Lidocaine Research Articles

Comparative Evaluation of Two Different Topical Anesthetic Agents against Pain Associated with Intraoral Injections in Pediatric Dental Patients.

This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of two topical anesthetics in minimizing the discomfort related to intraoral injections. For the study, 40 healthy kids between the ages of 6 and 10 were chosen. To the injection site, two topical anesthetic products were applied: lignocaine hydrochloride gel and benzocaine 20% gel. The effectiveness of the topical agents was evaluated using a four-point scale, which was previously used by Topçuoglu and colleagues to evaluate pain. A significant difference between the lignocaine group (2.1 ± 0.5) and the benzocaine group (1.2 ± 0.6) was found on a four-point scale (P < 0.05). Benzocaine demonstrates a higher degree of efficacy in comparison with lignocaine. However, additional research is necessary to ascertain the result of this study.

Comparison of Lidocaine and Mepivacaine for Variation in Regional Tissue Oxygenation in Stellate Ganglion Block: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Crossover Trial.

Introduction This prospective, randomized, double-blind, crossover trial aimed to investigate the effect of different types of local anesthetics on regional tissue blood oxygenation on the stellate ganglion block (SGB). Methods Twenty eligible patients were recruited for this study; 16 of whom were allocated to the study protocol. Participants were randomized into one of the two crossover sequences: 1% lidocaine hydrochloride or 1% mepivacaine hydrochloride, and received SGBs with 6 mL of any one of the local anesthetics, followed by a washout period of more than 24 hours, and then received SGBs by substituting the two local anesthetics. The tissue oxygenation index (TOI) in the skin near the mental foramen on the blocked side was recorded using near-infrared spectroscopy at 15 minutes after the local anesthetic injection. Results One participant did not complete the study. As such, variation in regional tissue oxygenation was compared between the 15 participants. There was no difference in the increase in regional tissue blood flow or tissue oxygenation after SGB between the patients who were given lidocaine and the ones who were given mepivacaine; however, the kinetics of the increase in regional tissue oxygenation were significantly faster with mepivacaine than with lidocaine. Conclusions Different types of local anesthetics do not affect the intensity of the increase in regional tissue oxygenation after SGB, but they do affect the kinetics of the increase. These differences in local anesthetics may affect how patients feel after receiving SGB, the duration of SGB effects, and the frequency of adverse events associated with SGB.

Comparative Evaluation of Efficacy of Platelet Rich Plasma (PRP) and Platelet Rich Fibrin (PRF) in Bone Regeneration after Surgical Removal of Impacted Bilateral Mandibular Third Molars - A Comparative Study.

Aims and Objectives: To compare the efficacy of platelet rich plasma (PRP) and platelet rich fibrin (PRF) in bone regeneration after removal of impacted bilateral third molars. Materials and Methods: The study was carried out as an open clinical trial on 20 patients chosen from the ones referred to the department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery for surgical removal of bilateral mandibular third molar. Patients were prepared for surgical procedure, Inferior alveolar nerve block given using 2% lignocaine hydrochloride with 1:2,00,000 adrenaline. Third molar were removed by flap reflection and bone drilling. Finally, PRF in lower left mandibular third molar region and PRP in lower right mandibular third molar region was inserted and wound closure was done. Cone bean computer tomography (CBCT) was made on 1st postoperative day and 4 months after surgery to evaluate alveolar bone height and density. Result: Alveolar bone height and bone density at post-operative 1st day and 4 months were compared between PRP and PRF group. The bone density and bone volume were analyzed, and there was no significant difference between bone density in PRP and PRF at day 1 and 4th month. Conclusion: As per our study and evaluation, in our postoperative follow up there was no statistically significant differences in bone regeneration by placement of PRP and PRF in extracted socket of third molar. Thus, with this study we can conclude that PRF, would be a good option to Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons in the near future due to ease of extraction.

Clarifying the complex chemistry of cobalt(II) thiocyanate-based tests for cocaine using single-crystal X-ray diffraction and spectroscopic techniques.

