License Holders Research Articles

Uber in Queensland: From policy fortress to policy change

AbstractEmerging technologies are challenging the regulatory systems and industry policy settings that were settled during the microeconomic reforms of the 1980s and 1990s. In 1994, in the absence of credible competition in the taxi industry, Queensland legislation constructed a protective ‘policy fortress’ that benefited taxi licence holders in return for specific service standards. This entrenched a policy–industry nexus upheld by all political parties for two decades. But in 2014–2016, using disruptive digital platforms, Uber and similar organisations directly challenged the policy regime by rapidly expanding their unlicensed operations for personalised passenger bookings. Queensland policy‐makers were eventually shocked into establishing a major review, leading to the termination of the protective regime. Drawing on interviews and policy documents, we identify the contextual and ideational factors that facilitated the unlocking of policy change. As consumers became more ‘tech‐savvy’, the policy ideas championed by powerful new agents of change came to highlight consumer convenience, flexibility, and the ‘sharing economy’. Such narratives reframed the economic disruptions flowing from new technologies as opportunities to lower service costs.

Modeling and Performance Analysis of Cognitive Radio Networks Using Stochastic Timed Colored Petri Nets

Cognitive radio (CR) is currently one of the most promising information transmission technologies to deal with the problem of spectrum scarcity and spectrum underutilization in wireless communications. CR networks aim to enhance spectrum efficiency to meet the ever-increasing demands of end users. The principle is to provide the opportunity for unlicensed users (secondary users, SUs) to temporarily and dynamically access the unused or sparsely used bandwidth while ensuring that it never interferes or degrades the performance of the incumbent license holders, commonly called primary users (PUs). This raises several challenges to be addressed in CR networks and performance of secondary users is one of the critical issues tackled in this paper. That is, we propose to devise CR networks as a retrial queueing system where PUs have preemptive priority over SUs. To calculate performance measures of the devised model under quite general assumptions about the model parameters, analytical methods are known to require hard calculations and the obtained results are generally not exploitable. For this reason, simulation modeling becomes the last resort to assess the dependability indicators. To this extend, we build the simulation model of the queueing system using Timed Stochastic Colored Petri Nets. Various useful results will be hence drawn while varying network conditions. Both exponential and Erlang distributions are considered for modeling service time of SUs. The obtained results with restrictive assumptions fit the analytical outcomes experienced for quite similar queuing models, which demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed STCPN simulation model.

Patterns in perceived crash risk among male and female drivers with and without substantial cycling experience

Perceived risk of crashes is generally higher in female than in male cyclists. No study has assessed whether these gender differences only apply to riding bicycles. Using an online risk assessment task and survey, this study (a) tested the hypothesis that compared to men, women perceive higher risks, irrespective of traffic mode and (b) explored gender differences in the predictors of perceived risk. Data were analysed from 595 driver licence holders in Australia: 444 who cycled regularly, termed ‘cyclists’ from here on (31% women) and 151 regular drivers who did not (63% women), who are referred to as ‘drivers’. Cyclists in their role as cyclists and drivers in their role as drivers (traffic role) were instructed to imagine being in a specified traffic scenario and to assess crash likelihood. Each of 6 traffic scenarios was presented twice but differing in configuration: a violating car and a violating bicycle. A mixed ANOVA, with rated probability of a crash as the dependent variable, gender and traffic role as grouping factors, and configuration as the repeated measure, resulted in a main effect of configuration, showing that both drivers and cyclists perceived higher levels of risk of violating cars than of violating bicycles (ηp2 = 0.34). The interaction of traffic role and configuration showed this difference to be smaller for drivers than for cyclists (ηp2 = 0.18). This suggests that drivers are aware of the car’s high injury potential in crashes with cyclists. The main effect of gender showed that irrespective of traffic role, women perceived higher risk than men, which supported the hypothesis that gender differences are not limited to cycling (ηp2 = 0.03). The main effect of traffic role was not significant.For the predictors of perceived risk, ANOVA showed main effects for traffic role and gender, with small effect sizes (from ηp2 = 0.02 to ηp2 = 0.03). Cyclists were more confident, less inattentive and more in favour of stricter laws. Women felt less skilled and were more concerned about risks. None of the interactions between gender and traffic role were significant, which lent further support to the hypothesis that gender differences were a general rather than a cycling specific characteristic. Thus, perceived risk does not differ between women who regularly cycle and those who do not. These findings may inform interventions about the role of perceived risk in the uptake of cycling.

