Libyan People Research Articles

A morphological Study of Anatomical Variations of Frontal Sinus in Adult Libyan People Using CT Scan

Background: The structure of the frontal sinus varies greatly, and these differences influence the onset and progression of clinical diseases. Frontal sinus morphology is unique to each individual and may be used to properly identify people. Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate the morphometric anatomical variations of the frontal sinus in adult Libyan people using a CT scan in relation to gender. Method and result: 147 patients (78 females and 69 males) were included in this study. Patients were divided into three groups regarding their frontal sinus pneumatization extent on the orbital roof: group 1 pneumatization (small), group 2 pneumatization (medium), and group 3 pneumatization (large). We found that the most common frontal sinus type is medium-sized (37.75 %), followed by the small (24.8%) and large (22.8%) types, respectively. There was no significant difference between the right and left sides in terms of frontal sinus type (P-value = 0,311). We recorded aplasia in 17.7% of all patients, which included (bilateral in 9.5%, left unilateral in 2% and right unilateral in 6.1%). In conclusion, we classified frontal sinuses using the categorization established by Stokovic et al. and showed that pneumatization patterns differ even between two opposite sides of the same individual.

The Tribal Factor in the Peaceful Settlement of the Libyan Crisis

The research is focused on the tribal issue as a leading factor of the Libyan political life in the context of the current negotiation process. Particular attention should be paid to the activities of the Warfalla Libyan Tribal Public Council and the Tuareg Council of Elders. These representative institutions have been calling for many years for the end of the turmoil, focusing on the traditional Islamic category of fitnah. It confirms that the Libyan crisis cannot be solved outside the country and that foreign interference is detrimental to the interests of the Libyan people. The category of 'asabiyyah or social solidarity is of paramount importance in this case. Nevertheless, it is not necessarily an attribute of a traditional nomadic or tribal community and is not based solely on kinship. However, this term often has a negative connotation, since it denotes a radical cohesion to a particular group, which forms a distinctive family-clan relationship. The Libyan tribes play a prominent role in maintaining political balance, combating terrorist groups, and maintaining the level of security by the support to political leaders who claims to consolidate Libya again. This paper distances from the destabilizing manifestations of intertribal relations. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to define the role of the Arabic- and Berber-speaking tribes of the three constituent regions in Libya: Cyrenaica, Tripolitania, and Fezzan in de-escalating the conflict, aimed at restoring Libyan statehood and holding parliamentary and presidential elections.

تحديات المصالحة الوطنية في ليبيا بعد عام 2011-2021

Abstract The protests were in Libya in 2011 and began in certain areas and then spread to include all segments of the people on February 17, 2011, The revolution was carried out by the youth who revolted against the regime of dictator Muammar Gaddafi, and with the support of all Libyan society, which was based on belonging to the tribe before belonging to the state and preferred Customs and traditions to civil laws, in particular. After the control of the rebels and the defection of Interior Minister Abdel Fattah Younis from Muammar Gaddafi and his regime, and since the establishment of the National Transitional Council as the sole legitimate representative of the revolution of February 17, 2011, the process of democratic transition began in a new stage that the Libyan people had not witnessed before, and the National Transitional Council was established under the leadership of Mustafa Abdel Jalil In which representatives of the various local councils in the different regions of Libya participate, and differences emerged between the internationally recognized government resulting from the democratically elected House of Representatives, and armed groups outside the government’s authority, which negatively affected national reconciliation in Libya. For the success of the national reconciliation process in Libya, real actors should be present at the negotiating table, militia leaders, tribal leaders, political leaders and army representatives in the former regime, as well as disarmament and the integration of fighters into society, and state institutions should be supported by supporting transitional justice institutions, applying the principles of fairness to victims, and not employing eradication (Isolation Law political) towards revenge, and dismantling social and historical grievances.