Cobalt(II) thiocyanate-based tests are routinely used to screen cocaine products, with the formation of a blue species interpreted as a positive response. An array of other organic bases has been identified as false positives - including well-documented cocaine product adulterant lidocaine and its salt. False positives prompt continued test development, though improvements are hindered by unresolved product structures and reaction pathways. Toward greater clarity, cobalt(II) thiocyanate reactions with cocaine hydrochloride, along with lidocaine and its salt, were investigated using multiple analytical techniques. Reactions involving cocaine hydrochloride yielded glassy, amorphous blue material while reactions of lidocaine hydrochloride monohydrate produced larger, needle-like crystals whose structure was determined via single-crystal X-ray diffraction to be an ion pair (Hlidocaine+ )2 ([Co(SCN)4 ]2- )·H2 O. While the blue precipitate isolated from reactions involving cocaine hydrochloride was unsuitable for crystallographic structure determination, comparative ultraviolet-visible, attenuated total reflectance infrared, and Raman spectroscopic analysis - along with elemental analysis - supports that this solid is comprised of a comparable ion pair (Hcocaine+ )2 [Co(SCN)4 ]2- . Pink crystals isolated from lidocaine reaction vessels were identified as coordination compounds cis-[CoL2 (SCN)2 ] and trans-[CoL2 (SCN)2 ] where L = lidocaine, while pink crystals from both cocaine hydrochloride and lidocaine hydrochloride monohydrate reaction vessels were the coordination polymer trans-[Co(H2 O)2 (SCN)2 ]·H2 O. The results presented herein enable reaction optimization to favor a desired product, whether ion pair or coordination species.

Comparison of Efficacy of Lidocaine and Articaine as Inferior Alveolar Nerve Blocking Agents in Patients with Symptomatic Irreversible Pulpitis: Randomized Controlled Trial.

Background and Objectives: Lidocaine Hydrochloride has been the standard choice for local anesthesia in dentistry and Articaine's unique structure and growing popularity make it a viable alternative. Due to contradictory results in prior research and a scarcity of trials conducted in the Pakistani population, this study aims to compare the anesthetic efficacy of Lidocaine with Articaine for inferior alveolar nerve blocks in patients with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis. Materials and Methods: This double-blinded, randomized controlled trial included 152 patients who were selected by consecutive non-probability sampling. The participants included patients who presented with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis in mandibular posterior teeth (molars and premolars) and depicted normal apical tissue radiographically. The patients were equally and randomly divided into two groups. The control group received 2% Lidocaine Hydrochloride injections, and the experiment group received 4% Articaine Hydrochloride injections. Participants scored their pain on the HP-VAS both before and after the administration of anesthesia. A value of 54 mm or less on the scale indicated effective anesthesia. The data obtained were analyzed using SPSS. Chi-square test was applied to analyze data for statistical significance. Results: There was no statistically significant difference in the efficacy of the two anesthetic agents. During access cavity preparation, Lidocaine demonstrated a success rate of 93%, whereas Articaine exhibited a slightly higher success rate of 97%. During initial instrumentation, the success rates for Lidocaine and Articaine were 72% and 71%, respectively. This suggests that both Lidocaine and Articaine were effective in achieving anesthesia during the dental procedure in patients with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis, with Articaine showing a slightly better success rate, although the difference was not statistically significant. Conclusions: The anesthetic efficacy of Articaine is similar to that of lidocaine in subjects with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis. Hence, Articaine can serve as an alternative to Lidocaine for local anesthesia administration in dentistry.

Physico-chemical Characteristics and the Effects of Processing Methods on the Nutritional and Anti-nutritional Quality of Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill)