Treating Vulnerable Consumers ‘Fairly’ When They Make a Complaint About Banking or Finance in Australia

The Australian Financial Services Reform Act 2001 (Cth) requires that licenced banking and financial services providers establish internal dispute resolution (‘IDR’) systems complying with requirements promulgated by the Australian Securities and Investments Commission (‘ASIC’). In addition, licence holders are required to be members of an ASIC approved External Dispute Resolution (‘EDR’) scheme so that if a complaint is not resolved following the use of internal mechanisms, an external dispute resolution facility is available for most banking consumers. In late 2018, a new EDR body was established, the Australian Financial Complaints Authority (‘AFCA’), to deal with external complaints. The 2018 Royal Commission into the banking and finance sector uncovered significant issues in terms of the banking and financial sector and raised a number of serious concerns that were largely linked to how consumers contracted with banks and other organisations however information about existing complaint handling arrangements was limited. In particular, there was little demographic information about consumers who use IDR and EDR arrangements or what factors may be relevant in terms of the settlement of complaints and disputes. In this regard, currently sections 912A(1)(g), (2) of the Corporations Act direct the form of AFSL holders’ IDR and EDR systems, but they do not impose any obligations on AFSL holders in terms of conduct when providing the systems. In terms of consumers more generally, it is unclear how many consumers could be classified as ‘vulnerable’ and may settle a dispute on less favourable terms because the impact of proceeding may place them in an even more disadvantageous position. It is suggested that better reporting in relation to IDR and EDR activity together with targeted independent advocacy services and training of relevant staff in respect of the Australian Consumer Law could assist consumers and enable more effective reporting of misconduct issues.

Interference, sunk investment, and the repurposing of radio spectrum

ABSTRACTIn this article, we shed light on the optimal design of Commission rules and practices for addressing interference disputes. Since spectrum licenses produce no benefits without large and mostly sunk investments in communications networks, our focus is on investment incentives. We argue that the regulator’s optimal interference policy would necessarily deal with different license holders differently when their sunk network investments vary. Our economic model dictates that license holders who have made little or no sunk investment in capital to generate benefits from their license would receive little relief under an optimal rule. On the other hand, those licensees with substantial sunk network investments would receive far more expansive treatment by the regulator.

A Narrative Review: The Use of the Topical NSAID Ibuprofen for the Treatment of Knee Osteoarthritis. Supporting Clinician Decision-Making in the First-Line Treatment of Osteoarthritis.

A Narrative Review:The use of the topical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) ibuprofen for the treatment of knee osteoarthritis. Supporting clinician decision-making in the first-line treatment of osteoarthritis.Objective:To open discussion at a clinical level on the guidelines for the pharmacological management of osteoarthritis of the knee, this narrative review looks into the use of topical NSAID being a clinically effective, safe, and cost-efficient treatment compared to an oral alternative.Background:With the over prescription of NSAIDs in the age of above 65 years, there has been a call for increased restrictions of the sale of oral preparations of NSAIDs. It is our view that there is still a lack of awareness in the benefit of topical NSAIDs to the patient (no evidence of adverse reactions recorded by the Joint Formulary Committee [JFC] to date) as well as provider (topical application is cheaper as a National Health Service [NHS] prescription).Methods:Key online resources included PubMed, Athens, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, MEDLINE, and relevant clinical and commissioning guidelines with the final date of data collection in March 2017. We also contacted the manufacturer and license holder directly for further clarification. Randomized, double-blind control studies, commissioned reports, International Guidelines, MEHA Guidelines, and license holder data were included. Where possible studies included had to have fair randomization and adhere to key treatment pathways as highlighted by National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) and other guidelines.Discussion:Current guidelines advise that patients who seek initial treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee should consider a combination of treatment modalities, including pharmacological therapies, particularly the use of NSAIDs. At a clinical level, a reoccurring issue identified with this advice is the inappropriate use of oral NSAIDs, and the concern that the risks associated with ease of access (“over the counter”), and overuse, may result in systemic adverse events in this cohort of patients. Multiple studies have examined the negative effect of oral NSAIDs and the associated risks of use. We were unable to source studies that showed any adverse systemic events from the use of topical NSAIDs; however, there are good quality trials comparing oral to topical NSAIDs, showing similar levels of efficacy at 6 and 12 weeks.Conclusion:Topical NSAIDs provide good levels of pain relief in subjects with mild to moderate knee osteoarthritis. There is also evidence for the use of the topical application being a clinically effective, safe, and cost-efficient treatment.

