Licensing Models Research Articles

DIGITAL TWIN 3D PLATFORM FOR COLLABORATIVE REPRESENTATION AND EDITING OF IFC DOCUMENTS APPLIED TO THE BIM METHODOLOGY

Abstract. Currently , the Architecture, Engineering, Construction (AEC) sector lacks tools for digitization, being forced to resort to proprietary software and closed file formats with complex and highly expensive licensing models. Thus, new opportunities arise for the creation of tools, resources and knowledge that promote the renewal and impetus of the entire sector. Most of the sector’s R&D activities are not only directed to the development of digital tools, but also to develop and provide the methodological bases of standardization, organization, and management of information necessary for the implementation of the BIM and Digital Twin methodology in Portugal, applied to the construction and asset management of buildings and infrastructures. In the present work, the described solution is a cross-platform web application that has all base requirements of a standard BIM platform, plus georeferencing of IFC documents using orthophoto maps and free access to base cartography available globally. All components of the solution were developed using open source technologies and universal free access. The contributions of this work will also serve to improve the set of tools and solutions available to the community. The developed platform will be available openly to all companies that want to engage in the BIM community and ought to actively participate in and foster the development, improvement, and promotion of this platform within the AEC sector.

Verification of GOTHIC Multivolume Containment Model during NPP Krško DBA LOCA

New containment multivolume model of NPP Krsko for GOTHIC code is developed. It is based on plant drawings and other available data. It is supported by developed SketchUp 3D containment model. The model is subdivided in volumes following physical boundaries and clearly defined flow paths. All important concrete heat structures are taken into account. Metal heat structures are based on plant’s SAR Chapter 6 licensing model. RCFC (Reactor Containment Fan Cooler) units are explicitly modelled as well as all main ventilation ducts. The model includes two trains of containment spray system. PARs (Passive Autocatalytic Recombiner) and PCFV (Passive Containment Filter Venting) filters added during plant safety upgrade project are part of the model too. It was intention to use model for both DBA (Design Basis Accident) and for DEC (Design Extended Conditions) and BDBA (Beyond Design Basis Accident) calculations. Based on the same discretization and data, and on experience acquired during GOTHIC model development and use, containment models for MELCOR and MAAP integral codes are developed too. As part of initial verification of the GOTHIC model containment DBA LOCA calculation is performed using SAR MER (Mass and Energy Release) data. The influence of different break positions on peak containment atmosphere pressure and temperature was studied. The results were compared against results obtained in single volume containment licensing model. Beside local effects due to different containment subdivision similar results are obtained when comparing containment dome from multivolume and the single volume in licensing model. Special attention was paid to distribution of water in lower part of the containment during recirculation phase. In this case much more valuable information are obtained in multivolume model with explicit volumes for main sump, recirculation sump and sump pit. Another point of interest was influence of containment spray duration on long term pressure and temperature behaviour. The intention was to study consistency of assumed different spray operation times used in safety analyses, EQ analyses and SAMGs and related consequences for plant operation during DBA LOCA.

Legal Politics of Party Simplification in Indonesia: A Study Based on the Political Party Regulatory Model

Although the idea of simplifying the party system is a noble endeavour, the choice of legal politics for simplifying political parties must be democratic and adhere to the model of structuring political parties with the right regulatory model. Therefore, this paper aims to identify the nature of political law and regulatory models for the simplification of the party system applied in Indonesia. This research is normative legal research which focuses on the study of statutory regulations and doctrines, while the research is descriptive-exploratory with statutory and conceptual approaches. The data used are secondary data consisting of primary and secondary legal materials. The data obtained were processed and analyzed qualitatively, comprehensively, and completely. Based on the identification results, the idea of a political direction for simplifying the party system in Indonesia began in the general election period of 2004, 2009, and 2014 through changes to the law on political parties and general elections. But unfortunately, the simplification of the party system and the law has not been able to be directed at a simple party system consisting of 3-5 political parties, besides that the simplification of the party system has also not been focused on simplifying the party system participating in the General election. Every shift in legal politics from the simplification of the party system during the general election shows the democratic nature of legal politics and adopts a simplified legal model from the party system prescription model, the licensing model, the promotion model, and the protection model.