The present investigation was carried out to determine the physico-chemical characteristics and effects of processing methods on the nutritional and anti-nutritional quality of soybeans. Soybean seeds were analysed using physico-chemical approaches, in order to obtain a detailed profile on these qualities. The effects of processing methods on the nutritional and anti-nutritional quality of soybean had an impact on the nutritional and anti-nutritional values. Soybeans were subjected to different processing methods which were sorted, washed, dried, and milled into flour (Sample A- Control), soaked in water (1:3) for 12h, mechanically dried at 60 ± 2 oC for 10 h and milled into flour (Sample B), soaked in water (1:3) for 12h, sprouted 72 h, mechanically-dried at 60 ± 2 oC for 10 h, roasted for 3 min and milled into flour (Sample C), boiled for 30 min in an open lid, mechanically-dried at 60 ± 2 oC for 10 h, roasted for 3 min and milled into flour (Sample D). The study revealed that raw soybean seeds had 90.43 ±3.93 g seed weight, 6.31 ± 0.41 mm length, 5.50 ± 0.29 mm breadth,4.58 ± 0.35 mm height, 0.88 ± 0.04 mm sphericity, 753.01 ± 6.62 kg/ m3 bulk density, 1181.03 ± 11.72 kg/ m3 true density, 36.33 ± 0.79 % porosity, 0.13 ± 0.005 g/seed hydration capacity, 1.25 ± 0.07 hydration index, 0.12 ± 0.01 mL swelling capacity, 1.62 ± 0.05 swelling index. The colour was recorded to be (L* 59.52, a* 8.97, b* 34.01), Chroma (c*) 35.17, and hue angle (ho) 9.84. After processing, moisture content increased (10.61 - 12.43 %), crude protein (42.97– 47.87 %), crude fibre (9.44 - 11.57 %), ascorbic acid (5.38 - 11.65 mg/ 100 g), and ash content (4.84-5.99 %) while total carbohydrates and total energy decreased significantly (17.70 - 15.92 %) and (439.69 - 397.82 %), respectively. Similarly, the phytic acid content decreased from 8.12 to 5.19 mg/100 g while the tannin decreased from 25.34 to 18.57 % and the protease inhibitor decreased from 7.12 to 5.01 %. The overall results of the current study revealed that the processing methods of soybeans had an impact on the nutritional and anti-nutritional values. Further, the study showed that processing methods can significantly improve the nutritional qualities of soybeans while substantially reducing their anti-nutritional properties, thereby boosting the nutrients' bioavailability.

Effective Role of Ayurvedic Management in Left Eye Blepharospasm and Hemifacial Spasm W.S.R. to Nimesha: A Case Study

Blepharospasm is an act of involuntary blinking .In few cases, disease become chronic with symptoms of persistent blinking and the person will be able to open his eyes only with a great effort which could eventually lead to a functional blindness. Most of the times it is associated with ALO (Apraxia of lid opening).ALO is an inability to initiate voluntary eyelid opening following a period of eyelid closure. Manual lifting of the eyelid often resolves the problem and lid is able to stay open for a while there after. Botulinum toxin injections are the treatment of choice for both Blepharospasm and ALO, which is too expensive and at the same time have only a temporary improvement. In Ayurveda such condition is comparable with Nimesha which is postulated to be resultant of Vata vitiation. Vata Shamana aushadhi and beside in Netra Tarpan ,Shashtika Pinda Sweda therapy of choice to treat above conditions. A single case study done at our department has shown significant improvement both in Continuous spasm of left eye, twitching of left eye (LPS) Photophobia, Stiffness in left side of face associated with heaviness around the eye after the patient was subjected to vata Shamana aushadhi.

СОЕДИНЕНИЕ N-АЦЕТИЛ-6-АМИНОГЕКСАНОВОЙ КИСЛОТЫ ПОДАВЛЯЕТ НЕРВНУЮ ПРОВОДИМОСТЬ

Local anesthetic effect of N-acetyl-6-aminohexanoate salt (compound LHT-9-17) in the form of a substance with a purity of 99.8% was studied and also assessed the effect of the substance on the conductivity of single sodium channels and the conductivity of the nerve conductor at normal pH values and against the background of acidosis. Experimental ligature periodontitis was modeled in 20 laboratories male Wistar rats weighing 200-220 g. Local anesthetic effects of 2% LHT-9-17 and 2% lidocaine hydrochloride solution induced by infraorbital administration was assessed at day 12 of the pathology development. Conduction of single Na-channels was assessed by patch-clamp method on isolated giant neurons of Limnea stagnalis. Registration of the action potential of Rana radibunda isolated sciatic nerve was carried out in perfusion chamber contained 0.00001 to 0.01 μM LCT-9-17. Experiments included increasing the force of stimulating incentives until the maximum response. Compound LHT-9-17 has local anesthetic activity, including during the inflammatory process. The analgesic effect is due to the suppression of the conductivity of Na-channels of nerve conductors. The activity kept under inflammatory conditions may be due to the action of substances against the inflammatory state.

