License Prices Research Articles

ОБЗОР ПОДХОДОВ И МЕТОДОВ ОЦЕНКИ СТОИМОСТИ ТЕХНОЛОГИЙ В РАМКАХ ПРОЦЕССА ЛИЦЕНЗИРОВАНИЯ ТЕХНОЛОГИЙ

The article presents an overview of existing methods for assessing innovative projects in international practice. A study of approaches and methods for assessing technologies within the li-censing process is conducted taking into account current market mechanisms. A conclusion is made on the need to create a universal methodology that allows assessing the cost of technology taking into ac-count such factors as the payback of technology creation activities, the regional component for determin-ing the license price, the payback of technology taking into account the cost of the license, and the li-censing strategy.

Prediction of Car License Auction Price in Guangzhou: Application of the Time-series Decomposition Model, the Holt-Winters Exponential Smoothing Model and the SARIMA Model

This paper aims to predict car license auction prices in Guangzhou and provide useful references on the car license auction prices for the potential participants. Nowadays, China is experiencing the development of urbanization and the economy. Conflict occurs between the increasing population and the limitation of urban spatial resources, which boosts the demand for the expansion of traffic infrastructures. As one of the solutions to relieve the congestion, the car license held by Guangzhou is known as a way to reduce the congestion and provides opportunities for the residents to attain car licenses at the level of prices that they are willing to offer. The Time-series Decomposition Model, the Holt-Winters Exponential Smoothing model (the Holt-Winters model), and the Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average model (SARIMA) are employed as tools in data prediction based on the time series data of the car license prices in Guangzhou from January 2013 to December 2021, and predictions are made on the prices on a monthly basis in the year 2022. By describing the features of estimated prices and comparing the MAPE (Mean Absolute Percent Error) from the three models, SARIMA shall be taken as a better model than the Holt-Winters model and the time-series decomposition model with a smaller value of MAPE and a more accurate prediction in the trend of price changing.

Analysis of the Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Autodesk Revit for the Dean Building of the Faculty of Education, Universitas Negeri Semarang

Abstract. Building Information Modeling (BIM) as a supporting software of the fourth phase of the industrial revolution in Indonesia in the construction sector is a digital technology mode to increase the efficiency and accuracy of construction work to avoid mistakes during the planning to the implementation period. This study uses the Autodesk Revit application to provide the output of working drawings, 3D modeling, and calculate the volume and cost of work carried out in the Dean building of the Faculty of Education, Universitas Negeri Semarang. The purpose of this study is to determine the advantages and disadvantages of using Autodesk Revit for planning the Dean building of the Faculty of Education, Universitas Negeri Semarang. The results of this study are the advantages of using Autodesk Revit for building modeling, including providing convenience with design integration in one application, and avoiding crashes between designs. Autodesk Revit also has weaknesses, such as the need for high hardware specifications on the device, high license prices, the application it is necessary to create a new material family according to the design and size required, Autodesk Revit cannot calculate the preparatory work because the calculation of the volume and cost of Autodesk Revit work is limited to data input.

Non‐resident college student hunting license regulations in the United States

AbstractA decades‐long decline in hunting participation jeopardizes state wildlife agency funding amid growing conservation and management challenges. College students are being recognized by states and non‐governmental organizations as an important population for hunter recruitment and retention, fueling a proliferation of learn‐to‐hunt programs on college campuses. Nearly 3,000,000 students attend college in a state where they are not a resident and may face constraints to hunting. We analyzed hunting license residency statutes in each state to determine whether non‐resident college students were addressed in statutes or policies, catalog statutory provisions that may exclude populations of students from hunting, and document how students' residency status affects the price of a deer and small game license. Nationwide, 29 states have statutes allowing non‐resident college students to hunt at a resident rate. Among these states, we identified a patchwork of statutory requirements for non‐resident students to be eligible for resident‐rate licenses, including waiting periods, age restrictions, credit restrictions, and unclear or onerous purchasing procedures. Non‐resident college students fell into a gray area of licensing policy in the 21 states without statutes addressing this group. In these states, students often needed to pay non‐resident hunting license rates. Hunting licenses were substantially more expensive for non‐resident college students in states without statutes addressing students, and license sales data from Montana, USA, indicated that high license prices are a constraint for student hunters. With college students becoming a focal point for hunter recruitment efforts, we identify statutory constraints to recruiting and retaining hunters on college campuses and help improve the effectiveness of learn‐to‐hunt programs on college campuses.

