk for ED. The risk of ED was determined mainly by academic stress and personal standards in the context of perfectionism. In this sample, social anxiety did not play a relevant role.

Antidepressants for social anxiety disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

This systematic review is aimed to update and reintegrate the pharmacotherapy of social anxiety disorder (SAD), including the Japanese medical database. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of pharmacotherapy of SAD according to the Medical Information Distribution Service. We used data from a most recent systematic review, and updated search were conducted using MEDLINE, PubMed, CENTRAL, ICTRP, and ICHUSHI from August 1st, 2017 to January 31st, 2022. The outcome were response rates assessed by Clinical Global Impressions Improvement, efficacy assessed by the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS), and dropout rates. We performed a random effect of meta-analysis to obtain the differences in each outcome between active medication and placebo. We used RevMan version 5.3 for analyses. We identified 5 studies through update search and performed meta-analysis for 33 studies on selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) and 6 studies on serotonin noradrenalin reuptake inhibitor (SNRI). The response rate (RR=1.62) and the LSAS score reduction (mean difference=-9.65) of SSRI, and the response rate (RR=1.57) and the LSAS score reduction (mean difference=-11.72) of SNRI were significantly different from placebo. The dropout rates of SSRI or SNRI were not significant. The response rates of SSRIs in both Japanese studies (RR=1.44) and countries other than Japan (RR=1.67) were significant. Most findings were based on low quality of evidence. SSRIs are valid option for pharmacotherapy of SAD including Japanese patients. SNRIs are another effective option. However, the results should be interpreted cautiously due to several risk of bias.

Comorbid Mental Disorders and Quality of Life in Patients with Social Phobia

Introduction: the heterogeneity of psychopathological manifestations and the high comorbidity of social phobia with other mental disorders require the use the indicators of quality of life in the clinical assessment. Objective: determination of differences in quality of life indicators in patients with social phobia, comorbid with other mental disorders. Patients: 135 patients (78 women, 57 men) were examined with a diagnosis of social phobia (F40.1 according to ICD-10), comorbid with other mental disorders. Methods : clinical, psychopathological, psychometric (Liebowitz social anxiety scale — LSAS; Medical Outcomes Study — Short Form — MOS SF-36), statistical. Results: the structure of mental disorders comorbid with social phobia is presented by next diagnostic categories: F3 — affective disorders ( n = 27; 20.0%); F4 — neurotic, stress-related and somatoform disorders ( n = 90; 66.7%); F6 — personality disorders ( n = 18; 13.3%). Based on cluster analysis, patients were divided into three subgroups depending by severity of fear of social situations and social avoidance (low, medium or high level of social anxiety). It was found that an increasing in the level of social anxiety is associated with a rise in the proportion of comorbid disorders of the depressive spectrum, personality disorders and an greater share of generalized social phobia in clinical manifestations. Differences in the quality of life between subgroups were obtained on the four MOS SF-36 scales, reecting the physical component of health (role- physical functioning, p = 0.0023; general health, p = 0.0428) and the mental component of health (social functioning, p = 0.0076; mental health, p = 0.0106). However, only according to the scales of the mental component of health, an inverse relationship between quality of life indicators and the intensity of social anxiety was established. Conclusion: comorbid mental disorders and the level of social anxiety have a differentiated impact on the assessment of individual components of the quality of life by patients with social phobia. In this regard, it is necessary to analyze the inuence of personality, motivational and other individual psychological factors associated with distortions in the cognitive sphere.

Anxiety-Promoting Parenting Behaviors in Adolescents with Social Anxiety: Controlled with a Non-Clinical Sample.