Treatment of a Patient with Severe Rash Pain Secondary to Monkeypox Virus: A Case Report

BACKGROUND: The following case describes a multimodal analgesic approach for pain control in a patient with monkeypox (mpox) lesions. CASE REPORT: A 48-year-old man presented with a positive mpox test, an inability to tolerate solid foods due to severe throat pain and painful oral lesions, and severe genital burning and rectal pain. The pain management team utilized a multimodal analgesia regimen, which included a viscous lidocaine mouth solution, lidocaine jelly for perineal pain, acetaminophen, ketorolac, gabapentin, and oxycodone. On the following day, he was able to tolerate solid food and reported significantly less pain with defecation and urination. CONCLUSION: This case report introduces an effective multimodal approach for pain control of mpox related lesions, which utilizes viscous and/or jelly lidocaine, acetaminophen, gabapentin, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, such as ketorolac, and opioids, such as oxycodone. KEY WORDS: Anorectal pain, Mpox, multimodal analgesia, oropharyngeal pain, rash

Evaluation of Orally Disintegrating Tablet Formulations in The Treatment of Oral Mucositis

Aim: Orally disintegrating tablets (ODT) are widely used dosage forms with high patient compliance, which preferred in the treatment of many diseases currently. In this study we aimed to develop an orally disintegrating tablet formulation can be preferred in the treatment of oral mucositis, which often occurs after chemotherapy during cancer treatment.&#x0D; Methods: Lidocaine hydrochloride, which is a local anesthetic substance, was used as active pharmaceutical ingredient to obtain ODT formulation for the treatment of oral mucositis. ODTs were prepared by direct compression technique and crospovidone was used as super-dispersant&#x0D; Results: The method developed for lidocaine determination was validated. Characterization of powder mixtures conducted; angle repose was found to be as 25.78°±0.810, flow time was 4.18±0.772 s, compressibility index was 9.591±0.774% and Hausner’s ratio was calculated as 1.106±0.014. The uniformity of weight and content for the ODT formulation was 493.705±3.583 g, 78.89+2.546 mg, respectively. The tablets had a diameter of 12.031 ±0.015 mm while thickness was 4.420 ±0.021 mm. The hardness was calulated as 28.7±1.123 N, while percent friability value was 0.76%. Disintegration time of the tablets were 31.55±0.354 sec., and approximately 90% of the prepared formulation dissolved in around 20 minutes according to dissolution testing.&#x0D; Conclusions: The prepared formulation was evaluated through powder and tablet controls, it was found to comply with the limits specified in the European Pharmacopoeia. The developed ODT formulation for the treatment of oral mucositis, is planned to be evaluated through in vivo tests to complete the assessment of the formulation.

The Efficacy of Articaine Single Buccal Injection for Maxillary Premolars Extraction: A Randomized Clinical Study

Background: The palatal injection is the most frequently used painful injection, but there is evidence that articaine 4% administered through buccal injection alone can extract maxillary teeth painlessly. Objective: A comparative study is conducted to evaluate the anesthetic efficacy of articaine 4% buccal without palatal injection for extraction of maxillary premolars compared to lidocaine 2% buccal and palatal injection. Methods: A randomized, single-blinded clinical trial was carried out involving 200 patients, of whom 104 were females and 96 were males, who were indicated for extraction of maxillary premolar teeth. The patients were randomly divided into two groups: Group A, control group: The maxillary premolar tooth extraction was performed under buccal and palatal infiltration anesthesia with 1.8 mL of 2% lidocaine hydrochloride with 1:80,000 epinephrine. Group B, a study group, extracted the maxillary premolar’s teeth under buccal anesthesia without palatal infiltration anesthesia with articaine hydrochloride 1.8 mL, 4% with 1:100,000 epinephrine. The outcome variable was the pain experienced during the extraction using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Results: Statistical analysis showed that the difference in pain perception during extraction by VAS scores was statistically non-significant between the control and the study groups. Conclusions: The painful palatal injection in the extraction of maxillary premolars can be overcome by using only a buccal injection of articaine 4%.

