License Management Research Articles

Determinants of distribution channel choice for online software licence purchases: A transaction cost perspective

The objective of this paper is to test empirically a research model proposed in a previous paper, entitled ‘Determinants of distribution channel choice for online software licence purchases: A theoretical model’, which was published in the Journal of Digital Asset Management in 2008 (Vol. 4, No. 6). By casting the software distribution channel choice as a transaction cost analysis (TCA) problem, the research model that the authors proposed in that first paper aimed to uncover the reasons why, when purchasing a software licence for a product that is marketed using a ‘try-before-you-buy’ strategy, consumers would select the physical distribution channel not tied to any digital rights management (DRM) technologies (ie, CD-ROM) rather than the digital distribution channel that uses DRM technologies (ie, electronic software distribution through demo-unlock). With data collected from 224 customers of a software product, this follow-up paper shows that customers consider two transactions in the software ownership life cycle: the initial licence acquisition transaction and the licence management transaction related to software re-installations. The results also show that both transaction costs and TCA dimensions influence customers’ choice of software distribution channel.

From integrated library systems to library management services: time for change?

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to inform librarians about the advanced features of the next generation library systems called library management services. It is time to ask if and when a library should move on to the new system.Design/methodology/approachThe author looked into each new system for evaluation and analysis.FindingsThe next generation library systems include Alma from Ex Libris, Intota from Serials Solutions, Kuali OLE from the Kuali Foundation, Sierra from Innovative Interfaces, and Worldshare from OCLC. The new systems are designed with many advanced features such as electronic resources management, license management, user driven acquisitions, trial database management, statistic reporting, and more.Originality/valueA search for relevant literature from the past three years has yielded no publications or data on the evaluation and analysis of the new library systems. Therefore, the information in this article is original.

The impact of cloud computing on the future of academic library practices and services

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to discuss issues involved in navigating the modern information environment where the relevance of cloud computing is unavoidable. This is a way of shifting from the hardware and software demands of storing and organizing data, to information access concerns. That is because with the exponential growth in information sources and all accompanying complexities, the limited capacity of libraries to host their own in its entirety necessitates opting for alternatives in the cloud.Design/methodology/approachA review of current literature about the topic was performedFindingsLiterature used reveals that currently, libraries are using the cloud for putting together user resources, i.e. using Software as a Service (SaaS), such as in library catalogues, WorldCat, Googledocs, and the aggregated subject gateways like SUMMON, and others; the web Platform as a Service (PaaS) as in the use of GoogleApp Engine; or Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) as in the use of D‐Space, FEDORA, and others. The cloud is confirmed as a facilitator in storing and accessing information in addition to providing a unified web presence with reduced local storage capacity challenges.Originality/valueThe value of these findings is to remind librarians of the shift in focus towards which devices provide the easiest access to data and applications. This is one of the reasons they in many instances are currently having to address issues relating to the use of electronic media tools such as smartphones, iPad, e‐book readers, and other handheld devices. The largely borderless information resources also bring to the forefront considerations about digital rights management, fair use, information security, ownership and control of data, privacy, scholarly publishing, copyright guidance, and licensing that the librarian has to be knowledgeable about. It has become necessary for librarians who make use of commercial cloud services to be conversant with the implications on institutional data. To avert the ever present dangers and risks involving cyber‐security, it is usually practical for institutions to keep policies, procedures, fiscal, and personnel data in private clouds that have carefully crafted access permissions. Being aware of these implications enables thoughtful, adaptive planning strategies for the future of library practice and service.

On-demand software licence provisioning in grid and cloud computing

The lack of licence management schemes in distributed environments is becoming a major obstacle for the commercial adoption of grid or cloud infrastructures. In this paper, we present a complete licence management architecture that enables a pay-per-use licence management, which can be deployed together with an on-demand computing scenario. Our architecture enables authenticated access to a remote licence server. The licence management architecture can be deployed in any distributed environment. It supports existing client/server-based software licence management tools e.g. FlexNet Publisher. This allows an easy transition from current software licence business models, which support only a local licence management towards business models that support licence management in distributed environments.

Managing Digital Rights for P2P Live Broadcast and Recording on the Internet

Live broadcast over a peer-to-peer (P2P) network imposes a unique set of challenges to a digital rights management (DRM) system. Highly correlated service request arrivals at the start of a live event require peak-load provisioning if clients acquire licenses at playback time. Distributing the license management load across a P2P network requires the digital rights management system to ensure the integrity of both digital rights, the protection of client privacy and, at the same time, system scalability. In this paper we describe the requirements imposed on a digital rights management system in distributing live broadcast over a P2P network and present our design of such a system to meet the above challenges. We discuss the system's operation under a number of threat models and how to extend the system to further improve scalability and support network digital video recording (DVR). We close the paper after presenting some scalability results collected from a production P2P live broadcast network using our DRM design.