Unity of geography and history between the Iraqi and Libyan peoples From the Italian occupation of Libya to independence 1911_1951 AD

The unity of geography, history, origin, religion, language, customs and traditions, culture, hopes, and common pains between the Arab brothers in Iraq and Libya had an impact on Iraqi solidarity with the Libyan people in their plight during their resistance to the Italian colonizer since the occupation on October 5th, 1911 - until the announcement Independence on December 24th, 1951 AD. These positions have emerged at the popular and official levels in regional and international organizations, which helped the Libyan people to obtain their freedom, the independence of their country and the unity of its national land.

Is Libyan Arabic a corrupted language: A study of Libyans’ attitudes towards the use of Libyan Arabic (ҁa:mmijjah, dariʒah)

This paper aims to explore the Libyans people’s attitudes towards the linguistic status and use of Libyan Arabic dialect (ҁa:mmijjah, dariʒah) as it is employed on a daily basis. Libyan Arabic is often denigrated and described as a corrupted, not codified and problematic language when assessed against fusˤћa:, the language of governmental affairs, religion, medium of instruction in schools and the official language of Libya. However, recent studies revealed that Libyan Arabic has crept into high domains exclusively reserved for Standard Arabic such as the mosque and the schools (1). In fact, some characters that are affiliated with and reserved for Modern Standard Arabic have been lent to Libyan Arabic via the process of “ideological elision” (14 p24). Accordingly, the current study examines the Libyans’ assessment of Libyan Arabic, its codification, its use in public domains, media, advertisements and whether this dialect is considered as a corrupted language in a diglossic setting. Sallabank (32 pp61-62) correlates language attitudes and ideologies with the way individuals perceive language vitality and practices and accordingly, with language policy.
 This paper also investigates how Libyan people perceive Libyan Arabic as an in-group marker and of identity.
 The results in the current study revealed that the Libyan people evaluated Libyan Arabic positively at not only the functional level but also at the symbolic level. Age group as a social factor turned to be descriptively significant since the younger age group showed more inclinations towards dariʒah.

Hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus and human immunodeficiency virus infection in Expatriate workers and Libyan people in Darna

Viral hepatitis constitutes a global health problem; previous studies have affirmed a considerable morbidity and mortality from both acute infections and chronic complications. On the other hand, Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection is also of known burden. Determining prevalence measures of these viruses is crucial for establishing appropriate country specific strategies regarding prevention, diagnosis, and containment. The data for this research were records from 2-year period from 20-2018, a total of 1.968 cases were collected from two years. In 2017, a total of 696, (429) Libyan and (267) expatriate, only one infected Libyan and expatriate equally with HCV in June. A total of 1272 cases in 2018, 543 were no Libyan cases with viral infection and 729 Expatriates recorded infection with 8 cases (3 HBSAg and 5 HCV) in November, 7 (one cases with HIV, two cases with HBSAg and 4 cases with HCV). According to the seasons, HIV was recorded with one case (10) in the autumn while the highest HBSAg infected was observed in autumn 5 (50%) followed by summer 4 (40%) and the highest HCV infected was recorded in autumn 9 (90%) followed by summer 3 (30%) and winter 1 (10%).

Effect of a COVID-19 on Social, Psychological, Economic and Health Conditions in Libya

The purpose of this paper was to measure the effect of a COVID-19 on social, psychological, economic, and health conditions in Libyan society. This study was undertaken through a questionnaire survey using the Google Form survey questionnaires in order to collect the data. A random sampling method was used from 1st June to 15th July 2020by obtaining greater insight into the issue. A result of this study revealed that the COVID-19 had a different effect on four dimensions (social, psychological economic, and health conditions). The findings of the study indicate that there is a small positive effect on social, middle, and above middle positive effects on psychological and economic respectively and high positive effect on health conditions with various percentages in Libyan society. This has been one of the first academic studies on the COVID-19 on social, psychological, economic, and health conditions addressed the Libyan society. Arguably, many of the areas covered in this study warrant more specific and in-depth investigation. The researchers hope that this paper will be beneficial to both Libyan people and the government in improving and developing the social aspects to avoid spreading COVID-19 in the future.