: The majority of research on parenting behaviors in social phobia has been conducted with mother-child dyads, but there is still a gap in current knowledge about the role of fathers' parenting behaviors and adolescence period. This study focuses on the role of parent gender, parental attitudes, and familial factors in an adolescent population. Our study sample consisted of adolescents diagnosed with social phobia (n = 60), healthy non-clinical adolescents (n = 30), and the parents of adolescents with social phobia (n = 46) and non-clinical adolescents (n = 30). A Sociodemographic Information Form, Family Interview Inventory, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale, and The Parent Attitude Research Instrument were administered to all groups. The parents of adolescents with social phobia have reported a higher overprotective mothering attitude when compared to parents of healthy adolescents (P mother < .001 and P father = .009). The mothers' overprotective parenting style and the fathers' avoidance levels were found as predictive factors for adolescents' social phobia in logistic regression analysis (respectively; exp(β) = 0.868 and P = .002; exp(β) = 0.927 and P = .017). Our results indicate the necessity of considering both the parents in the research. We suggest that controlled prospective future studies on different ages, diagnostic groups, and cultures, which will take the gender of both parents and patients into account, may reveal important data on the relation between parenting behaviors and social anxiety.

Construction and Validation of Social Anxiety Disorder Exposure and Evaluation Scale – SADEE

In the cases of Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD), treatment dropout is a frequent problem, which demands the development of instruments that enable treatment compliance. The present paper deals with the construction and validation of the Social Anxiety Disorder Exposure and Evaluation Scale (SADEE). The number of participants in the study was N = 407 responders of both genders. The process of content validity first led to the modification of problematic items. The construct validity was investigated by both exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis, with the objective of estimating a unidimensional measure. The final adjustment obtained was that CFI = .99; TLI = .98; RMSEA = .04; SRMR = .07; χ2 /gl = 1.70. SADEE presented high correlation with the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale and high reliability. The conclusion was that SADEE showed satisfactory evidence of construct and concurrent validity, internal consistency and test-retest reliability.

Prevalence and Associated Factors of Social Anxiety Among Lebanese Adolescents.

Objective: To determine the prevalence of social anxiety among Lebanese adolescents and assess its association with bullying and child abuse.Methods: This cross-sectional investigation conducted between January and May 2019 recruited 1,810 adolescents aged 14 to 17 years selected randomly from private schools from all Lebanese governates (Beirut, Mount Lebanon, North, South, and Bekaa). Participants completed a questionnaire that included items from the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale, the Childhood Abuse Self-Report Scale, and the Illinois Bully Scale.Results: The results showed that 73.2% (95% CI, 71.02-75.31) of the participants had social anxiety. Higher mean scores on the psychological, neglect, physical, and sexual abuse scales and bullying and victimization scales were significantly associated with higher total social anxiety, fear, and avoidance scores (P < .05 for all). The multivariate analysis showed that having separated parents (β = 11.16), as well as higher child psychological abuse (β = 0.69), neglect (β = 0.52), physical abuse (β = 1.71), and sexual abuse (β = 1.56) were significantly associated with higher total social anxiety. The same results were found for social fear and avoidance, with bullying victimization being significantly associated with higher social fear only (P = .042).Conclusions: This study showed high social anxiety among adolescents in Lebanon. Having separated parents and child abuse were related to social anxiety among adolescents. Future studies are needed to explore the effects of specific forms of childhood abuse in individuals with certain vulnerabilities.

Possible association between high social anxiety level and genetic markers in young adult Internet addicts