Scholarly open access journals in medicine: A bibliometric study of DOAJ

This study aims to present a quantitative analysis of open access (OA) journals in the field of medicine indexed in the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ). The bibliographic data for this study was extracted from DOAJ and inserted into an Excel sheet for analysis. The retrieved data was analyzed by using different quantitative techniques to disclose the findings. The findings disclosed that 3627 OA journals related to the field of medicine are indexed in DOAJ, which represents a substantial increase from just 8 in 2002. Moreover, most of the medical journals (n = 1874 or 51.7%) do not charge any Author Processing Charges (APC) from the authors. The United Kingdom leads the world with 878 (24%) open access journal titles, whereas English is the top language of publication with 3149 (86.8%) OA journals in medicine. Elsevier is the leading publisher with 236 (6.5%) journal titles. A majority of the journals (n = 1595 or 44%) follow a double blind, peer-review process. About 2046 (56.4%) journals publish their contents under the Creative Commons (CC BY) licensing model to enable access and use of scholarly content for educational purposes.

SaaS or not: optimal versioning strategy of releasing enterprise software

PurposeWith the rapid development of cloud computing, most software firms face the significant choice of whether they should change the versioning strategy of enterprise software from releasing the on-premise version to the software-as-a-service (SaaS) version. Data being generated and hosted on SaaS vendors' servers brings multiple effects. It enables customers to enjoy the flexibility of accessing data and using the software remotely, named the “portability” effect. However, on the other hand, the cumulative data resources on the cloud also provide a clear target for external attacks, leading to the concern of information security. Considering these, the authors hope to offer insights for software firms by exploring the strategy selection problem.Design/methodology/approachTaking the portability effect and security risks of the SaaS licensing model into account, the authors develop a two-period model to figure out the market segmentation and identify the feasible conditions for employing three alternative strategies. Comparative statics analyses are conducted to explore the influencing mechanism of exogenous factors on strategy selection. The authors also discuss the strategy selection in the presence of the network effect and the security loss faced by users of on-premise software.FindingsOne significant finding is that the on-premise strategy can be excluded when the potential loss from security risks is small. Under this circumstance, the dual version strategy is optimal provided that the increase of customer valuation caused by portability effect is below a threshold. Otherwise, the SaaS strategy generates the highest profit. When the potential loss from security risks turns large, the on-premise strategy, the dual version strategy and the SaaS strategy are the optimal options in order as the portability effect on customer valuation gets stronger.Originality/valuePrevious literature has insufficiently addressed the versioning issue of enterprise software. In this paper, the distinctive features of the SaaS model are considered, and differentiated results compared with previous work are obtained. The research results provide guidelines for software firms in deciding their product releases in the future.

ATRI EDC: a novel cloud-native remote data capture system for large multicenter Alzheimer's disease and Alzheimer's disease-related dementias clinical trails.

ObjectiveThe Alzheimer’s Therapeutic Research Institute (ATRI) developed a novel clinical data management system, the ATRI electronic data capture system (ATRI EDC), to address the complex regulatory, operational, and data requirements that arise in the conduct of multicenter Alzheimer’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease-related dementias (AD/ADRDs) clinical trials. We describe the system, its utility, and the broader implications for the field of clinical trials and clinical research informatics.Materials and MethodsThe ATRI EDC system was developed, tested, and validated using community-based agile software development methods and cloud-native single-page application design principles. It offers an increasing number of application modules, supports a high degree of study-specific configuration, and empowers study teams to effectively communicate and collaborate on the accurate and timely completion of study activities.ResultsTo date, the ATRI EDC system supports 10 clinical studies, collecting study data for 4596 participants. Three case descriptions further illustrate how the system’s capabilities support diverse study-specific requirements.DiscussionThe ATRI EDC system has several advantages: its modular capabilities can accommodate rapidly evolving research designs and technologies; its community-based agile development approach and community-friendly licensing model encourage collaboration per the principles of open science; finally, with continued development and community building efforts, the system has the potential to facilitate the effective conduct of clinical studies beyond the field of AD/ADRD.ConclusionBy effectively addressing the requirements of multicenter AD/ADRD studies, the ATRI EDC system supports ATRI’s scientific mission of rigorously testing new AD/ADRD therapies and facilitating the effective conduct of multicenter clinical studies.