Variasi Aksen dan Leksem Dialek Arab: (Kajian Sosiodialektologi pada Dialek Libya Timur dan Barat)

The research aims: (1) to describe the differences in accent and lexeme variations in the eastern and western Libyan dialects; and (2) to describe the social factors of Libyan society that cause dialect variations. The method used is descriptive qualitative with data sources from interviews with native Libyan speakers. Direct interviews carried out the data collection technique. The results of this study are: (1) Libyan dialect variations between the Eastern and Western Libyan dialects are divided into accent and lexeme variations. The researcher found three different accent variations of the two dialects. The differences in accent include phonetic differences with accelerations and changes in pronunciation. Meanwhile, in the lexeme, researchers found 20 variations of the lexeme. These variations include onomasiological symptoms in most of the vocabulary and semasiological symptoms in some of the lexemes; (2) The factors causing the emergence of dialect variations are: The influence of geographic location; The social condition of the Libyan people; The tradition of settling down and being close to the family after marriage; The society that divided was considered a disgrace. Meanwhile, two factors influence the similarity between the Libyan dialect and Fushah Arabic, namely: the Libyan dialect Lexem can be derived from the Fushah language; The Libyan dialect axon is a Fushah language experiencing affixes and accelerations in pronunciation.

Assessment of Public Services Quality in Libya

One of the main dimensions of good governance, which was adopted by the World Bank, is to ensure government provides quality services to its citizens. This dimension is very essential for the implementation of government policies and programs. For this reason, the government has to be accountable to all of their people about their services if their quality is not good. This study adopted quantitative method for primary data collection through questionnaire survey. The results from the data which was gathered from the Libyan people revealed that the Libyan people disagree with the rule of law as it does not enhance provision of good quality services, and they have no trust for the current laws by the government because they are not accountable. The reasons for their views were due to the fact that most of the laws are not just laws. The study recommended that there is need to ensure the independence of the legislative institution via the constitution of the state, and also ensure the independence of the judiciary in order to enhance the ability of the institution to work freely without pressure from the government.

Public opinion and practice towards COVID-19 pandemic in Libya

Introduction: World Health Organization declared COVID-19 as a pandemic, and like any global health crisis at its beginning, need a commitment to take the necessary precautions due to its spread among people before and during the presence of vaccine or drug. This study aims to assess public opinion and practice of Libyan community in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional online study was conducted among Libyans between Sep. 15th, and Oct. 29th, 2020 using a developed-design questionnaire consisting of 23 questions assessing the aim of the study. 2305, who agreed to participate, was involved in the present study. Results: The response rate of Libyan regions, the west, east, middle and south areas, was 80.0%, 8.7%, 10.0 % and 1.3%, respectively. The majority were female (63.1%), with mostly in the 20-50 years’ age group (86.6%). The high level of education was university graduate (71.3%). The opinion average rate of participants was 33.2 % disagree and 26.4 % strongly disagree towards ban measures issued by authorities. Findings reveal good practice of applying preventive measures (always, an average rate of 35.1%). The relationship between opinion score and the participant’s demographic data show highly significant difference with the educational level (P = 0.002), but no differences found with residence (P = 0.183), with age (P = 0.212), and with gender (P = 0.313). With regard to the practice score, a significant difference was existed with gender (P = 0.029), age (P = 0.000), level of education (P = 0.013) and residence (P = 0.000). Conclusions: Libyan people has an acceptable level of awareness and opinion in applying the necessary precautionary measures towards COVID-19 pandemic, where prevention practices are influenced by level of education, residence, age and gender.

