Lie Scale Research Articles

The INSPIRE study: Do personality traits predict general quality of life (Short form-36) in distressed patients with ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease?

Objective. To assess the role of personality as a predictor of Short form-36 (SF-36) in distressed patients (perceived stress questionnaire, PSQ) with ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD). Material and methods. Fifty-four patients with CD and 55 with UC (age 18–60 years) who had relapsed in the previous 18 months, i.e. with an activity index (AI) for UC or CD≥4, PSQ≥60, and without severe mental or other major medical conditions, completed the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire (BPA), the Neuroticism and Lie scales of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ-N and -L), the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scale (LOC) (Internal (I), Powerful Other (PO), Chance (C)), the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS) and the SF-36. Results. Multiple linear regression analyses controlling for gender, age and clinical disease activity (AI) in separate analyses for UC and CD showed that the mental and vitality subscales were predicted by neuroticism in both UC and CD. The highest explained variance was 43.8% on the “mental” subscale in UC. The social function subscale was related to alexithymia only in UC, while the role limitation and pain subscales were related to personality in CD only. The physical function subscale related differently to personality in UC and CD. Conclusions. While mental and vitality subscales were predicted by neuroticism in both UC and CD, other subscales had different relationships to personality, suggesting different psychobiological interactions in UC and CD.

Exploring the Relationship between Schizotypal Personality Traits and Religious Attitude in an International Muslim Sample

The study explored the nature of the relationship between schizotypal personality traits and attitude of Muslims towards their faith. A total of 114 adult Muslims from eighteen countries responded to the Sahin-Francis scale of Attitude towards Islam, the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire Brief, the short version of the Eysenck Lie scale, and a number of external indicators and religious practices. Attitude towards Islam, frequency of prayer and Mosque attendance had a relatively strong positive relationship with each other, while these religious characteristics exhibited a weak negative relationship with schizotypal traits. Age and social desirability did not seriously affect the religiosity-schizotypy relation, while a moderating effect of gender was identified. These findings suggest the presence of both underlying cross-faith elements and potential faith-specific behaviours in the relationship between religiosity and schizotypy.

Validation of the French version of the EPQ-Junior

The objective of the present paper was to validate a French version of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Junior (EPQ-J), which, in accordance with the corresponding questionnaire for adults, was postulated to have a four-factor structure including Neuroticism, Extraversion, Psychoticism and a Lie Scale. We tested the factor structure and internal reliability of the French translation in a sample of 465 school children (mean age: 12 years) recruited from the general population. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed the original orthogonal four-factor structure to have an unsatisfactory fit. However, by removing the constraint of orthogonality, a satisfactory fit could be achieved. Internal reliability estimates were 0.84 for Neuroticism, 0.74 for both Extraversion and the Lie scale and 0.69 for Psychoticism. These results based on a sample of young adolescents provide evidence for the validity of the French translation and further support for the stability of the four major personality dimensions across the lifespan.

Social desirability response bias and self-report of psychological distress in pediatric chronic pain patients

The objective of this study was to investigate associations between social desirability response bias and self-report of pain, disability, and psychological distress (depression, anxiety, and somatic symptoms) in a sample of children presenting to a multidisciplinary pediatric chronic pain clinic. A retrospective review was conducted on 414 consecutive clinic patients, ages 12–17 years, with chronic pain complaints of at least 3 months’ duration. As part of a clinical battery, children completed self-report psychological questionnaires including the Children’s Depression Inventory, Children’s Somatization Inventory, and Revised Children’s Manifest Anxiety Scale including the Lie Scale, an indicator of social desirability influence. Children also provided self report of pain intensity, pain duration and functional disability. Clinician ratings of anxiety and depressive symptoms also were collected. Results show that children scoring high on the measure of social desirability reported fewer symptoms of depression and anxiety compared to children scoring low on the social desirability index. No differences arose between these groups on reports of somatic symptoms, pain duration, or pain-related disability. These findings suggest that social desirability response bias may have implications for the self-report of psychological distress among pediatric chronic pain patients. The limits of self-report of symptoms should be considered in the clinical and research contexts.

The Test Anxiety Inventory for Children and Adolescents (TAICA)

The Test Anxiety Inventory for Children and Adolescents (TAICA) is a new multidimensional measure used to assess test anxiety in elementary and secondary school students. The TAICA is a 45-item self-report measure consisting of a Total Test Anxiety scale, four debilitating test anxiety subscales (Cognitive Obstruction/Inattention, Physiological Hyperarousal, Social Humiliation, and Worry), a facilitating test anxiety scale (Performance Enhancement/ Facilitation Anxiety), and a Lie scale. In the present study, the psychometric properties of the TAICA scores are examined with a volunteer sample of 206 children and adolescents. Results of the study indicate that the TAICA scores have strong to very strong internal consistency reliability and temporal stability (1- to 3-week test-retest interval). Evidence supporting the construct validity of the TAICA scores was found.