Impact of Competition from Open Source Software on Proprietary Software

The number and impact of open source projects is increasing. We examine the impact of competition from open source software (OSS) on proprietary software providers by analyzing three cases: (i) proprietary software as a monopoly, (ii) mixed duopoly competition between proprietary software provider and OSS, and (i) duopoly competition between two proprietary software providers. We use an analytical model to capture two important features of OSS: (i) its zero licensing price and (ii) its lower usability in comparison with proprietary software. Prior studies have shown that competition from OSS causes the proprietary software provider to produce software that is both lower quality and lower priced than software offered by a monopolist. In contrast, our paper shows that these results hold under certain conditions but are not always true. We find that competition from OSS can induce the proprietary software provider to increase its software quality and price relative to those of the monopolist when the proprietary software provider's cost of enhancing software quality is moderate. Surprisingly, we also find that competition from OSS can lead to a reduction in social welfare. Whereas prior research has shown this result in the context of network effects, we show that this can occur in the absence of network effects and offer a novel explanation.

New product development in micro, small, and medium-sized enterprise-based agriculture products: a valuation technology approach

The innovation from university can assist Micro, Small, and Medium-sized Enterprises (MSMEs) in growing their business. However, because the technology has not been tested, MSMEs are still hesitant to adopt it. As a result, the objective of the research is value the innovation produced by the researcher at university that can add value to MSME products and business development. We employ a technology valuation application as a decision-making tool for valuing and predicting license prices for innovative technology to be commercialized. The use of mangosteen rind powder as a natural preservative on the physicochemical characteristics of coconut sugar had a risk factor of 0.4277, with a technology class of moderate risk, and was located in the technological life cycle's growth area and the product life cycle's diffusion area. The technology license price was IDR 302,042,177 and the diffusion of new technical consumer features was a growing field of innovation. As a result, to attract late adopters, it was necessary to project a positive image of technology beneficial to their health. The study's relevance is based on the patient-oriented technology valuation system, which can anticipate the price of new technology that has the potential to be commercialized.

Critical Evaluation of the Cloud-Based Design and Manufacture

This article examines Cloud-based Design and Manufacturing from a critical standpoint (CBDM). Cloud technology has lately found its way into the realm of computer-assisted product creation. Corporations could explore substituting existing own CAD software licences with Design software as a cloud - based service as the first part of implementation. Installing a CAD program via the cloud on a carrier's server and incurring a miniscule proportion of the initial licensing price on a pay-per-use basis is definitely tempting. Furthermore, time and money-consuming software upgrades and operational issues are no longer an issue. We provide an introduction of cloud technology and the intrinsic features that drive its usage in both the business and education domains for dispersed and interactive design and production. Cloud Technology is a hotly debated Information Technology (IT) model that is expected to have a major effect on how businesses are run in the future. While cloud technology was first proposed in the late 60s, it was only recently that it became a viable part of day-to-day IT systems, thanks to the Internet's increasing prevalence and other modern improvements in information communication technology (ICT).

Valuation and pricing of software licenses to support supplier–buyer negotiations: A case study in the automotive industry

Licensed standard software can be replicated millions of times at near zero cost for the supplier and poses immense challenges for purchasing and cost managers. A model is introduced to evaluate the appropriateness of software prices and thus to support the negotiation and decision process regarding suppliers. The model determines the “value to customer” of a software product using conjoint analysis and converts that value into a theoretical license price. In a case study coming from a large Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) it is shown that the developed conjoint model can successfully be used in practice and suggests realistic purchase prices.

More Rights, Less Income?: An Economic Analysis of the New Copyright Law in Germany

We investigate the conflict between authors and their publishers that may result from a copyright system that allows authors to transfer copyrights to an additional publisher. A two-period bargaining model analyzes effects of competition, time preferences, and bargaining power on license prices, publisher investments, and authors' lifetime incomes. We demonstrate that authors benefit from the new copyright system if new publishers continue the distribution of their orphaned works. Authors do not necessarily benefit if exclusive publishers are still exploiting licenses, because high levels of competition result in underinvestment by publishers and in internalization effects during contract negotiations.

How Do License Prices Affect Participation in Recreational Fishing? Evidence from Pennsylvania

ABSTRACTThe long-run sustainable management of recreational fisheries in North America relies on license revenues to pay for conservation. This article examined the effect of changing license prices on purchases using time series data from Pennsylvania. I measured the effect of prices on yearly sales for three types of licenses: resident annual, nonresident annual, and 3-day tourist licenses. Results showed that demand is price inelastic for the annual licenses but slightly price elastic for the 3-day tourist license. An across-the-board increase in all license prices would not be an efficient way to increase revenues. In Pennsylvania, increasing the current price of the 3-day tourist license would likely decrease participation and revenues.