Сучасні моделі монетизації бізнесу в умовах цифровізації економіки

The purpose of the article is to study the models of forming of business income (monetization models) as a subsystem component of the overall business model of the company through a logical relationship: «business monetization model – business model of the company – global business ecosystem» to substantiate the most effective models in modern conditions of strengthening digitalization of economic development. The article visualizes the mechanism for forming the e-business strategy «from data analysis to strategy», that is, generalized, structured and in a certain way systematized data be of value – i. e., the knowledge that a company can use in developing its business strategy. The methodology for forming a business model of a company is analyzed on the basis of 4 key components: «Who? – What? – How? – Why?». The article provides a detailed analysis of monetization models for digital business (online format) in terms of their implementation, as well as generalized characterizations of each model; the key advantages and disadvantages of their implementation are distinguished. Attention is paid to the following monetization models: transactional income model (or production model of business monetization); markup model; advertising model; licensing model; arbitration model; commission (partnership/affiliate) monetization model; model of open innovation; model of «income from the sale of services»; subscription model (Freemium/Premium), as well as to the innovative and creative business models of companies and, in particular, their monetization models such as: Experience Selling model; model of additional services (Add-on Model); Aikido Model; Flat Rate Model, and Razor & Blade Model.

A Market-Based Approach to Facilitate the Organizational Adoption of Software Component Reuse Strategies

Despite the theoretical benefits of software component reuse (and the abundance of component-based software development on the vendor side), the adoption of component reuse strategies at the organizational level (on the client side) remains low in practice. According to research, the main barrier to advancing component-based reuse strategies into a robust industrial process is coordination failure between software producers and their customers, which result in high acquisition costs for customers. We introduce a component reuse licensing model and combine it with a dynamic price discovery mechanism to better coordinate producers’ capabilities and customer needs. Using an economic experiment with 28 IT professionals, we investigate the extent to which organizations may be able to leverage component reuse for performance improvements. Our findings suggest that implementing component reuse can assist organizations in addressing the issue of coordination failure with software producers while also lowering acquisition costs. We argue that similar designs can be deployed in practice and deliver benefits to software development in organizations and the software industry.

TRIPS to Where? A Narrative Review of the Empirical Literature on Intellectual Property Licensing Models to Promote Global Diffusion of Essential Medicines.

Governed through the World Trade Organization Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) since 1995, the current medical R&D system requires significant trade-offs between innovation and high monopoly prices for patented drugs that restrict patient access to medicines. Since its implementation, few amendments have been made to the original TRIPS agreement to allow low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) to facilitate access by generic manufacturers through flexible provisions, such as compulsory licensing and parallel import. Although a useful policy tool in theory, the routine use of TRIPS flexibilities in LMICs in the procurement of new essential medicines (EMs) is regarded as a ‘last resort’ due to strong political response in high-income countries (HICs) and new trade agreements’ restrictions. In this context, access-oriented biomedical Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) have emerged. More recently, leading multilateral health organizations have recommended different types of intellectual property (IP) interventions, voluntary biomedical patent pools, as strategies to reduce prices and increase the diffusion of novel EMs in LMICs. Nevertheless, the recent Ebola and COVID-19 outbreaks highlight growing concerns regarding the use of TRIPS flexibilities and the limited success of voluntary mechanisms in promoting access to medicines in the Global South amidst health crises. This review aims at describing the state-of-the-art empirical research on IP-related options and voluntary mechanisms applied by emerging PPPs to guarantee timely and affordable access to EM in LMICs and reflect on both models as access paradigms. Some suggestions are put forward for future research paths on the basis of these analyses and in response to contemporary debates on waiving key IP rights on COVID-19 therapies, diagnostics, and vaccines.