Interaction of genetic vulnerability to schizophrenia and Communication Deviance of adoptive parents associated with MMPI schizophrenia vulnerability indicators of adoptees

The aim of this study was to establish possible genotype–environment interaction in high-risk and low-risk adoptees’ vulnerability to schizophrenia. The study population consisted of a subgroup of 41 adoptive families with a high genetic risk adoptee and 58 families with a low genetic risk adoptee from the Finnish Adoptive Family Study of Schizophrenia. Communication style was assessed based on the Communication Deviance (CD) of the adoptive parents, and the adoptees’ vulnerability indicators were measured with the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI). Taken separately, only the genetic liability to schizophrenia, but not the communication style of the adoptive parents, was significantly associated with the Lie, Correction and Hostility scales in the MMPI of the adoptees. Analyses of the genotype–environment interactions showed that the high-risk adoptees with high-CD rearing parents had an increased risk of vulnerability on the MMPI Social Maladjustment scale compared with the corresponding low-risk adoptees. Genetic vulnerability to schizophrenia and genotype–environment interaction are manifested in adoptees’ MMPI.

Striatal dopamine (D2) receptor availability predicts socially desirable responding

Research in non-human primates has implicated striatal dopamine (D2) receptor function in the expression of social dominance--a fundamental component of social extraversion. We predicted that trait extraversion - indexed by the revised Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ-R) - would correlate with striatal DA (D2) receptor measures - indexed by [(11)C]-Raclopride binding potential (BP) - in 28 healthy post-menopausal females (mean age=75 years; range=58-91 years). Region of interest (ROI) and voxel-based statistical parametric mapping (SPM) analyses were performed, using a reference tissue model for [(11)C]-Raclopride. ROI analysis showed moderately significant negative correlations between extraversion and BP measures in the left caudate and between psychoticism scores and BP in the right putamen. Unexpectedly, scores on the Lie scale, a measure of socially desirable responding, were significantly and negatively correlated with BP measures in the putamen and survived Bonferroni correction on the right side. After controlling for the potential confounding of self-report bias in high Lie scorers, only the correlation between Lie scores and BP measures in the right putamen remained significant. Voxel-based analysis showed only Lie scores to be significantly and negatively correlated with BP measures in the right putamen. We explored this association further by applying an ROI-based approach to data on a previously scanned sample of young adults (n=13) and found a similar pattern of association, which achieved trend level significance in the right putamen. Although unanticipated, the relationship observed between BP measures in the right putamen and Lie scores is consistent with dopaminergic involvement in socially rewarding behaviour. How this relates to dopaminergic tone will need to be further explored.

Factor Structure of a Bulgarian Translation of the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale

The study examined the dimensionality of the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale with a sample of 486 10- and 11-yr.-old Bulgarian children. Findings supported the established factor structure of this scale. Certain departures from the American version of the scale were also observed. Bulgarian girls scored significantly higher on the Anxiety scale than Bulgarian boys, and 10-yr.-old Bulgarian boys scored significantly lower than their American peers. Bulgarian children tended to score higher than the American children on the Lie scale. At present this Bulgarian version of the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale could be employed as a rough screening test for anxiety.

Socially Desirable Responding on the Web: Investigating the Candor Hypothesis

The investigation presented here explores the hypothesis that participants are less likely to respond in a socially desirable fashion on self-report questionnaires completed on the Web relative to those completed in the laboratory—the candor hypothesis. A battery of social desirability questionnaires (i.e., Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding [Paulhaus, 1984], Marlowe–Crowne Social Desirability Scale [Crowne & Marlowe, 1964], Eysenck Personality Questionnaire–Revised Lie Scale [Eysenck & Eysenck, 1994]) was administered to 3 groups: 2 groups consisted of undergraduate participants who were randomly assigned to complete the measures either in the laboratory (n = 60) or on the Web (n = 60), and 1 group consisted of self-selected participants who visited our experimental Web page and completed the measures online (n = 284). This design allowed us to assess the role of Web administration while controlling for differences in sample type, an oft-neglected issue in the Web literature. Results do not support the claim that administering self-report measures over the Web results in a decrease in socially desirable responding. Furthermore, these findings highlight the problems associated with confounding sample and medium. Implications for the use of Web as a research tool are discussed.