The Conflict of Pro-Islamist and Nationalist Militia Groups in Libya And Its Impact On Economic Growth For The 2011-2019 Period

This study aims to analyze the competition between pro-Islamist and nationalist militia groups in the control of economic resources and it influences on Libya’s economic growth. The approach used is a qualitative approach. Conflict theory, greed and grievance theory, and economic growth theories are used to analyze Libya's post-revolution political economy. This research shows that the competition between militia groups over economic resources has occurred since the transition period of the Libyan government in 2011 and continues until this writing. Economic resources contested include oil, trade centers, banks, trade routes in country borders, airports, and important positions in government. Conflicting militia groups often use violence to obtain economic and political benefits. This is what creates the complexity of the Libyan political conflict. This research concludes that the political conflicts that are preoccupied with the competition of various internal and external actors to fight over economic resources and power, have a negative influence on economic growth and social life of the Libyan people.

Knowledge and attitudes toward epilepsy among Libyan people with and without epilepsy in a tertiary medical center

BackgroundAlthough patients with epilepsy (PWE) constitute a considerable sector of the population in Benghazi, there is no adequate knowledge about this disease. ObjectivesTo assess knowledge and attitudes toward epilepsy among Libyan people who live in Benghazi city. MethodsA cross-sectional prospective hospital-based study was conducted in the year 2020, from June to August. The participants were adults, PWE were included as well as people without epilepsy (NEP).Participants were interviewed through a twelve-item questionnaire related to knowledge which included definition, causes, manifestations, first aids, treatment options, and curability. In addition, attitudes toward epilepsy were tested by questions that include immediate actions when seeing a patient seizing, and whether or not PWE can drive, work, marry, and conceive). Data analysisData were processed by the statistical software (SPSS) version 18.0. Differences between categorical variables were tested by Chi square and P value at 0.05, which has been considered statistically significant. ResultsThe total number of the interviewees was 156. The mean age was 43 ± 14 SD years (18–76 years), 105 (67%) were males.Twenty-eight (18%) of the participants were PWE, while the remaining 128 (82%) were NEP. Ninety-nine (64%) and 145 (92%) of the participants answered correctly regarding definition and manifestations of epilepsy, respectively. The participants with Bachelor degree and post graduate level have shown a better understanding of definitions and treatments of epilepsy (P = 0.000). They also had better attitudes toward PWE in terms of their ability to conceive (P = 0.002).PWE had better knowledge about manifestations and first aids of epilepsy compared to NEP, though they did not have differences in attitude compared to NEP. Participants’ knowledge about epilepsy was mainly obtained from friends (41; 26%), patients (40; 26%), and media (37; 24%). A major portion of participants 94 (60%) did not feel satisfactory about their own information about epilepsy. ConclusionKnowledge and attitudes toward epilepsy were generally satisfactory. Participants with Bachelor degree or higher level of education had better knowledge and positive attitudes toward PWE. Patients and media are important tools to improve knowledge and attitudes about epilepsy.

Jihadist expression in the scripts of the film "The Lion of the Desert"

This study is intended to describe the character of Omar Mukhtar visualized in the film entitled 'Lion of the Desert' and to analyze jihad expressions in the form of statements or questions in the film. This research has used a qualitative approach using narrative analysis method. The subject of this research is the film "The Lion of the Desert" by Moustapha Akkad, while the object of research is the narrative and dialogue of the scenes in the film which are related to the expression of jihad in the film "The Lion of the Desert". The technique of collecting data is by doing documentation techniques, the whole data is described and interpreted so as to produce a descriptive data discussion. The character of Omar Al-Mukhtar is shown in the film as a figure of a believer who holds fast to his religious values, he is also a devout patriot who always increases the fighting spirit of the Libyan people to be free from the grip of the Italian state colonialism. There are seven expressions found in the film's narrative as expressions of jihad, either explicitly or implicitly.