Licensed to Share: How Libraries Are Handling Electronic Journal Article Requests

This questionnaire-based study examines how libraries are now handling electronic journal (e-journal) article requests in both lending and borrowing. With an increasing number of publishers and e-journal content providers permitting interlibrary loan (ILL) sharing, and with the availability of new license management tools and services, many respondents stated that they share e-journal articles. However, problems persist. Respondents cited issues such as restrictive licenses, automatic deflection of e-journal article requests, and the lack of information from libraries about what e-journal titles they are licensed to ILL.

조종사 조종교육증명 한정심사 개선 방안에 관한 연구

An airman licensing system is central to the establishment and management of a state's airman licensing which gives official privileges to a person to perform specific activities by evaluating applicant's knowledge and proficiency. In recent decades, the level of the domestic aviation industry continues to leap forward and state's airman licensing system has also been advanced. However, accidents caused by pilot human errors are still occurring. In particular, the pilot occupations require a lot of experience and knowledge and the student pilots receiving the initial flight training have formed their own flight habits based on knowledge, skill, training methods, procedures, etc learned from the flight instructor. This paper discusses possible ways on the improvement for the domestic flight instructor rating by analyzing domestic and international rules and procedures for a flight instructor rating.

Meta‐synthetic support frameworks for reuse of government information resources on city travel and traffic

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to propose meta‐synthetic ideas and knowledge asset management approaches to build a comprehensive strategic framework for Beijing City in China.Design/methodology/approachMethods include a review of relevant literature in both English and Chinese, case studies of different types of support frameworks in the UK, the USA, Singapore and Hong Kong, formulation of a meta‐synthetic support framework for Beijing City, and justification of its application to policy development by various studies. Three stages of meta‐synthetic support frameworks are proposed.FindingsThe suggested meta‐synthetic support frameworks are highly appropriate for the optimisation of, and innovation in, management and services systems of government information resources. The proposed knowledge asset management approaches offer significant practical value in improving the competence and capabilities of service‐oriented government, providing a set of solutions to identified, urgent problems, including a joint administration system for creating value, a release and distribution management system for sharing and protecting value, and a licensing and authorisation management system for adding value.Research limitations/implicationsThis paper focuses on the formulation of a theoretical support framework for the reuse of government information resources and the justification of its effectiveness to guide policy development at strategic level. Case studies of its application at operational level are ongoing and will be discussed in future papers.Practical implicationsThe suggested meta‐synthetic support frameworks support the efficiency, effectiveness and economy of intelligent traffic administration, good governance of value‐added services based on government information resources, and intellectual activity around city travel and traffic. The study has wide implications for the improvement of service‐oriented government performance, public satisfaction and the image of government.Originality/valueThe paper presents the adaptation of meta‐synthetic ideas and knowledge asset management approaches to collaboration, optimisation, innovation and compliance management issues in the reuse of government information resources. The advantages of different types of support systems and frameworks are integrated as a coherent whole for a strategic framework of legal, regulatory and standards support to China and Beijing.

Floating License Management - Automation Using Web Technologies

This paper examines the use of distributed computing based on web services with application to floating license management. The main goal is to automate the processes pertaining to the management activities and ensure at the same time that the security and flexibility requirements are met. We present the challenges posed by these requirements, propose a design and some implementation aspects using the latest .NET development platform.

Exploring the role of human resources in technology out-licensing:an empirical analysis of biotech newtechnology-based firms

Out-licensing is a technology exploitation option to generate revenues without investing in downstream complementary assets. Despite its increasing strategic relevance, the strong complexity of out-licensing activity determines a substantial discrepancy in firms’ ability to extract monetary benefits from this practice. Searching for determinants of out-licensing performance, the paper focuses in particular on the role of licensing managers. Based on a multiple case study analysis involving 26 out-licensing deals executed in seven Italian biotech NTBFs, the study shows that expert scientific skills, extensive licensing practice and prior employment in multinationals, but not an intense social network, characterise successful licensing managers, while high delegation and powerful intrinsic rewards enable individual capacities of licensing managers to translate into actual economic value.