IntroductionInternet addiction (IA) is a rapidly growing disorder especially among adolescents and young adults. Social anxiety is one of the risk factors for IA. Also, genes involved in dopaminergic and serotoninergic systems are among the candidate genes most frequently associated with IA.ObjectivesThe study aimed to investigate the association between social anxiety level and genetic markers in young adult Internet addicts.MethodsIA group included 44 people (Chen/Chinese Internet Addiction Scale (CIAS) score ≥ 65), 75,0% males), the average age 22,0 [18,0;25,0] y.o. (Md [Q1; Q3]). Healthy control group (CIAS score was less 65) included 120 people, (73,3% males), the average age 23,0 [22,0;24,0] y.o. Psychometric measures: Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS). Genetic markers: rs2072450 in GRIN2A, rs2832407 in GRiK-GluR5, HUMTH01 in TH01(S&lt;9, L&gt;=9 repeats). The impact of genotypes on social anxiety scores was identified using Proportional Odd Logit modeling taking into account group affiliation.ResultsGroup of IA reported significantly higher levels in almost all LSAS measures including total score. We found that carriers of the genotypes rs2072450 CC (p=0.004 vs.CA/AA), rs2832407 CC (p=0.023 vs AA), and TH01 SS (p=0.013 vs. LL) scored significantly higher of LSAS total in the IA group. There were no significant differences in the healthy controls group.ConclusionsThe rs2072450(CC) in GRIN2A, rs2832407(CC) in GRiK-GluR5, and HUMTH01 in TH01(SS) genotypes may be possibly associated with higher social anxiety levels in Internet addicts.DisclosureThe study was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR), project #18-29-22079.

Internet addiction: Gender-associated differences in psychological characteristics

IntroductionInternet addiction (IA) is reported to cause significant negative psychosocial consequences. The gender specificity of psychological characteristics that are potentially significant for the formation of IA remains understudied.ObjectivesTo identify gender-related differences in the psychological characteristics of people with IA.Methods100 subjects aged 16-34 years who scored 65 points or more on the Chinese Internet Addiction Scale (CIAS) were identified and divided into 2 groups by gender: group 1 (54 men) and group 2 (46 women). The individual psychological characteristics were assessed with: the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS); the Bass-Perry Aggression Questionnaire (BPAQ); the Emotional Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ); the Adverse Childhood Experiences International Questionnaire (ACE-IQ); a short version of the Five-factor Personality Questionnaire (TIPI-RU) and the Cloninger Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI-125).ResultsWomen were significantly more likely to experience fear of situations of interpersonal contact and action in public places (p=0.027). They experienced significantly more sexual violence in childhood (p=0.032) and were more likely to have personality traits such as “reward dependence” (p=0.002), “persistence” (p = 0.046), and “self-transcendence” (p=0.002). Men demonstrated physical aggression (p=0.009), suppressed emotions (p=0.019) significantly more often than women and characterized themselves as emotionally stable (p=0.048).ConclusionsThe gender differences identified in the cohort of individuals with IA can potentially be considered specific for this contingent, although such gender relationships can be observed in other forms of addiction and in the general population. The specificity of gender differences may reflect individual psychological markers of increased vulnerability to developing IA.DisclosureThe study was financially supported by Russian Foundation for Basic Research within the framework of scientific project No 18-29-22079.

Videoconference Anxiety: Conceptualization, Scale Development and Preliminary Validation

IntroductionWith measures of COVID-19, activities that cover a large part of life have started to be carried out via videoconferencing. Videoconferencing can be disadvantageous for individuals with social anxiety due to increased social presence, decreased mutual understanding and consequently causing awkward communication.ObjectivesThis study aims to develop a scale to explore the difficulties experienced by individuals with social anxiety during videoconferencing.Methods598 children and adolescents between the ages of 11-18 participated in the study. The data were collected with Sociodemographic Information Form, Videoconference Anxiety Scale and Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale.ResultsAccording to correlation analysis, all correlations between Videoconference Anxiety Scale and Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale total score and subscale scores are above 0.50. According to EFA, the scale consisted of 25 items and a single factor. Factor loads were between 0.62 and 0.81, the single factor explained 52.95% of the variance. Model fit indices after CFA were as follows: X2/df:3.360, GFI:.850, IFI:.900, TLI:.890, CFI:.900, RMSEA:.078, SRMR:.0475. Convergent and discriminative validity of the scale was tested. Standardized factor loads of all items were higher than 0.50. AVE value was 0.47, while CR value was 0.96. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 25-item VAS is 0.96.ConclusionsThis study showed that Videoconference Anxiety is a phenomen which is higly correlated with social anxiety and Videoconference Anxiety Scale is a valid and reliable instrument for Turkish children and adolescents.DisclosureNo significant relationships.