Rapid eye movements associated with REM sleep is involved in consolidation of visuospatial learning in rats

Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep plays a significant role in visuospatial learning and memory consolidation; however, its mechanism of action is unknown. Rapid eye movements (REMs), a characteristic active feature of REM sleep, is a potential correlate of neural processing for visual memory consolidation. The superior colliculus (SC) plays a central role in oculomotor control and spatial localization of objects in the visual field. We proposed that local reversible inactivation of the SC during post-learning sessions might interfere with REMs and negatively impact REM sleep associated consolidation of the visuospatial learnt task. Under gaseous anesthesia, bilateral cannulae aiming SC and electrodes for recording electrophysiological signals to classify sleep-waking were implanted. Following standard protocol, all rats were subjected to Morris water maze (MWM) training for 5 consecutive days followed by probe trial. After MWM training, on all except the probe test days, the rat SC were bilaterally infused with either vehicle (control, Group 1), Lidocaine hydrochloride a local anesthetic (Lox 2%, Group 2), or muscimol (Mus, GABA agonist, Group 3) and sleep-wakefulness recorded after day 1, 4, and post-probe learning sessions. Post-learning, compared to vehicle, Mus treated group significantly decreased REMs, phasic REM sleep, percent time spent in REM sleep and REM sleep frequency/hr. Also, during probe test, the escape latency was significantly increased, and the percentage time spent in the platform quadrant were significantly decreased in both, Mus and Lox 2% treated rats, while the number of platform location crossings was decreased in Mus treated group. The results showed that Lox 2% and Mus into SC reduced consolidation of visuospatial learning. The findings support our contention that SC mediated activation of REMs exerts a positive influence in processing and consolidation of visual learning during REM sleep. The findings explain the role of REMs during REM sleep in visual memory consolidation.

Ecofriendly analytical quality by design-based method for determining Metronidazole, Lidocaine and Miconazole using RP-HPLC in semisolid dosage form

The article deals with the development of an analytical method based on AQbD and GAC for the simultaneous determination of Metronidazole (MET), Lidocaine (LID) and Miconazole (MIC) in oval dosage form using RP-HPLC. The separation was achieved on the stationary phase Zorbax C18 150 mm × 4.6 mm (i.d); 5 μm, using a gradient mobile phase containing Ethanol and Phosphate buffers. The linearity has been obtained for MET's 240-390 μg/mL, 32-52 μg/mL for LID and 64-104 μg/mL for MIC, with their LOD and LOQ as 31.25, 94.705 μg/mL (MIC) 1.463, 4.433 μg/mL (LID) and 7.981, 24.187 μg/mL for MIC, respectively. Finally, the method assessed for greenness using the three tools showed that the developed method was eco-friendly. The developed method is simple and reliable with a design space that helps for further improvement and is eco-friendly, making this method unique for adoption in regular quality control analysis.

Study of the effect of active pharmaceutical ingredients of various classes of BCS on the parameters of thermosensitive systems based on poloxamers