Academic Library Video Services: Charting a Post-COVID Course

The vast majority of academic libraries offer streaming video services to support teaching and research, and demand for this already popular format from faculty and students increased when libraries closed their physical locations during the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite its popularity, many users are unfamiliar with copyright and terms of use for video content. Use of streaming video is further complicated by its availability on a variety of platforms using different licensing models. This case study shows how the Penn State University Libraries (PSUL) helped librarians, faculty, and students navigate access to video content for remote instruction during the pandemic. The examples of training library staff, educating faculty and students, and streamlining internal processes can be adapted by all academic libraries to provide greater access to video content. Demand for streaming video will continue even when libraries return to full in-person operations, so these approaches will continue to be relevant.

Open-source Software Sustainability Models: Initial White Paper From the Informatics Technology for Cancer Research Sustainability and Industry Partnership Working Group.

BackgroundThe National Cancer Institute Informatics Technology for Cancer Research (ITCR) program provides a series of funding mechanisms to create an ecosystem of open-source software (OSS) that serves the needs of cancer research. As the ITCR ecosystem substantially grows, it faces the challenge of the long-term sustainability of the software being developed by ITCR grantees. To address this challenge, the ITCR sustainability and industry partnership working group (SIP-WG) was convened in 2019.ObjectiveThe charter of the SIP-WG is to investigate options to enhance the long-term sustainability of the OSS being developed by ITCR, in part by developing a collection of business model archetypes that can serve as sustainability plans for ITCR OSS development initiatives. The working group assembled models from the ITCR program, from other studies, and from the engagement of its extensive network of relationships with other organizations (eg, Chan Zuckerberg Initiative, Open Source Initiative, and Software Sustainability Institute) in support of this objective.MethodsThis paper reviews the existing sustainability models and describes 10 OSS use cases disseminated by the SIP-WG and others, including 3D Slicer, Bioconductor, Cytoscape, Globus, i2b2 (Informatics for Integrating Biology and the Bedside) and tranSMART, Insight Toolkit, Linux, Observational Health Data Sciences and Informatics tools, R, and REDCap (Research Electronic Data Capture), in 10 sustainability aspects: governance, documentation, code quality, support, ecosystem collaboration, security, legal, finance, marketing, and dependency hygiene.ResultsInformation available to the public reveals that all 10 OSS have effective governance, comprehensive documentation, high code quality, reliable dependency hygiene, strong user and developer support, and active marketing. These OSS include a variety of licensing models (eg, general public license version 2, general public license version 3, Berkeley Software Distribution, and Apache 3) and financial models (eg, federal research funding, industry and membership support, and commercial support). However, detailed information on ecosystem collaboration and security is not publicly provided by most OSS.ConclusionsWe recommend 6 essential attributes for research software: alignment with unmet scientific needs, a dedicated development team, a vibrant user community, a feasible licensing model, a sustainable financial model, and effective product management. We also stress important actions to be considered in future ITCR activities that involve the discussion of the sustainability and licensing models for ITCR OSS, the establishment of a central library, the allocation of consulting resources to code quality control, ecosystem collaboration, security, and dependency hygiene.