Designing Software Prototype for Digital Surface Model Extraction from Stereo Satellite Imagery Based on Rational Function Model

There are many commercial software that can be used to perform Digital Surface Model (DSM) extraction from stereo satellite imagery based on Rational Function Model (RFM), however the license price is quite expensive. Therefore, this research aims to build the new software prototype for DSM extraction from stereo satellite imagery based on RFM, by using free development tool and integrating various components or libraries that are non-commercial (free and/or open source). The method applied in the software prototype consists of 3 main steps, i.e. conjugate points collection manually and automatically using image matching with RFM based Cross Correlation method, Forward RFM based Virtual Intersection to perform 3D reconstruction of conjugate points, and interpolate data conjugate points with Ordinary Kriging method to establish DSM in the raster format. Stereo satellite imagery of WorldView-2 which is equipped with Rational Polynomial Coefficients (RPCs) from the vendor was applied to verify the DSM accuracy that obtained from the software prototype. Based on RFM formed from the RPCs can be obtained DSM with accuracy of 2.47639575534581 meters in planimetry (CE90) and 4.21487430387638 meters in height (LE90).

Integrated home video content procurement and distribution planning under uncertainty

In home video supply chains, movie makers as content producers create the most value in the movie industry but they are unable to publish and distribute their videos in an efficient while effective manner. Therefore, they usually sell their videos’ licenses to home video enterprises (HVEs) that have expertise in advertising and distributing the procured videos to the market. This paper proposes a novel integrated model for content procurement and distribution planning within the context of home video supply chains. The developed model helps HVEs to determine buying which available videos are more profitable and how to distribute them in terms of distribution timing and quantities. It also determines videos’ license prices, which is certainly one of the most important concerns of HVEs in this context. According to deep uncertainty in videos’ demands, fluctuation in audiences’ expectations and diverse qualities in the content of procured videos, the critical parameters are tainted with epistemic uncertainty and therefore are formulated though possibility distributions in the form of triangular fuzzy numbers. An efficient possibilistic programming approach is tailored to convert the original possibilistic model into the crisp counterpart. Applicability of the proposed model is validated through an illustrative example from which useful managerial insights are also provided.

Scientific disclosure and commercialization mode selection for university technology transfer

Much previous research has explored university–industry technology transfer, but few researchers have examined the more comprehensive technology transfer process from faculty to firm. This paper focuses on faculty’s decisions on invention disclosure and selection of the mode of commercialization, and it aims to fill this gap through developing game models involving faculty, university, and firm. The results reveal a series of specific conditions for each commercialization mode, indicating that faculty’s share of licensing revenue and non-economic benefit have a positive impact on invention disclosure and the amount of effort expended by faculty, while increasing licensing price, decreasing the invention disclosure rate, and not necessarily increasing the investment by the firm. The empirical evidence supports our theory and renders a practical interpretation in the context of the 35 Chinese universities with the most patent applications. Finally, this paper provides new insights for faculty, university, and firm, as well as implications for policy-makers.

Sequential Licensing and Input Price Discrimination

Sequential Licensing and Input Price Discrimination

Defining methodology for selecting most appropriate GIS software

Selecting the most appropriate software package for project purposes and developing GIS systems up to establishing spatial data infrastructure, is one of main efforts in project preparation and commencement phases. Correct selection means the right way for developing a dataset and data infrastructure, lower costs for software purchasing and maintenance, reducing budgets for data development and updating systems, harmonisation of data at national and regional level, the use of latest information technology, adopting applications with the available system and hardware requirements of the technology of the organisation, and getting better support from software providers and developers, etc. The objective of this paper is to introduce the methodology utilised for selecting the most appropriate GIS software for developing a GIS application about one year ago. All data in the eight tables represent are real data, which compare eight different software packages. Names of software are not given in this paper, to avoid any conflict of interest and indirect positive/negative marketing of software which were used in our research. The methodology for the analyses contains eight tables, with eight different topics which are directly related to cost benefit analyses, types of software support by providers and developers, difficulties in developing, using and upgrading GIS applications, system and hardware requirements, and development languages. From the analyses performed, data in three tables (system requirements, hardware specification and development languages) did not show significant differences between different GIS software, so they were excluded from further analysis to select the most appropriate GIS software. Therefore another five criteria have been used as reference data with these variables and weights: server license price with five year regular upgrade 40%, desktop price with five year regular upgrade 15%, application development price 25%, support 10% and running/development difficulties 10%. Owing to large differences in price, the main challenge in the analyses was selecting between commercial software and free and open source software (FOSS). Apart from very big differences in price for the software licenses (from 249 250€ to 0€), one commercial software package scored 64 points, while both FOSS scored 66 points. This result shows very clearly that while FOSS is software is free, the difficulties for application development and infrastructure support are greater than for commercial software. The methodology defined in this paper should be taken into consideration as a basic platform for selecting the most appropriate GIS software for project purposes. Based on specific requirements of GIS projects, this line of analyses should be extended, in order to fulfil the project specifications and expectations.