Test Process and Results of Potential Masking of Sterilizing-Grade Filters.

Pre-use/post-sterilization integrity testing (PUPSIT) has been a widely debated topic for the last several years. To a large extent, the debate is because of the fact that scientific data were not available to provide additional clarity that could inform appropriate risk-based judgements and commensurate actions. To gain clarity, the Parenteral Drug Association (PDA) and BioPhorum Organizations Group (BioPhorum) formed the Sterile Filtration Quality Risk Management (SFQRM) consortium in late 2017. The consortium goals have been to fill existing gaps in scientific data as adequately as possible with studies and industry guidance that would provide professionals and license holders with the ability to make informed decisions about appropriate risk-management strategies. This paper is one in a series of publications that are the result of the collaboration, and these should be considered together and viewed holistically in order to determine the best course of action with regard to PUPSIT. In total, the four papers cover the following areas: (1) data mining to determine the influence of fluid properties on integrity test values, (2) filter masking studies and results (this publication), (3) risk assessment and management from filter production to end use, and (4) points to consider in the best practice of the use of PUPSIT. In total, 25 manufacturers and filter suppliers have contributed to the work of the Consortium, deploying their filtration experts and pooling their collective knowledge and applied science experience to address these questions. This effort has also been supported by many independent experts currently available who have contributed to and driven the Filtration Interest Group in the PDA for many years. Both PDA and BioPhorum have prioritized this program and combined their approaches to deliver this comprehensive body of work. We hope that collectively the publications aid decision making and create greater certainty and confidence and above all alignment between suppliers, manufacturers, and regulators alike on these important questions.

Exploration of Barriers to the Recommendation of Oral Rehydration Salts and Zinc Tablets for Acute Diarrhoea by Patent Medicine Vendors in Lagos State, Nigeria.

Background: Diarrhoea has remained a global burden and leading cause of morbidity and mortality among under-five children especially in low and middle-income countries in spite of availability of oral rehydration salts and zinc tablets (ORS/Zn,), which are the proven and recommended treatments. This persistent global burden indicates possible barriers in the prescription, recommendation or use of ORS/Zn among stakeholders. Objective: This study explored the factors that act as barriers to the recommendation of ORS/Zn in the management of childhood acute watery diarrhoea (AWD) by Patent and Proprietary Medicine Vendors (PPMVs) License holders in Lagos State. Methods: A qualitative study carried out through interviews of PPMVs. A purposive recruitment of 24 PPMVs was done with 18 of them finally participating in the study. Thematic analysis through peer coding was employed to extract the findings of the study presented in themes and subthemes. Results: Three themes associated with barriers to recommending ORS/Zn emerged: rejection of ORS/Zn by parents of children with AWD, misconception about ORS/Zn and difficulties with ORS/Zn preparation. The enhancement of the taste of ORS was the major theme associated with factors that could facilitate recommendation of ORS/Zn. Conclusion: This study revealed that PPMVs knew that they should recommend ORS/Zn for AWD but encountered barriers such as rejection of ORS/Zn by parents, misconception of ORS/Zn and difficulties in the preparation of ORS. They opined that enhancement of the taste of ORS may facilitate acceptance by parents.

Factors Affecting the Adoption Intention of Electric Vehicles: The Roles of Objective, Perceived and Prospective Accessibility

In the era of new mobility, promoting Electric Vehicle (EV) usage is considered a promising policy to incorporate in the government agenda. While accessibility as a general concept has been recognized as an important factor affecting user’s EV adoption intention, there is a dearth of studies discussing how accessibility determines EV adoption intention. This study uses a novel set of accessibility measures relevant to public EV charging facilities – objective, perceived and prospective accessibility – and investigates how and to what extent these measures affect the EV adoption intention of individuals. The data are primarily based on a recent questionnaire survey of driving license holders in Hong Kong, including both EV owners and non EV owners. The results show that objective accessibility – the number of (population weighted) standard chargers publicly available within five minutes’ walking distance of an individual’s residential district – is highly significant in influencing an individual’s EV purchase intention. Additionally, subjective accessibility, as measured by four Likert-scale questions, is highly significant as well. Moreover, prospective accessibility also significantly influences non EV owner adoption intention. We also find that environmental consciousness and prior experience with EV have significant effects. This study provides a valuable reference for the importance of accessibility of public EV chargers on customer EV adoption intention in the context of a high density Asian city. Based on the findings, we provide a number of policy recommendations that integrate accessibility planning strategies into e-mobility promotion in cities that aspire to promote e-mobility.