Development and initial validation of the Visual Social Anxiety Scale (VSAS): Could a picture be worth a thousand words?

Accurate assessment is crucial for determining appropriate therapeutic interventions for social anxiety and conducting sound clinical research. While self-report measures of social anxiety are widely used in both research and clinical settings, they have several drawbacks inherent to their textual nature. Here, we describe the development and initial validation of the Visual Social Anxiety Scale (VSAS), a novel picture-based self-report measure of social anxiety, based on the well-established widely-used Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS). Specifically, the 24 items of the LSAS were used as the basis for social situations to be included in the VSAS. First, pictures to serve as VSAS items were selected using a rigorous two-phase process (four pilot studies; n = 225). Next, reliability (internal consistency, test-retest) and validity (convergent, discriminant) were explored with new participants (n = 304) who completed the VSAS and a battery of additional self-report questionnaires, delivered in a random order. The VSAS was completed again a month later (n = 260/304). The VSAS showed high internal consistency and test-retest reliability, and good convergent and discriminant validities. VSAS correlations with convergent measures were significantly greater than its correlations with discriminant measures. Thus, the VSAS shows initial promise as a novel picture-based self-report measure of social anxiety.

Quality of life, social anxiety and conscientiousness in military people with relevance to theprevalent COVID-19

The study was undertaken to determine the quality of life, social anxiety and conscientiousness in military personnel with relevance to the prevalent Covid-19 pandemic. Both male and female who are actively serving in Indian military were taken as subjects for the present study. A total of 117 subjects were taken in which 68 were male and 49 were female. The subjects were also matched in age, education and income. Each one of the subjects were helpful and intrigued to be the piece of this review and were liberated from any sort of extreme physical or psychological instability.Three scales including Big Five Inventory, Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale and WHOQOL-BREF were used to collect the data on the mentioned three variables. The outcomesconfirmed that during the time of Covid-19 whilenearly all civilians have beennotably distressed, military peoplehave been actively doing their responsibility in serving the country and there has beennow no longerintenseeffect of Covid-19 on their intellectual health. Many military personnel have martyred for the countryduring the time of Covid-19 at the same time astheyhave beencarrying outtheir responsibility which has affected their lifestylehowever,now no longerconfined to their intellectual illness.

The effect of distraction versus post-event processing on cortisol recovery in individuals with elevated social anxiety

There are preliminary findings that repetitive thinking on social situations (post-event processing; PEP) is associated with impaired cortisol recovery after experiencing social evaluative stressors. However, no studies have examined the effect of experimental manipulation of PEP on cortisol recovery among socially anxious individuals. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of distraction on cortisol recovery following a social-evaluative stressor in individuals with subclinical social anxiety symptoms. A total of 40 participants, who scored >30 on the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale, completed a standardized stress test (the Trier Social Stress Test; TSST). They were then randomized to complete either a 10-min distraction or PEP induction task. Subjective anxiety and salivary cortisol levels were assessed at −20, −10, 0, +10, +20, +30, +40, and +50 min, with respect to the TSST offset. Contrary to the hypothesis, no difference in cortisol recovery was observed between distraction induction and PEP induction. These findings suggest that short-term distraction induction may not be sufficient to promote cortisol recovery in individuals with elevated social anxiety.