Hunting Issues in Contemporary Society: Perspectives of Resident Hunters in Montana (USA)

Hunting is a popular recreational activity in many rural regions of the United States. There is a need for information about individuals who hunt, including their attitudes and perceptions of the activity. The objective of this research was to identify issues affecting hunters in modern society. This study took a qualitative approach to data collection and examined hunting issues in Montana. Data were gathered from a mail survey that used open-ended questions. The survey was sent to a random sample of resident elk hunters. Responses revealed five central concerns of hunters in Montana. These included the presence of wolves on the landscape, the commercialization of wildlife, nonresident hunters, high license prices, and motorized vehicles and the hunting experience. The findings of this study enhance our understanding of hunting issues in contemporary society.

The Montana deer and Elk hunting population: The importance of cohort group, license price, and population demographics on hunter retention, recruitment, and population change

ABSTRACTBig‐game hunting is a valuable resource for outdoor recreation opportunities, an economic driver for state and local economies, and the primary mechanism for funding game and non‐game wildlife management. However, hunting license sales are declining, leading many state wildlife management agencies to re‐evaluate funding and management structures. Understanding the mechanisms behind such declines, and diagnosing the persistence of such trends is necessary to anticipate license fund fluctuations. To examine hunter recruitment and retention rates, we analyzed a data set of >490,000 deer and elk license records from 2002 to 2011 from the Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks' Automated Licensing System. We used a temporal symmetry model in a mark–recapture framework to estimate hunter retention, recruitment rates, and population change, and then used population change estimates to forecast future hunter populations. We used covariates of gender, age, residency, and license price to improve model parsimony. Millennial generation hunters increased during the 11‐year analysis, and this was driven by high recruitment rates of young hunters, especially women, but recruitment decreased dramatically as youth aged. Because Baby Boomers constitute such a large proportion of the hunting population, decreases in recruitment and retention in this cohort drove declines in the Montana hunter population. Increasing license price decreased the probability of recruiting and retaining hunters. The hunter population was stable until 2006, but has been declining since that time with nearly a 50% decline in hunter recruitment from 2002 to 2011. © 2014 The Wildlife Society.

Telecom License Fees & Risks in Sub-Saharan Africa: Towards Better Licensing Policies

Disparities in telecom license fees between countries might lead to skepticism of investors about the “real” value of a license and to reluctance to apply for those. This paper introduces a preliminary study on the relationship between license prices and host country environment in the African mobile sector. It is based on an original database that includes all mobile licenses acquisitions by the twelve biggest multinational operators that have invested in sub-Saharan Africa over the period 2000-2010. First part of the paper proposes a detailed classification of host country characteristics & risks faced by an operator investing in a telecom asset in an African country, raising the awareness of the challenges facing African mobile operators. Second part includes a preliminary quantitative analysis on the correlation between license fees and host country environment, as well as a factor analysis identifying the most significant variables. Last part reminds it is necessary to have relevant license prices, so that investments amounts better reflect the characteristics and risks faced by investors on this continent. The paper highlights the importance of an accurate valuation of licenses as well as policy process in the promotion of further telecommunications investment on the continent.

ON THE MANAGEMENT OF INTERCONNECTED WILDLIFE POPULATIONS

Abstract Economic interdependency of wildlife or fish stocks is usually attributed to ecological interdependency, such as predator–prey and competitive relationships, or to density‐dependent migration of species between different areas. This paper provides another channel for economic interdependency of wildlife where density‐independent migration and market price interaction affect the management strategies among different landowners. Management is studied under three market conditions for selling hunting licenses: price taking behavior, monopoly market, and duopoly market. Harvesting of the Scandinavian moose is used as an example. The paper provides several results on how economic interdependency works through the migration pattern. When a duopoly market is introduced, hunting license price interaction among the landowners plays an additional role in determining the optimal harvesting strategy.

Open versus Sealed-Bid Auctions: Testing for Revenue Equivalence under Singapore's Vehicle Quota System

Using data from the auction of vehicle quota licenses in Singapore, we study if revenue equivalence holds when the auction format was switched from a sealed-bid format (May 1990 to June 2001) to an open bidding format since July 2001. Our econometric analysis indicates the change in auction format led to a change in bidding behavior. On average, the quota license premium under the open bidding format is about US$1,000 (about 7.5% of the Category E license price in June 2001) lower, compared to the forecast level that would have prevailed if there had been no change in the auction format.