Optimal versioning strategy of enterprise software considering the customer cost-acceptance level

PurposeThe emergence of the Software-as-a-service (SaaS) licensing model dramatically changes how enterprise software is released. Especially, it is favored by small and medium enterprises (SMEs) because of the cost-friendly feature. In contrast, many large enterprises (LEs) own relatively abundant budgets and prefer the on-premise software to fulfill demands through customization. Considering the differentiated cost-acceptance level among customers, this study aims to address the versioning problem of the enterprise software faced by software firms.Design/methodology/approachA two-point distribution model is formulated to calculate the maximal profits software firm earned from both LEs and SMEs under three strategies (On-premise, SaaS and Hybrid). Then through profit comparison, this paper obtains the optimal versioning strategy and corresponding feasible conditions. Finally, the optimal solutions are derived concerning social welfare.FindingsA significant finding is that moving to SaaS becomes necessary for the software firms in product releases since the on-premise strategy will not be optimal. Based on this, this paper discovers that when LEs own a cost-acceptance level close to that of SMEs, the hybrid strategy is the only optimal choice. When LEs become less sensitive to costs, the hybrid strategy is suggested if the customization cost falls below the threshold. Otherwise, the SaaS strategy becomes the optimal option. The conclusions explain why some software vendors transit to “cloud companies” thoroughly and provide practical insights for software firms’ future decisions.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, this paper is the first information economics study to consider consumer cost sensitivity in discussing enterprise software versioning. The differentiated cost-acceptance level is introduced to describe the customer utilities, and the results uncover the necessity of moving to SaaS under diversified customer composition. This work provides significant theoretical value and practical insights.

Automatic Number Plate Recognition System using Connected Component Analysis and Convolutional Neural Network

Technology is becoming constantly important for customers. Automatic number plate Recognition (ANPR) is a device which enables the identification of a number plate in real time. For an intelligent car service, ANPR helps to promote growth, customize the classic app and increase consumer and employee productivity. Within the specification, the principal function of ANPR lies of removing the characteristics from an illustration of a license plate. An application that enables customers to display automobile repairs through the license platform number only derived from a loaded picture is augmented by a smart car service. Technological progress is that, so it is thought that improvement is important in this region too, so the best choice for automotive services is a smart car company. This work proposed a methodology to detect the numbers from car license plate using convolutional neural network. In the preprocessing of photographs on license plates, the WLS and FFT filters were included. The images are then fed into the convolutional trainings neural network. On more plates and tests is reported during the testing. Therefore, the findings indicate that the proposed solution can be taken in less time from the license model to accurately identify the characters. The experimental result shows the significance of proposed research by achieving an accuracy of 98% for the localization and true recognition of license plates from the video frames.

Ontario as a case study for modernizing Home Child Care licensing and support

AbstractIn this study we demonstrate why oversight and monitoring of the home child care (HCC) sector deserves more scrutiny and policy attention in Canada. Focusing on Ontario as a key case given its population and particular licensing model, we propose a model of licensing which would bring HCC in line with requirements in child care centres and ensure all HCC providers are licensed and monitored. Recognizing that licensing alone does not guarantee quality child care, we propose a system of program supports to accompany licensing. Finally, we estimate the costs associated with implementing our proposal and demonstrate that on a per provider/child basis our model is much more cost effective and equitable than the current system.

Democratizing ownership and participation in the 4th Industrial Revolution: challenges and opportunities in cellular agriculture

The emergence of the “4th Industrial Revolution,” i.e. the convergence of artificial intelligence, the Internet of Things, advanced materials, and bioengineering technologies, could accelerate socioeconomic insecurities and anxieties or provide beneficial alternatives to the status quo. In the post-Covid-19 era, the entities that are best positioned to capitalize on these innovations are large firms, which use digital platforms and big data to orchestrate vast ecosystems of users and extract market share across industry sectors. Nonetheless, these technologies also have the potential to democratize ownership, broaden political-economic participation, and reduce environmental harms. We articulate the potential sociotechnical pathways in this high-stakes crossroads by analyzing cellular agriculture, an exemplary 4th Industrial Revolution technology that synergizes computer science, biopharma, tissue engineering, and food science to grow cultured meat, dairy, and egg products from cultured cells and/or genetically modified yeast. Our exploration of this space involved multi-sited ethnographic research in both (a) the cellular agriculture community and (b) alternative economic organizations devoted to open source licensing, member-owned cooperatives, social financing, and platform business models. Upon discussing how these latter approaches could potentially facilitate alternative sociotechnical pathways in cellular agriculture, we reflect upon the broader implications of this work with respect to the 4th Industrial Revolution and the enduring need for public policy reform.