False safety behaviour elimination therapy for social anxiety disorder in Japanese men

ABSTRACT Background Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is an excessive fear of social situations that can lead to serious functional impairment. The prevalence of SAD has increased over the past four decades, making it one of the most prevalent psychiatric disorders in Japan. Therefore, more effective interventions are needed to treat this disorder. False safety behavior elimination therapy (F-SET), which eliminates safety behavior (i.e., strategies that reduce anxiety), was administered in our study to six Japanese patients with SAD. This is the first adaptation of F-SET into Japanese. Patients were diagnosed using the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview. The Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale was used as the primary outcome measure to evaluate the change in symptoms. All patients received five weekly 60-minute F-SET sessions. Results and Conclusions Participants who completed the treatment exhibited a substantial decrease in SAD symptoms, providing preliminary support for the adapted treatment’s efficacy. We have discussed the cultural differences in SAD and the adaptation of F-SET. KEY POINTS What is already known about this topic: (1) Transdiagnostic group CBT is an effective treatment for anxiety disorders. (2) Few studies have examined the effectiveness of transdiagnostic group CBT in naturalistic settings. (3) Few studies have examined the effectiveness of treatments as implemented by clinicians in routine clinical practice. What this paper adds: (1) Eight to ten sessions of transdiagnostic group CBT developed by practising clinicians seemed sufficient in improving anxiety and depressive symptoms, daily functioning, and quality of life in patients from an outpatient anxiety disorders clinic in a hospital setting. (2) Patients that completed treatment reported significantly more impairment in daily functioning before treatment than participants who dropped out. (3) High attrition rates suggest that organisational factors need to be considered while implementing evidence-based treatments into routine clinical practice.

Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS-SR) Tamil Version.

Despite being the third most prevalent psychiatric disorder, social anxiety disorder remains under-diagnosed due to multiple reasons. Although many screening instruments are available in the English language, to date no instrument has been translated into Tamil. To translate and validate the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS-SR) into Tamil among a group of Sri Lankan university students whose mother tongue is Tamil. The process of translation and validation involved standard procedures. DSM- 5 was used as the gold standard to diagnose social anxiety disorder. As part of the psychometric study, test-retest reliability and analysis of items for internal consistency of the instrument were assessed. A cut off of55.5had the optimum sensitivity and specificity for the Tamil version of the LSAS-SR. The Cronbach's alpha between the avoidance subscale, total and the fear subscale total was 0.860 while the figures for Cronbach's alpha between the total score and fear subscale total score and the avoidance subscale total score were 0.880 and 0.855, respectively. The test- retest reliability correlation coefficients for the fear subscale, avoidance subscale and the total score were 0.890, 0.925 and 0.918, respectively (p<0.001 for all). The cut off score of 55.5had the optimum sensitivity and specificity for the LSAS-SR Tamil version. It had good internal consistency and test-retest reliability. Further studies will enable the assessment of the prevalence of social phobia and investigation of cultural and environmental factors associated with social phobia in Sri Lanka.

The relationship between social anxiety and academic engagement among Chinese college students: A serial mediation model

BackgroundFew studies have elucidated the mechanisms linking social anxiety and academic engagement. This study aimed to explore the link between social anxiety and academic engagement through a series of mediating effects of social media addiction and sleep quality among college students. Methods2661 college students completed the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale, the Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale for Student. The serial mediation analysis was conducted using Hayes' PROCESS macro (Model 6). ResultsSocial anxiety had a significantly direct effect on academic engagement (c = −0.162, p < 0.001) and through three significantly indirect pathways: (1) through social media addiction (B = −0.019, 95% CI: −0.027 to −0.011), accounting for 11.7% of the total effect; (2) through poor sleep quality (B = −0.043, 95% CI: −0.052 to−0.034), accounting for 26.5% of the total effect; and (3) through the serial mediators involving in social media addiction and poor sleep quality (B = −0.007, 95% CI: −0.009 to −0.005), accounting for 4.3% of the total effect. The total mediating effect was 42.6%. LimitationsThis cross-sectional study prevented us from establishing causality. ConclusionsThis study highlights the serial mediating role of social media addiction and sleep quality, the behavior and lifestyle factors, in the relationship between social anxiety and academic engagement. Therefore, social media addiction and sleep quality interventions for college students with social anxiety have the potential to improve their academic engagement.