A dependency‐aware ontology‐based approach for deploying service level agreement monitoring services in Cloud

SUMMARYCloud computing offers virtualized computing elements on demand in a pay‐as‐you‐go manner. The major motivations to adopt Cloud services include no upfront investment on infrastructure and transferring responsibility of maintenance, backups, and license management to Cloud Providers. However, one of the key challenges that holds businesses from adopting Cloud computing services is that, by migrating to Cloud, they move some of their information and services out of their direct control. Their main concern is how well the Cloud providers keep their information (security) and deliver their services (performance). To cope with this challenge, several service level agreement management systems have been proposed. However, monitoring service deployment as a major responsibility of those systems have not been deeply investigated yet. Therefore, this paper shows how monitoring services have to be described, deployed (discovered and ranked), and then how they have to be executed to enforce accurate penalties by eliminating service level agreement failure cascading effects on violation detection. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Bethany Klein. As Heard on TV: Popular Music in Advertising

Bethany Klein’s As Heard on TV’ Popular Music in Advertising provides an introduction into the recent history of popular music as a marketing tool in television commercials and assembles a chronological history of the most well-known usages of popular music utilized in advertising campaigns. Klein includes a series of case studies throughout this book, such as the Beatles’s “Revolution,” used by Nike; Iggy Pop’s lyrically salacious “Lust for Life;’ used by Royal Caribbean Cruise; and Creedence Clearwater Revival’s song “Fortunate Son,” used in a Wrangler’s ad. As a media industries scholar at the Institute of Communications Studies at the University of Leeds, Klein’s focus is on the commercialization of popular music and its involvement in other media. As such, her main goal is to create a chronological history of the significant collaborations between musicians and corporate businesses and to provide insight into the decisions, reactions, and outcomes of popular music licensers and advertising industry representatives. Framed in the rhetoric of market communication and media research, As Heard on TVs broad scope makes it best suited for an introduction to intersections between the music industry, advertising, business practices, and popular culture. As Heard on TV explores the relationships between music executives, musicians, and music business practices through various modes of communication such as e-mails, written contracts, and verbal exchanges. For each commercial discussed, Klein provides any written or verbal accounts stemming from the advertising agency’s inquiry into the potential use of a band’s song to the final acquisition of the music license. Much of the author’s information comes from newspapers, online magazines, magazines, industry journals, scholarly books, and interviews that Klein conducted. Many of these interviews were with music supervisors, musicians, advertising “creatives;’ and licensing managers. These individuals serve as the basis for much of her insight into the business side of music making and is an examination of the frayed relationship between marketing executives, licensers, and the music supervisors who must create a business arrangement between the band and the product’s brand name. While Klein acknowledges that these interviews are not ethnographic in scope or nature, as have been studies of American culture such as Tia DeNora’s Music in Everyday Life (2000), these interviews do offer a unique insight into the advertising industry.

The evolution of technology licensing management: identifying five strategic approaches

Besides applying technology in new products inside the organization, industrial firms may actively license technology to external partners. There is anecdotal evidence that firms have increasingly licensed technology in recent years in order to achieve monetary and non‐monetary benefits. However, prior research into the evolution of licensing activities and into the management of these activities is relatively limited. Therefore, we rely on an exploratory research design and collect unique data by means of 57 interviews in 25 industrial firms over a 5‐year period. On this basis, we identify five different strategic approaches to licensing management. In addition, we examine the relationship between the firms' licensing management and licensing activity. Finally, we analyze the development of the firms' licensing management over the 5‐year period. The results considerably deepen our understanding of licensing management, and they provide new insights into interfirm differences in the success of active licensing programs. The findings have major implications for research into technology licensing, knowledge exploitation, open innovation, and markets for technology.

Kewenangan Perizinan dalam Pengelolaan Lingkungan pada Usaha Pertambangan

This article describes issues related to licensing in the mining bussines today.in this article will describe the insitution on terms of licensing authority relating to the mining bussines. next will be described several weaknesses in the exiting lincesing system,this article is normative,that is expected weaknesses in the exiting licensing system.this article is normative, that is expected to provide solutions about the need for an integrated institusional system in the management of licensing by licensing an integrated institutional arrangement.with an integrated lincesing system is expected to facilitate the coordination,integration and implemtation oversight Keywords: Authority,Licensing,Environmental Managenrenf,Mining Keywords: Authority,Licensing,Environmental Managenrenf,Mining

ONIX for Publications Licenses: Getting an Electronic Grip on License Information