The Stella Field, Block 30/6a, UK North Sea

Abstract The Stella Field is located in UKCS Block 30/6a, c. 230 km SE of Aberdeen. Stella Field is a four-way, dip-closed and salt-cored dome with a 600 ft gas-condensate column underlain by a 250 ft oil column within the 5–30 ft thick Paleocene Andrew Sandstone Member. Oil is also present in the underlying chalk reservoirs of the Danian Ekofisk and Maastrichtian Tor formations. Following the discovery of the field in 1979 there have been three phases of appraisal followed by the recent development, with first oil in February 2017. The field development has been challenging as the 38-year gap between discovery and first oil illustrates. Principal challenges have included structural undulations and radial faulting combined with a thin primary reservoir, variation in hydrocarbon, compartmentalization and depletion relating to producing fields. These issues have been reviewed following the latest drilling results and ideas on the petroleum geology updated. Block 30/6a, containing the Stella Field, was originally awarded to Shell/Esso in the first Licensing Round in 1964 as part of multi-block licence P011. The current Stella P.011 licence holders are Ithaca Energy (UK) Limited (operator) with 54.66%, Dyas UK Limited with 25.34% and Petrofac GSA Limited with 20%.

Why is the rate of annual road fatalities increasing? A unit record analysis of New Zealand data (2010–2017)

IntroductionRecent increases in road crashes have reversed New Zealand’s formerly declining crash rates to produce annual fatal and serious injury counts that are 49% higher than the lowest rates achieved in 2013. Method: We model twenty-one factors in fatal and serious injury crashes, four years before and after 2013 using logistic regression. Three major factors are significantly different in the period after 2013, when crash rates increased: (1) alcohol as a cause, (2) learner licence holders, and (3) a regional effect for Auckland. Newly defined speed zones are a more common setting for crashes in the period of upturn but there is no coinciding elevated likelihood of ‘speed as a causal factor’. Three factors related to road safety were less common: aged under 25-years old, fatigue, and not wearing a seatbelt. Results: Results are compared to rates of prosecutions for alcohol-related driving offences over this period. It is possible that New Zealand’s successful road safety initiatives of the past have been undermined by reduced levels of enforcement and an unexpected outcome from the graduated driving licence system.

The Impact of Government Emergency Ordinance No. 114/2018 on the Profitability of Companies Acting in Energy Domain, Listed on Bucharest Stock Exchange

Abstract On December 29, 2018, the Government Emergency Ordinance no. 114/2018 has been published. This Ordinance, among others, established a multitude of measures, both economic and fiscal that aimed companies acting in the energy field. The monetary contribution, received from the license holders in the field of energy, was set at the level of 2 %, which means an increase of 20 times of this duty. These companies also have the obligation to sell the natural gas quantities, resulting from the current domestic production activity, at the price of 68 lei / MWh to eligible suppliers and final customers. All these measures have had a direct impact on companies acting in the energy field, affecting their profitability and simultaneously their ability to carry out investment projects. This paper analyzes the way the e companies listed on Bucharest Stock Exchange, acting in energy field, were affected by Government Emergency Ordinance no. 114/2018 measures.