IntroductionThe development of thermosensitive in situ systems has become widespread and prospective due to the optimal parameters of the phase transition - in the temperature range from room to physiological. Those properties can provide thermosensitive polymers, for example, poloxamers - as the most common.It is worth noting that the addition of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) changes the parameters of in situ systems, but no systematic study of the effect of APIs has been conducted. The aim of this work was to develop a systematic approach to studying the effect of APIs on the in situ rheological properties of poloxamer compositions. Materials and methodsThe biopharmaceutical classification system (BCS) was chosen as the basis. Accordingly, the following APIs were selected for the experiment: BCS class I - lidocaine hydrochloride and ketorolac tromethamine, class II - ibuprofen and diclofenac, class III - pyridoxine hydrochloride and ribavirin, class IV - furosemide and abiraterone. To create thermoreversible compositions, previously studied for stability combinations of poloxamer 407, poloxamer 188 and PEG 1500 were used.At the stage of preparation of experimental samples formulations with APIs of classes II and IV of BCS were excluded, since the solubilizing ability of poloxamers is not enough to obtain stable combined complexes. ResultsIn the course of the work, the following results were obtained: BCS class I APIs significantly reduced the phase transition temperature of the matrix of poloxamers 407 and 188, while the addition of PEG 1500 eliminated the effect of APIs on gels; BCS class III APIs practically did not affect the rheological properties of the studied combinations; the phase transition temperature of the gel based on poloxamer 407 did not change with the addition of Class I and Class III APIs.Nevertheless, the obtained results made it possible to reveal the regular behavior of in situ complexes of poloxamer matrices depending on the class of BCS of the API. Further research is required.

Intraoperative analgesic effect of intravertebral lidocaine injection during percutaneous kyphoplasty in the treatment of thoracolumbar compression fractures in elderly patients.

In recent years, percutaneous kyphoplasty (PKP) has been increasingly used in clinical settings. In this study, we aimed to determine the analgesic effect of intravertebral lidocaine injections in PKP. A total of 60 patients who were treated with PKP were enrolled in this study. Lidocaine hydrochloride was chosen as the medication for the experimental group. Patients were randomly assigned into three groups using a double-blind study design: In group A (20 cases), no drugs were injected into the vertebral body during surgery; group B (20 cases) received intravertebral injection of normal saline; and in group C (20 cases), lidocaine hydrochloride was administered into the vertebral body during surgery. The age of patients, operation time, balloon dilatation pressure, balloon dilatation volume, and amount of bone cement injected were compared across the three groups. A pain visual analog scale (VAS) was used to assess pain suffered by the patients before, during, and 24 hours after the surgery. Age, operation time, balloon dilatation pressure, balloon dilatation volume, and amount of bone cement injected did not differ significantly among the three groups (P> 0.05). The differences in VAS scores 24 hours before and after surgery were not statistically significant (P> 0.05). Group C had lower intraoperative VAS scores than groups A and B, and the difference was statistically significant (P< 0.01). There was no statistically significant difference between group A and group B (P> 0.05). Intravertebral injections of lidocaine during PKP can successfully reduce intraoperative pain.

Impact of steroid and lidocaine injection in the sacroiliac joint in axial spondyloarthritis patients: a randomized controlled trial

Background: The value of steroid and lidocaine injection of the sacroiliac joint in axial spondyloarthritis patients on magnetic resonance imaging scores and clinical disease outcome measures is not yet well assessed.&#x0D; Patient and methods: Participants were randomly assigned into two groups; Group I received unilateral ultrasound-guided sacroiliac joint injection with .5% lidocaine hydrochloride mixed with triamcinolone. At the same time, group II received subcutaneous saline injection. All participants fulfilled the ASAS criteria for axial SpA and all had bone marrow edema of at least one sacroiliac joint at baseline. Outcomes measures were: Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Score (ASDAS), Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index (BASFI), and Spondyloarthritis Research Consortium of Canada (SPARCC) scores. Participants were assessed at baseline (before and after sacroiliac joint injection) and after three months. This clinical trial was registered on clinicaltrials.gov under the number NCT04895228.&#x0D; Results: In this study, a total of 61 participants were registered. There was a significant difference between both groups regarding pain, spine mobility, SPARCC, and ASDAS scores in favor of group I. Spine mobility showed the earliest improvement, followed by pain whilst SPARCC, and ASDAS scores showed improvement after three months. Higher disease activity, younger age, and shorter disease duration were all associated with better outcomes. Bilateral hip involvement was a predictor of poor response.&#x0D; Conclusion: Sacroiliac joint injection of lidocaine and triamcinolone in axial SpA patients is a cost-effective and practical technique for controlling pain, improving function, disease activity scores, and bone marrow edema with acceptable complications and relatively sustained effect.&#x0D;