Effect of Educatıon and Socıal Anxıety on Acoustıc, Perceptual and Aerodynamıc Parameters of Adult Females.

In this study, we hypothesized that social anxiety disorder would be more common in women with lower education levels and that this could have a negative effect on acoustic parameters. A total of eighty-eight (88) healthy female volunteers were enrolled into the study. These volunteers were divided into two groups, which were categorized as those with graduation from elementary school or below (Group A, n = 42) and those with graduation from high school or above (Group B, n = 46). Personal anxiety and avoidance for all participants were evaluated using The Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale. All subjects also underwent acoustic and aerodynamic voice analysis for evaluation of their objective voice quality and function. Additionally, the GRBAS scale was used for perceptual analysis. Social anxiety scores were higher in group A than group B (p < 0.05). In aerodynamic sound analysis, maximal phonation time was lower in group A than group B (p < 0.05). In perceptual sound analysis, the mean values of the GRBAS parameters for group B were lower than group A (p < 0.05). Mean F0 of Group-B was higher than Group-A in acoustic analysis (p < 0.05). However, there was no statistical difference in jitter, shimmer, NHR and HNR between the groups (p > 0.05). In this study, social anxiety and education has been shown to have an effect on voice in women. As the level of education increases, social anxiety decreases, and both maximum phonation time and fundamental frequency increase.

Efficacy of positive psychological interventions in anxiety treatment

Psychiatry traditionally emphasizes psychopharmacology and psychotherapy as the primary modalities of treatment. Recently, however, positive psychological interventions are increasingly recognized as a treatment modality that aims to improve a patient's general wellness. Our goal is to review published data on the efficacy of positive psychological interventions (PPI) in the treatment of anxiety. A systematic literature search was conducted on PubMed, Web of Science, and PsycINFO. The keywords used were "positive psychology" and "treatment of anxiety." The search involved all articles published until 2019. To meet inclusion criteria, articles needed to report using positive psychological interventions with patients diagnosed with anxiety or suffering from anxiety symptoms. The main outcome measure was a change in anxiety levels post-intervention. Our initial literature search of 1010 articles was narrowed down to 6 papers that met the inclusion criteria. Interventions used were body-mind-spirit therapy, online positive psychology modules, self-help books, positive activity intervention, future-directed therapy, and mindfulness-based therapies. Pre- and post-treatment anxiety was measured using scales such as State Anxiety Inventory, Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-Short form, Overall Anxiety Severity, Impairment Scale, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale – Self-Report, Beck Anxiety Inventory, Social Interaction Anxiety Scale, Profile of Mood States, Brief Symptom Inventory, and Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale. In all six included studies, PPI decreased anxiety symptoms with variable effect sizes. The review suggests that PPI offers therapeutic benefits to patients diagnosed with anxiety symptoms. Thus, more research is needed to examine the feasibility of incorporating PPI into the traditional mental health care.

Relationship between psychological birth order, social anxiety and childhood trauma

The research was carried out to examine the relationship between psychological birth order, social anxiety and childhood traumas of adult participants. Childhood Trauma Scale, Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale, White-Campbell Psychological Birth Order Inventory and demographic information form prepared by the researchers were applied to a total of 456 participants, 270 women and 186 men, aged 18-45 years. The sub-dimensions of the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale are fear/anxiety and avoidance.The sub-dimensions of the Childhood Trauma Scale are emotional abuse, physical abuse, physical neglect, emotional neglect and sexual abuse. According to the findings; It was determined that there was a moderate positive and significant relationship between childhood traumas and psychological birth order in middle children.It was determined that there was a moderate and negative relationship between sexual abuse and the Persuasive and Charmer youngest children of male gender. Based on the Social Anxiety Scale, it was determined that the middle children of female gender who were physically neglected and abused avoid social anxiety. It was concluded that the middle and the only children of male gender who were physically and emotionally neglected had social anxiety.