An Importance–Satisfaction Analysis of Trout License Holders in Georgia

AbstractAs anglers become increasingly diverse, fisheries managers are challenged to find ways to satisfy users with divergent preferences while conserving a limited resource on a limited budget. With this management challenge in mind, this study combines previous angler specialization research with an importance–satisfaction analysis (ISA) to aid fisheries managers in better understanding users with divergent preferences. An ISA involves asking stakeholders to simultaneously evaluate the importance of salient attributes of their fishing experience and their satisfaction with those attributes, which allows for graphical depiction of each attribute in one of four quadrants with managerial implications: Concentrate Here, Keep up the Good Work, Possible Overkill, and Low Priority. The data were collected via a mail‐administered survey that was sent to 4,000 licensed trout anglers who were residents of Georgia. The anglers were asked to evaluate 10 catch and 7 noncatch attributes as well as answer questions that were used to measure levels of angler specialization. A K‐means cluster analysis was used to segment the 469 respondents into three groups based on their specialization level. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine whether anglers’ preferences differed by level of specialization. The results revealed that specialization groups differed in the level of importance that they placed on 6 catch and 4 noncatch attributes and in their levels of satisfaction with 5 catch and 2 noncatch attributes. There were also differences among the groups in quadrant placement for both catch and noncatch attributes. The respondents agreed that habitat improvement initiatives, adding new fishable water, and clear signage of regulations were of relatively high importance, with habitat improvement initiatives as the only attribute to fall in the Concentrate Here quadrant for all three clusters. The average responses for importance and satisfaction were highest for the most specialized group and lowest for the least specialized group. Combining segmenting techniques, like cluster analysis with ISA, offers fisheries managers the opportunity to gauge different user groups’ perceptions of salient fishery attributes.

Letter from aviation neurology

Aviation and space medicine is the UK’s newest medical specialty, recognised by the General Medical Council in 2016.1 However, aviation medicine has existed for 100 years, since the Wright brothers...

Reconciling economic impacts and stakeholder perception: A management challenge in Florida Gulf Coast fisheries

As global fisheries management shifts towards ecosystem-based management, responsible organizations and governments must also address the socio-economic impacts of this shift. This study evaluates potential impacts of such management shift with a case study of Pulley Ridge (PR), an ecologically rich area in the Gulf of Mexico, on fishermen and economies of Florida's Gulf Coast. We developed an input-output model to estimate direct, backward-linkage, forward-linkage, and induced consumption effects of various management scenarios on the region's economy. We also solicited input on the proposed management changes from Florida saltwater fishing license holders using an online survey. Although gear restrictions may affect harvest of the region's two most lucrative fish types, snappers and groupers, the proposed changes would impact only a small fraction of the fishing industry and the regional economy. Results suggest economic impacts to affected counties and the overall Gulf Coast fishery from management changes would be limited, i.e., less than 3% reductions in income, taxes and employment. Nonetheless, almost 90% of survey respondents indicated the proposed management changes would affect their business either “Significantly” or “Very Significantly”. Results suggest developing broad based support for changes affecting the commercial fishing sector may require stakeholder negotiation along with convincing evidence that the proposed changes will improve regional fishery production in the near term.

Legal Consequences of Acquiring Company of Mining License Holder That Has Not Obtained Government Approval toward Mining License Transfer and Control

The objectives of this research are 1) to find out the legal consequences of acquiring company of mining license holder that has not obtained government approval toward mining license transfer and control, 2) to find out the legal liabilities of company that acquires company of mining license holder. This legal research applies the method of normative juridical legal approach. The data analysis technique employs qualitative analysis. The results of this research revealed that the acquirer actually does not have any legal liability to the acquired party unless the acquirer is indeed proven to have committed bad faith during and after the acquisition process which could harm other parties including third parties. Thus, the acquirer can be held directly liable through the court or other ways. Meanwhile, the legal liability of the acquired party is that they must carry out an administrative process to the relevant agencies namely the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, to fulfill the provisions referred to in Article 93 of the Mineral and Coal Law. The party that acquires the company of mining license holder has the same obligation as the acquired party. The acquirer must comply with the provisions in the form of obligations which are required to the mining license holder such as the provisions of Article 95 up to 112 of Mineral and Coal Law.

Improved Cognitive Radio Receivers Using Timing Mismatch of Primary and Secondary Users

We consider an asynchronous cognitive radio framework, where the primary user (spectrum license holder) and the secondary user are, naturally, not aligned in their timing. We show that applying our optimal receiver design results in improving the performance compared to the case of synchronous cognitive radio. We optimize the rates subject to the constraint to keep interference imposed on the primary user below a certain level. We also derive the constraint for the receiver of the secondary user to perform interference cancellation. Simulation results show that our proposed oversampling secondary user receiver boosts the received signal. As a result, the secondary user’s transmission power can be decreased without negatively affecting the quality of the received signal. Not only does our method reduce the interference to the primary user but also it saves power at the secondary user.