A simple, fast, and cost-effective smartphone-based digital imaging method for quantification of lidocaine hydrochloride in pharmaceutical formulations

A simple, highly specific, accurate and fast method by smartphone-based digital imaging was developed for estimating lidocaine hydrochloride in pharmaceutical formulations. To obtain the images, a Galaxy A03 Core smartphone and an image acquisition device developed in the laboratory were used to control the incident factors in reproducibility of the measurements. The processing of the images was carried out with the Color Grab application. Finally, the absorbance values were calculated using the RGB intensity values of blank, standard, and sample solutions. The proposed method was compared with spectroscopic and chromatographic methods. The reaction between copper and lidocaine hydrochloride was characterized, showing better results in an equimolar ratio and maintaining the pH of the solution above 11.5. The use of the device for the capture of digital images allowed to control those sensitive parameters for reproducibility so that the analytical measurements showed adequate precision and accuracy. Validation of the main parameters of the method showed compliance with acceptance criteria. The application of the method for the analysis of injectable samples achieved reliable results, which were statistically similar to other reference instrumental methods. The proposed method presented figures of merit in relation to linearity, precision, selectivity, accuracy, and robustness; it was carried out by designing and manufacturing a device for capturing digital images on a smartphone, which were analyzed to obtain RGB intensity values. These data are finally used to calculate absorbance values of solutions. All these elements provide this work with innovative characteristics in the field of analysis for control of pharmaceutical formulations.

Effect of compound chamomile and lidocaine hydrochloride gel on oropharyngeal complications after the use of laryngeal mask airway with positive pressure ventilation

Objective: To evaluate the effect of compound chamomile and lidocaine hydrochloride gel on oropharyngeal complications after the use of laryngeal mask airway with positive pressure ventilation. Methods: A total of 64 patients undergoing elective surgery under general anesthesia using laryngeal mask airway (LMA) with positive pressure ventilation in Beijing Tongren Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University From January to March 2023 were prospectively selected and divided into two groups by the random number table method: normal saline group (n=32), with 18 males and 14 females, aged 28-64 (48.4±10.6) years, and the compound chamomile and lidocaine hydrochloride gel group (chamomile gel group, n=32), with 18 males and 14 females, aged 24-64 (46.3±10.8) years. Patients in both groups received total intravenous anesthesia. Before LMA placement, the front, shoulder and back of LMA were lubricated with normal saline and compound chamomile and lidocaine hydrochloride gel in the normal saline group and the chamomile gel group, respectively. The main outcome measure was the incidence of postoperative oropharyngeal mucosal inflammation at different time points after the removal of the laryngeal mask. Secondary outcome measures included oropharyngeal mucositis score, sore throat score, hoarse voice score, cough score and throat dryness score at different time points after LMA removal, the number of LMA insertion times, time of successful insertion and leakage pressure, as well as stress reactions such as cough and agitation before and after LMA removal, and adverse reactions such as tongue numbness and protective pharyngeal reflex limitation during recovery. Results: The incidence of oropharyngeal mucositis in the chamomile gel group was 25.0% (8/32), 31.3% (10/32), 28.1% (9/32) and 3.1% (1/32) at 0.5, 3, 6 and 24 h after LMA removal, respectively, which were lower than those of normal saline group [53.1% (17/32), 59.4% (19/32), 59.4% (19/32) and 21.9% (7/32)] (all P<0.05). The oropharyngeal mucositis scores of patients in the chamomile gel group were 0 (0, 0.8), 0 (0, 1.0), 0 (0, 1.0) and 0 (0, 0) respectively at 0.5, 3, 6 and 24 h after LMA removal, which were lower than those in the saline group [1.0 (1.0, 1.8), 1.0 (0, 2.0), 1.0 (0, 2.0) and 0 (0, 0)] (all P<0.05). The cough score of the patients in the chamomile gel group was 0 (0, 0) and 0 (0, 0) at 3, 6 h after LMA removal, which were lower than those of the normal saline group [(0, 0) and 0 (0, 0)] (both P<0.05). The throat dryness score of the patients in the chamomile gel group was 0 (0, 1.0) at 3 h after LMA removal, which was lower than that of the normal saline group [1.0 (0.3, 1.0)] (P=0.019). The time of successful LMA insertion in the chamomile gel group was 25.0 (20.3, 29.8) s, which was shorter than that in the saline group [29.0 (25.0, 32.0) s] (P=0.016). There were no significant differences in the number of LMA insertion, leakage pressure, postoperative sore throat and hoarse voice scores between the two groups (all P>0.05). Likewise, there were no stress reactions such as cough and agitation before and after LMA removal, and no adverse reactions such as tongue numbness and limited protective pharyngeal reflex during recovery. Conclusion: Compound chamomile and hydrochloride lidocaine gel can reduce the incidence of postoperative oropharyngeal mucositis, relieve the symptoms of postoperative oropharyngeal mucositis, pharyngeal dryness and cough, and improve the postoperative comfort of patients using the laryngeal mask airway with positive pressure ventilation.