Knowledge, attitude, and practice towards COVID-19 among Libyan people- a web-based cross-sectional study

Background: Successful plans in disaster and epidemics management depend on the feedback response and the assessment of knowledge, attitudes, and practices among the target population. This study aims to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice towards COVID-19 among Libyan people. 
 Methods: A cross-sectional web-based survey designed to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice towards COVID-19 among the Libyan people from 13-20 October 2020. A self-administered questionnaire was recruited to collect the data of 287 participants. SPSS version 16.0 was used to analyze the data using univariate and multivariable regression data analyses.
 Results: More than half of respondents were males (53.7%), married (61.3%), aged less than 45 years old, highly educated (46.3%), employed (44.6%), urban resident(79.8%), experience good or very good health (71.1%) and earned more than USD 200 monthly (84.3.%). The participants showed a high rate of good knowledge (81.0%), attitude (71.1%), and practice (83.7%) towards COVID-19, respectively. Regression analysis showed that married (P=0.056), female (P=0.037), living in the urban regions (P<0.001) with good income of more than USD 2020 (P=0.001) were significantly associated with upper knowledge score. Females (P=0.040) were more significantly associated with positive attitude scores than males. Regarding practice score, married (P=0.001), females (P=0.059) had better practice, but poor-rated health status (P=0.018) was significantly associated with the weak practice.
 Conclusion: The distinction of urban regions with good knowledge, optimistic attitudes, and acceptable practices towards COVID-19 determines the government's action compass towards more interest in supporting males, unhealthy, and those living in the rural areas with accurate and timely knowledge.

Matar’s Representation of Cultural and Political Manifestations of Libya

Writings by Libyans in Western countries remained dormant until recently. Autobiography has been a most favorite genre for the Libyan writers, through which prominent figures on the Libyan scene started communicating their experiences and sufferings under Qaddafi’s regime. They found in literature the means to resist “silence and misrepresentation” (Swindells 7). Ibrahim al-Koni, Ahmed Fagih, and Hisham Matar are some of the Libyan novelists who are familiar with history, landscape and cultural practices of the Libyans. Hisham Matar paints a clear picture of complex and intertwined political events that may have led to the fall of Muammar Qaddafi himself.In almost all of his writings, Matar is profoundly concerned with the Libyan political and cultural affairs. He might have chosen exotic settings and peculiar forms for his novels, but deep inside, and at the core of all he writes, there is that feeling that his target is the Libyan locale and the Libyan citizen, politically and culturally. Underneath the tragedy of the loss of his father, the author devoted a large part of his novels to the atrocities of the Qaddafi regime in a clear token of protest against it yet in the form of cultural rather than violent resistance.Hisham Matar resorts to the cultural and political manifestations of Libya to shape the consciousness of his readers, making them much more aware of the dilemma of Libyan people in the postmodern age. He succeeded to attract the attention of Western society to his father's case, and also he shows the potential of utilizing the English language in expressing the nature and stories of the Libyan community

Economic crimes in Libya: the phenomenon of illegal earning and money laundering before and after the February 17, 2011 revolution

Economic crimes in Libya have become a source of concern for all honorable Libyans who aspire to build their desired state. Economic crime was and remains the foremost enemy of economic development in this afflicted country. And as a first step to learn how to combat this bad phenomenon, this study identified methods of illegal gain before and after the February 17, 2011 revolution in Libya, with reference to the role of the political system in the growth of this phenomenon. In Libya, for the non-political and non-leadership figures, in the absence of the institutions of the modern state, with a noticeable weakness in regulatory regimes and security bodies, once the illegal money is acquired (illegally acquired funds) without the presence of criminal evidence can be used to convict or accuse someone, whereupon, the money will be clean and washed, no need for the process of washing. This situation is continued until after the revolution of February 17, 2011. Dictatorial Political system in Libya was one of the difficulties that prevented the process of money laundering fighting and the illegal gain. Dictatorial Political system in Libya was turning a blind eye to criminal activities associated with the illegal gain and money laundering which was executed by Members of the Revolutionary Committees and the Revolutionary Guards in return for (in exchange for) providing the protection to this system in order to stay in power as long as possible. The spread of poverty among the sons of Libyan people contributed to the growing of the illegal gain phenomenon and money laundering. The lack of effective oversight bodies and security agencies has also contributed to the growth of all negative phenomena within Libyan society.