Tanggung Gugat Pemegang Hak Cipta Terhadap Perbuatan Melawan Hukum Pelanggaran Hak Cipta

PT. ISM and FIFA have made and signed License Agreement in May 5th, 2011. The License Agreement related to delegation of certain rights of broadcasting which related on XX edition from football tournaments and other FIFA events. Based on this exclusivity, there are no other parties (Include but not limited to the broadcaster), who have right to (but not limited to) do socialization, marketing, and supervision of permission to use the 2014 Brazil World Cup broadcast commercially in commercial places. However, a party namely PT. SSM alleged to do act against the right to broadcast or airing or hold a Nonton Bareng event of 2014 Brazil World Cup commercially without having permission from PT. ISM. As a result of broadcasting the 2014 Brazil World Cup by PT. SSM, PT. ISM felt material and immaterial losses. The purpose of this study is to figure out whether Copyright infringement can be categorized as an unlawful act and to know how the legal protection for the Copyright license holder of unlawful act in the form of Copyright infringement.This Study is a normative legal study with qualitative analysis. This study concluded that PT. SSM has committed an unlawful act in the form of a Copyright infringement and the legal protection has given to copyrights license holder by taking legal action in the form of a lawsuit to the Commercial Court and requesting for compensation of unlawful act committed by PT. SSM.

Self-reported sleepiness in the context of fitness-to-drive

BackgroundExcessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) is a contributing factor to road traffic accidents. It is commonly assessed using self-administered questionnaires. These assessments are important information when discussing with the Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency (DVLA) about fitness-to-drive. We hypothesised that patients may be confounded in their assessments after being informed about these potential implications.Patients and methodsThis was a prospective single-centre study. Patients attending clinics for sleep-disordered breathing were asked to fill in the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) and the Stanford Sleepiness Scale (SSS). Following their consultation, patients were informed about EDS in the context of driving and that the DVLA might request information based on their self-assessed sleepiness. They were then asked to complete the same questionnaires again. Parameters recorded included age, gender, body mass index (BMI), driving licence holder, and collar size. An ESS score above 10 points was defined as EDS.ResultsOne hundred twenty-two subjects were studied (age 59.4 years (15.2); 72 males; BMI 32.1 kg/m2 (8.3), driving licence held for 25.2 years (20.6) (n = 94); collar size 42.7 cm (5.0)). There was no difference in the ESS [8 (8) vs 8 (8) points; p = 0.289] or the SSS [2 (2) vs 2 (2) points; p = 0.320] between the two occasions, although seven patients (5.7%) changed their scores from “sleepy” to “non-sleepy” and four patients (3.3%) from “non-sleepy” to “sleepy”.ConclusionProviding patients with information about the risk of driving in the context of sleepiness does not significantly change how they score their symptoms using self-administered questionnaires; only about 9.0% of the patients had inconsistent results.

Preventing noncompliance in marine protected areas using a real-time alert system

Effective compliance is a key element to the successful management of marine protected areas (MPAs), and requires a suite of tools to generate awareness of MPA rules, and monitor and regulate their use. Using vessel monitoring systems and creating geo-fences around MPA boundaries is an innovative approach to improve such awareness to vessel masters and commercial fishing licence holders with these systems on-board. In 2014, Parks Australia in partnership with the Australian Fisheries Management Authority (AFMA) introduced a purpose-built alert service for commercial fishing licence holders operating in Australian Commonwealth fisheries managed by AFMA that overlap with MPAs (Australian marine parks). The alert service is customised for each individual fishing vessel to notify masters and licence holders when they enter Australian marine parks where their particular fishing method is prohibited. Since the introduction of the alert service in 25 marine parks, fishers have received 3307 alerts, across eight fisheries. It is estimated that 23 of these alerts averted compliance incidents, in turn protecting marine park values and saving AUD$4.7 million in litigation costs. Of significance, there has been no recorded incidence of noncompliance by Australian commercial fishing licence holders and their vessel master's with access to the alert service since its introduction. The information presented here is the first empirical analysis of the effectiveness of geo-fencing to minimise noncompliance in MPAs. The alert service has the potential to become a front-line tool for supporting compliance by commercial fishing licence holders and their master's in Australian marine parks and other large-scale MPAs and MPA networks, globally.