Management of the negotiation for licensed electronic content has been a growing issue since libraries began buying electronic products in large numbers in the 1990s. As subscriptions to digital content have expanded rapidly, the problems of tracking, managing, and communicating the rights and responsibilities agreed to in licenses have grown exponentially. Based on the work of the Digital Library Federation's (DLF's) Electronic Resource Management Initiative (ERMI) and EDItEUR's work on the ONIX (ONline Information eXchange) structure for communicating publisher data, the National Information Standards Organization (NISO) and these partners have worked to develop and improve ONIX for Publications Licenses (ONIX-PL), a system for storing and communicating the terms of a license between systems in XML format. This presentation outlined the history of ERMI, license management issues, and the status of ONIX-PL. It also presents developments over the past year since ONIX-PL was launched officially, describing the potential benefits of the application.

Content, digitisation and intellectual property rights: an institutional perspective

Cultural institutions the world over share certain key characteristics: the care of the items in their collection, the means of enabling access to these items, and the task of sustaining their ability to do both of these things. In the past decade, digitisation and supply of digital content has become increasingly important for museums and galleries wanting to disseminate their content to a global audience. What processes are involved in doing this, and how have they impacted on organisations and their working practices? What role do intellectual property rights play in this, and what are the associated challenges and opportunities in this area? This article will present the perspective of the National Portrait Gallery, London, investigating the history of its digitisation activities and its ongoing commitment to access and responsible IPR management through Picture Library licensing and image management activities.

Value Based Pricing in the Context of Software Product Line Engineering

The Feature Oriented Reuse Method (FORM), an successor of the famous Feature Oriented Domain Analysis (FODA) method, has broaden the focus of Product Line Engineering methodologies to business concerns, especially marketing. It uses the information gathered at the marketing and product planning steps to further improve the engineering of software product lines. A drawback of the FORM is, that it does not contribute much value to concerns directly related to the marketing, such as the price of a product, the management of licenses and the settlement of some features of a product of the product line. The paper is going to show a way to extend the FORM to additionally cover the whole set of features of the product line, which carrying value for the customer, not only the parts implemented by software - the functional requirements. Namely, it focuses on the introduction of economical aspects to the domain engineering. The specialization of the original FORM is called EconFORM. The specialization is introduced by formalizing the value based pricing approach of Nagle and Hogan to a process description. This description can than be used to be integrated into a Product Line Engineering approach such as FORM. A conclusion wraps the discussion up and raises questions for future research.

Literature of Acquisitions in Review, 2004–7

This review covers the literature of acquisitions from 2004 through 2007. The purchase of electronic resources continued to grow, especially for e-journals. E-books gained more attention with a variety of pricing models emerging, many of which were similar to print purchase plans or a modification of e-serial plans. The electronic resource management (ERM) of subscriptions and licensing became a major concern as the acquisition of these items continued to grow. Many libraries developed local ERM applications while vendors began developing commercial ERM systems. The Digital Library Federation (DLF) Electronic Resources Management Initiative (ERMI) emerged as a major step in the development for ERM system standards. Many libraries expressed dissatisfaction with some of the new pricing models for e-journals, especially the Big Deal packages, as libraries were caught between budget reductions, price increases, and complex license agreement terms. Budget and the allocation of funds remained a frequent topic in the literature. With the transition from print to electronic versions, acquisitions staff required more support and new resources. Workflows changed as acquisition units and technical services departments reorganized to accommodate the growth of electronic resources.

Design and implementation of non-video and nonaudio digital rights management system for educational resource

A non-video and non-audio digital rights management system was presented in order to overcome the lack of non-audio and video media processing in digital rights management system solutions.This system adopted the J2EE framework,based on the technologies such as HTTP remote access,Eclipse RCP and so on.Using PKI platform and encryption algorithm,it realized the encryption package for resources,the authority for users,the license management and so on.Users can read,play and print the encrypted digital content.Application results show that this system achieve an effective,safe and reliable non-video and non-audio digital rights supporting environment.

License management in grid and high performance computing

Commercial codes usually come with a licensing mechanism in order to restrict their use. The lack of license management schemes is becoming a major obstacle for the commercial exploitation of existing Grid infrastructures. In this paper we present a complete license management architecture that enables a pay per use license management, which can be deployed together with an on-demand computing scenario. In order to cover the entire license management process, a complete Grid-friendly license management architecture was implemented and is presented here. The license management architecture we present is based on the requirements we collected from 18 real buisness applications [1]. The Grid-friendly solution that we developed has various benefits that we believe will lead to a fast adoption by independent software vendors (ISVs) and their clients and hence pave the way for commercial applications in grid environments.