Personality analysis of patients complaining of sialorrhoea

Sialorrhoea, the symptom of apparent excessive secretion of saliva is a relatively uncommon complaint. Some authors consider that in the absence of clinical findings, then these patients have a psychiatric disorder masquerading as a physical illness. However, there is little evidence in the literature to support this conclusion and a detailed psychological assessment of this population has not previously been reported. In total, 18 patients and 18 age- and sex-matched controls were studied. All had a history of a complaint of excess salivation in the absence of any oral mucosal or systemic abnormality. All patients completed an Eysenck Personality Questionnaire. There were no differences in the extroversion of psychoticism scores between the study and control group. However, the result showed significant increases in the neuroticism and Lie Scale score in the patient group. The overall results of this study indicate that the complaint of sialorrhoea in otherwise healthy individuals does not have an organic basis and suggest that sialorrhoea is associated with high levels of neuroticism and a tendency to dissimulate.

Differentiation of adoptees at high versus low genetic risk for schizophrenia by adjusted MMPI indices

The aim of this study was to find potential signs of genetic vulnerability to schizophrenia. The differences between adoptees at high genetic risk for schizophrenia (their biological mother had a schizophrenia spectrum disorder) and control adoptees of non-schizophrenia spectrum biological mothers were assessed. The comparisons between these groups were based on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) test's subscale scores adjusted by gender, age at MMPI assessment, age at placement into the adoptive family and social class. The subjects were a subsamples of a total of 182 tested adoptees and 136 mentally healthy adoptees in the Finnish Adoptive Family Study. The high-risk group was found to be distinguishable from the low-risk group based on deviant scores on the Hostility, Hypomania and Lie scales. These scales may measure genetic vulnerability and also possibly be indicative of psychometric deviance predicting future onset of schizophrenia.

Understanding Test Anxiety and the Multicultural Learner

With the increasing enrollment of multicultural students in public schools, it is necessary to understand how to provide appropriate services to students from diverse backgrounds. Testing situations are also increasing with the addition of the No Child Left Behind Act. In order to accurately assess whether students are performing poorly due to not understanding the material or whether their poor performance is due to test anxiety, three different assessments show promise: The Test Anxiety Scale for Children (TASC), the Lie Scale for Children (LSC), and the Defensiveness Scale for Children (DSC). These assessments will help to determine the level of test anxiety and whether or not children are being defensive or lying when they take the TASC. If test anxiety exists in the classroom, the classroom teacher can provide treatment in conjunction with the school counselor. In this article, we discuss how to assess test anxiety and how to apply several cognitive-behavioral techniques for addressing it for more effective multicultural learning and teaching.

The association between the Lie scale of the Maudsley personality inventory and striatal dopamine D 2/D 3 receptor availability of healthy Chinese community subjects

The present study examined the relationship between the Lie scale scores and striatal D 2/D 3 receptor availability with respect to the cerebellum in 42 healthy community volunteers in Taiwan using single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) with [ 123I]iodo-benzoaminde (IBZM). Even after controlling of age and educational level, subjects' Lie scale scores of the Maudsley personality inventory correlate negatively with D 2/D 3 receptor availability. Individual with higher Lie scale scores may have higher impulsivity due to lower dopaminergic availability.

Factor Structure of AMAS-C Scores Across Gender among Students in Collegiate Settings

The factor structure of scores on the Adult Manifest Anxiety Scale-College Version (AMAS-C), a new self-report measure of chronic, manifest anxiety, is examined across gender for a sample of 943 college students (608 women and 335 men). Values for the coefficient of congruence and salient variable similarity index are calculated between each of five matched factors (Physiological Anxiety, Social Concerns/Stress, Test Anxiety, Worry/Oversensitivity, and Lie) and the Total Anxiety factor. Values obtained suggest that the factors are similar across gender and provide support for the existence of the AMAS-C scales for college women and men. Examination of the mean levels of performance across gender indicates that college women report more anxiety than college men on all the anxiety scales, except one, the Social Concerns/Stress subscale, and the Lie scale. Implications of the findings are discussed.

Transliminality and the Oxford-Liverpool Inventory of Feelings and Experiences

Transliminality is a hypothesized tendency for psychological material to cross thresholds into or out of consciousness. The 29-item Revised Transliminality Scale was administered to 186 students and members of the general population in Australia and the UK along with the Oxford-Liverpool Inventory of Feelings and Experiences, a multidimensional measure of schizotypy. As predicted, scores on transliminality correlated .78 with those on Unusual Experiences, suggesting that the scales measure the same factor. Transliminality scores also correlated (.18, p=.008) significantly but weakly with scores on Impulsive Nonconformity, as predicted, and weakly (but not predicted) (r=.25, p<.001) with Cognitive Disorganization scores but not with Introvertive Anhedonia or the Lie scale.