Forecasting Technology Trends through the Gap Between Science and Technology: The Case of Software as an E-Commerce Service

Identifying technology trends can be a key success factor for companies to be competitive and take advantage of technological trends before they occur. The companies always work to plan for future products and services. For that, it is important to turn to methods that are used for technology forecasting. These tools help the companies to define potential markets for innovative new products and services. This paper uses text mining techniques along with expert judgment to detect and analyze the near-term technology evolution trends in a Software as a Service (SaaS) case study. The longer-term technology development trend in this case is forecasted by analyzing the gaps between science and technology. This paper contributes to the technology forecasting methodology and will be of interest to those in SaaS technology. Our findings reveal five trends in the technology: 1) virtual networking, 2) the hybrid cloud, 3) modeling methodologies, 4) mobile applications, and 5) web applications. Among the results achieved, we can summarize the interesting ones as follows: it is possible to say that traditional information systems are now evolving into online information systems. On the other hand, the use of a licensing model based on subscriptions triggers the change in perpetual licensing models. The product range that has evolved towards mobile technologies has put pressure on information storage technologies and has led to the search for new methods especially in the development of database systems.

End-product- vs Component-level Licensing of Standard Essential Patents in the Internet of Things Context

The appropriate level of licensing Standard Essential Patents (SEPs) in the case of a multi-tiered supply chain is among the most hotly debated issues in the SEP community and at the crux of an ongoing dispute between Nokia and Daimler. The debate centres on whether the SEP holder is (or should be) under an obligation to grant a license to any implementer, including component makers, or whether the SEP holder is (or should be) free to only license at the end-product level. After examining the various arguments raised in favour of and against each licensing model, we consider there are strong policy reasons to promote component-level licensing in the context of the Internet of Things. Component-level licensing is more likely to reduce transaction costs and spur downstream innovation of implementers, while preserving the SEP holders’ incentives to innovate. At a positive level, we examine whether a SEP holder that has given a FRAND commitment to a standardization body may be under an obligation under contract law or EU competition rules to grant a license to component suppliers. We consider that, properly interpreted, ETSI’s IPR Policy obliges SEP holders to license any implementer that seeks such license, regardless of the latter’s position in a supply chain. Assuming that the SEP owner holds a dominant position per Article 102 TFEU, it is argued then a similar conclusion can be reached on the basis of EU competition law.

A Model of Occupational Licensing and Statistical Discrimination

We develop a model of statistical discrimination in occupational licensing with endogenous occupation selection and wage determination. We find a unique equilibrium with sharp comparative statics. Our key theoretical result is that the licensing premium is higher for workers who are members of demographic groups that face a higher cost of licensing. The predictions of the model can explain, for example, the empirical finding in the literature that occupational licenses that preclude felons close the racial wage gap among men by conferring a higher premium to Black men than to White men (Blair and Chung 2018).

Darkness, Datafication, and Provenance as an Illuminating Methodology

Darkness, Datafication, and Provenance as an Illuminating Methodology

Models for licensing the purchase of firearms by individuals

This article examines the theoretical grounds for handgun purchase authorization within the framework of the administrative licensing procedure. The author substantiates the relevance of this topic and its direct impact upon public safety. Analysis is conducted on the current licensing models for the purchase of firearm by citizens in the Russian Federation and its key characteristics. The author carries out a comparative analysis of licensing models for handgun purchase in Russia and certain foreign countries, as well as reveals their merits and shortcomings. The main research method is the systemic structural approach towards the analysis of licensing the purchase of firearm by citizens as a form of public law authorization. The article substantiates the need for extending the legal framework in the structure of administrative procedure for licensing the handgun purchase by individuals the Russian Federation, balancing the private and public interests aimed at improving public safety via application of the more advanced mechanisms of administrative-legal regulation in the context of distribution of civilian firearms in society.