Reference Intervals for Potassium, Sodium and Chloride among Libyan Healthy People

Background: In Libya, all laboratories use reference intervals (RIs) derived from other country’s populations, which differ from Libyan population in many aspects such as daily habits and race. Due to these differences, it is assumed that those RIs are not applicable to Libyans. Aim: The aim of this study was to establish RIs of sodium, potassium and chloride in serum of Libyan people. Materials and Methods: Two hundred and fifty-seven blood specimens of healthy people (males and females) were collected using venipuncture untreated tubes. The specimens were centrifuged for 15 minutes and the obtained sera were analyzed for their content of sodium, potassium and chloride using direct potentiometry method. Results and Discussion: The non-parametric percentile method was applied to establish the RIs of sodium, chloride and potassium, which were found to be: 135-143.3; 103-110; 3.7-5.2 mmol/L, respectively. There were no considerable differences in lower limits and/or upper limits of all established RIs between males and females, except that the upper limit of Cl− for females was slightly higher than that for males. Conclusion: As there are evident regional differences in RIs, the established RIs in this study will be more favorable in Libya than those listed in the manufacturer’s kit or those adopted from other population-based references.

Faktor - Faktor Penyebab Kudeta Terhadap Kekuasaan Moammar Khadafi di Libya

In the concept of the internal conflict, Michael Brown explained there are political factors, economic, social, cultural and structural contribute to conflict within a country. The fourth order assist researchers in analyzing the causes of the coup against Moammar Gaddafi in Libya. During the 42-year reign of Moammar Gaddaf, the Libyan people have political issues such as curbs on political activity, political institutional discrimination, exclusive state ideology, significant internal political groups and the role of the political elite that interfere with the freedom of the people. Then economic issues such as economic discrimination, unemployment, and corruption in the Gaddafi’s family that give rise to high social inequalities. Coupled with the structural and socio-cultural factors such as discrimination against minorities, gender, and state institutions are not effective as inhibitors of the country's development. Gaddafi uses his own thoughts in undergoing government, by creating the Green Book rules as guidelines for political, economic, and social. Began when the Arab Spring swept Tunisian and Egyptian people who successfully staged a coup against their leader, there arises a sense of longing for the same freedom. Then triggered by the arrest of human rights campaigner who conducted the country's security forces in February 2011 and the blocking of internet sites in the emergence of large demonstrations - demanding the release of their scale and the overthrow of Moammar Gaddafi in the Libyan leadership.Â

Turkey’s Role in the Reconstruction of Libya

The relationship between Turkey and Libya is deeply rooted in common history and culture which provides strong foundations for a strategic alliance. The maritime and security agreements signed between the two countries in November 2019 allowed for Turkey to provide a timely and decisive support for the legitimate Government of National Accord (GNA) in Libya to counter and defeat a deadly military attack on the capital Tripoli to regress Libya back to military rule spearheaded by Haftar and his regional/international backers. The Libyan people have a second chance since their revolution of 2011 to complete a turbulent transition and lay foundations for their desire for a constitutional democratic state. Turkey is placed today to be the strategic partner to help Libyans achieve this goal. Turkish strategic relationship and cooperation with Libya over the coming decades should be holistic to help with reaching lasting peace as well as institution and state building. Help can also cover reconstruction across all sectors including security services reform, energy, transport, healthcare, housing, and infrastructure.

Treatment of Individuals with Disabilities throughout History and across Religions in Libya

This article describes historical eras’ and religions’ influences on Libyan people’s attitudes toward individuals with disabilities. This article depicts the emergence of ancient civilizations and religions (e.g. the Pharaoh era, the Greek and Roman Empires, Arab immigrant civilizations, and the Ottoman and Italian Empires) in Libya and assesses how these civilizations’ cultures have shaped Libyan people’s opinions toward and acceptance of people with disabilities. This article also reviews the Libyan literature about disabled people throughout the country’s history. In doing so, this study describes the impact of ancient civilizations on Libya’s current population. It also expresses the impact of divine religions and contemporary invasions. Ultimately, this article is intended to raise people’s awareness of fair advocacy for people with disabilities’ rights.