ERP correlates of error monitoring in 10-year olds are related to socialization

Research suggests that the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) generates the error-related negativity (ERN or Ne), an event-related potential component that reflects response monitoring and is influenced by individual differences in personality. The present study examined the relation between personality as indexed by the Junior Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (Extraversion, Neuroticism, Psychoticism, and Lie scale) and the ERN in 10-year-old children. High scores on the Psychoticism and low scores on the Lie scale, which are taken to reflect low socialization in children, were associated with smaller ERNs. Results lend support to previous studies finding this association in adults. We argue that the ERN may be an indirect measure of ACC activity and is affected by one's concern with task performance. The results of the present study extend findings previously reported in adults to a population of normally developing children and show that similar mechanisms of performance monitoring may underlie individual differences in personality across development.

Ability of Substance Abusers to Escape Detection on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-Adolescent (MMPI-A) in a Juvenile Correctional Facility

The ability of respondents to underreport successfully on substance abuse and validity scales of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-Adolescent (MMPI-A; Butcher et al., 1992) was evaluated. Incarcerated teens (67 substance abusing, 59 non-substance abusing) completed the MMPI-A twice: once under standard instructions (SI) and once under instructions to fake good (FG). Under SI, substance scales correctly classified about 60% to 85% of adolescents. Under FG, substance- and non-substance-abusing juveniles produced lower scores on substance scales. However, the Lie Scale (L) was able to detect more than 75% of deceptive profiles and about 77% of honest profiles. When scale L and the best substance scale were used in combination, only about 18% of faking substance abusers were not identified as either substance abusers or as underreporting. For feigning substance abusers, only about 10% of substance abusers were detected, with about 72% being categorized as faking and needing further assessment.

Is social desirability associated with self-reported physical activity?

Background. Physical activity has been considered to be a socially desirable behavior that might be overreported because of a social desirability bias. This study involved an examination of the possible influence of social desirability on self-report measures of physical activity. Methods. Participants were male and female college students ( N = 782) who completed the Lie scale of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (L-scale), Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale (SDS), Godin Leisure-Time Exercise Questionnaire (GLTEQ), and Stanford Usual Activity Questionnaire. Results. Scores from the Lie scale were not significantly correlated with scores from either the Godin Leisure-Time Exercise Questionnaire or the Stanford Usual Activity Questionnaire. With the Social Desirability Scale, there were statistically significant, but weak correlations with scores from the Godin Leisure-Time Exercise Questionnaire and the Stanford Usual Activity Questionnaire. There was no influence of the Lie scale and Social Desirability Scale on the magnitude of the correlations between scores from the two measures of physical activity. Conclusions. This study provides minimal evidence of an influence of social desirability on scores from two self-report instruments for measuring physical activity in young adults.

Assessing Personality and Cognitive Psychopathology in Psychiatric Patients

In the present study, we focused on the dimension of psychoticism (P), deriving from Eysenckian theory, on which cognitive psychopathology can presumably be mapped. In particular, we looked at one side of this continuum, ranging between the affective disorders, through paranoid schizophrenia to schizophrenia, exploring hypothesized differences in both P as well as in measures assessing syncretic and symbolic thinking. Schizophrenics were indeed found to score high on P; but an even better differentiation was found when scores on the Lie Scale (L) were also inspected. A clear partition of the bivariate P-L plane was apparent, with a marked differentiation between the paranoid and non-paranoid schizophrenics, and with the manic depressives lying in between, in line with the Eysenckian hypothesis.

Psychometric properties of Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revised (EPQ-R) Short Scale in Greece

The aim of the present investigation was to evaluate the reliability, internal and test–retest, concurrent and construct validity of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revised Short Scale (EPQ-R S) in a Greek sample. The EPQ-R S is a 48-self-report questionnaire to assess the dimensions of personality, neuroticism, extraversion, psychoticism. It also includes a Lie scale. The test was translated/adapted by the authors and back-translated by a person whose native language was English. The sample consisted of 946 individuals (422 males, 524 females) aged 16–73-years-old. The EPQ-R S and the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Adult (EPQ-A) as the latter was adapted for the Greek population by Demetriou were used to find the concurrent validity of the scale. Reliability coefficients both internal and test–retest, as well as mean inter-item correlations were found to be satisfactory for E, N, L, and low for P. The E, N, L dimensions of EPQ-R S had high correlations with the corresponding dimensions of EPQ-A, but not the P. Finally, a factor analysis of the test indicated the existence of four factors, E, N, P, L which was not confirmed by CFA.