Comparative Evaluation of the Anesthetic Efficacy of 1% Chloroprocaine Vis-a-vis 2% Lignocaine with Adrenaline (1:80,000) in Third Molar Surgery.

To evaluate the anesthetic efficacy of 1% chloroprocaine in comparison to 2% lignocaine hydrochloride and adrenaline (1:80,000) in third molar surgery. A randomized single-blind trial comprising of 30 healthy patients requiring bilateral extraction of impacted lower third molars with similar difficulty index was undertaken. A test dose was administered to all patients with subdermal infiltration of 1% chloroprocaine with 0.5ml. A classic inferior alveolar and long buccal nerve block was given using 1% chloroprocaine 2ml on one side and 2% lignocaine hydrochloride 2ml with adrenaline on the other side. The time to onset and duration of action were noted. Pain during the surgical intervention, need for additional local anesthetic solution during the surgical intervention and the hemodynamic changes associated with the administration of the drugs were monitored. Chloroprocaine had an early onset of action with a mean of 1.17 ± 0.55min as compared to lignocaine 4.2 ± 0.48min. Patients administered with lignocaine experienced less postoperative pain compared with chloroprocaine since the duration of action of chloroprocaine was lesser than that of lignocaine. Additional amount of LA was required when chloroprocaine was administered as compared to lignocaine. Chloroprocaine alone did not cause any appreciable changes in the hemodynamics, but lignocaine with adrenaline caused a transient increase in arterial pressure and heart rate 2min following the administration. It was also observed that more blood was lost following chloroprocaine administration than with lignocaine. Chloroprocaine has a rapid onset of action and short duration of action with minimal effects on the hemodynamic changes than lignocaine. Considering the fact that it is a safe drug with no effects of the cardiovascular system it can be advocated that Chloroprocaine can be used as an effective local anesthetic agent for performing oral and maxillofacial surgical interventions of short duration.

Validated Simultaneous Derivative Spectrophotometric Estimation of Diflunisal and Lignocaine in Bulk and Pharmaceutical Formulation

Two simple, sensitive, accurate and precise spectrophotometric methods were developed and validated for the quantitative determination of Diflunisal (DIF) and Lignocaine (LIG) in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form. Method A is based on the first-order derivative (D1), and Method B is based on the second-order derivative (D2) spectrophotometric method. In Method A, absorbance was measured at 224nm and 264nm being the zero crossing points for DIF and LIG, respectively. In Method B, absorbance was measured at 232nm and 273nm being the zero crossing points for DIF and LIG, respectively. For Method A, the two drugs obeyed Beer's law in the concentration range of 3-39µg/ml for DIF and 4-40 µg/ml for LIG with correlation coefficients 0.999 and 0.995, respectively. For Method B, the two drugs obeyed Beer’s law in the concentration range of 3-30µg/ml for DIF and 4-48µg/ml for LIG with correlation coefficients 0.998 and 0.996, respectively. Both methods can be used for routine analysis of these two drugs in their pharmaceutical dosage form. Results for analysis of both methods were tested and validated for various parameters according to ICH guidelines. &#x0D; Keywords: Derivative, Diflunisal, Lignocaine, first order, second order