Libyan Arab Research Articles

Comparison of the Plants floras of Xinjiang Province, China, and Libya

The flora composition of Xinjiang Province, China, and Libyan Arab Republic of families, genera, and species were compared. The common characteristics of flora components of two areas are that plant species are abundant, there are 3848 species belonging to 138 families,863 genera in Xinjiang, and 2103 species belonging to 155 families, 856 genera in Libya. Results show that floras compositions of both areas had similarities and differences. The life form distribution among Xinjiang and Libya vascular plants was characterized by a high proportion of herbs (annual to perennial). Whereas the low number of woody (tree and shrub) in our dataset. Two regions vascular plants similarity is more than 78.2% at the family level and more than 42.9% at the generic level, but is rather less 10% at the species level. Only a small number of shared species have been used prevalently as an important food plant since long history of cultivation and planting by human life. Through the above analysis that indicate both areas plants of flora relation and difference, due to significant differences distant and climate generate different the flora composition.

EFFECTS OF FERTILIZATION ON LEAF NUTRIENTS CONTENT AND YIELD OF IRRIGATED POTATOES

This study was conducted through a field experiments in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Tripoly at Almarazeeg area south east Tripoly International Airport. In a field trials the fertilization of potato variety Sponta, with different rates and times of fertilizer N P K application and their effects on leaf nutrients content and potato yield was examined. Leaf samples were collected from the, field experiment three times during the grown season, namely at 45, 60, and 75 days after emergence. Leaf samples were analyzed for N, K, Ca and Mg. The results showed that leaf-N content within the deficiency levels late in the season (75 days from emergence) in low yielding treatments, where K was low in high yielding treatments, but adequate, late in the season. Leaf-Ca content seems to be adequate. Where Mg at the deficiency level throw all treatments and plant growth stages.Heavy N and P fertilization gave the highest potato yield obtained (up to40.oo t/ha).

The Intervention in Libya

On February 26, the UN Security Council, at its 6498th meeting, considered the widespread and systematic attacks which have taken place in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (hereinafter Libya) against the civilian population potentially as crimes against humanity and, acting under Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations (and taking measures under its Article 41, measures not involving the use of armed force), decided, inter alia, to refer the situation in Libya to the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court. On 17 March 2011, considering the inadequate effects of resolution 1970, the S. C. decided to authorize the adoption of all necessary measures to protect civilians and civilian populated areas under threat of attack. France took the lead in enforcing the U.N. Security Council resolution on March 19, launching the first raids. On March 27, NATO decided to take on the whole military operation in Libya, acting as part of the broad international effort to solve the humanitarian crisis in the country. Operation 'Unified Protector' could be considered perhaps a new form of humanitarian intervention, in form of measures to protect civilians and civilian populated areas under threat of attack while excluding a foreign occupation force.

All Necessary Means to Protect Civilians: What the Intervention in Libya Says About the Relationship Between the Jus in Bello and the Jus ad Bellum

This article scrutinizes the phrase 'all necessary means to protect civilians under threat of attack', contained in the United Nations (UN) Security Council Resolution 1973 (2011) authorizing military force in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (Libya). It assesses both the meaning of this phrase and the legal regime pursuant to the resolution. That regime challenges the teleological separation but concurrent application of the law on the use of force (the jus ad bellum), and the law applicable in international and non-international armed conflict [the jus in bello or international humanitarian law (IHL)]. Security Council Resolution 1973, and its understanding of the term 'civilian', should be read in accordance with other international law norms; prima facie conflict of the resolution with IHL on the issue of targeting can be resolved. The resolution was however ambiguous on when force can be used. It is suggested that Resolution 1973 required a demonstrable risk of indiscriminate attack to civilians, per se necessity and jus ad bellum proportionality, the latter exceeding IHL's concept of proportionality because of the specificity of the resolution's aim. In examining the concurrent application of the jus ad bellum and the jus in bello in the context of specific interventions in Libya, the criticism that some states contributing coalition forces overstretched their mandate is corroborated. A combination of the resolution's ambiguity and political considerations lie at the heart of that overstretch. In developing international law for analogous situations, the intervention is likely to exacerbate existing quarrels over future council action to protect civilians. Language: en

Abstract P384: Overweight, Obesity and its Correlates among Adolescents: a Comparison of Eleven Countries in the Eastern Mediterranean Region

Background: Overweight and obesity, physical inactivity, and sedentary behavior are important risk factors for chronic diseases; however, for the youth in countries of the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR), comparable prevalence data are lacking. Methods: We used data from nationally representative samples of 34,410 13-15 year old schoolchildren who participated in the Global School-based Student Health Survey (Djibouti, Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Morocco, Oman, Pakistan, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates, and Yemen). Data on height, weight, physical activity levels, and sedentary behavior were collected from 2005-2009 in these eleven EMR countries and sex- and country-specific prevalence rates were calculated. Results: The prevalence of overweight and obese youth ranged from 6.5% in Pakistan (boys: 5.1%, girls: 8.7%) to 37.6% in the United Arab Emirates (boys: 39.2%, girls: 36.1%), whereas underweight was highest in Yemen (20.8%; boys: 25.4%, girls: 13.0%) and lowest in Egypt (4.0%; boys: 4.7%, girls: 3.2%). Six of the eleven countries had an overweight and obese rate higher than 20%. The combined risk factors of overweight, insufficient amount of physical activity (< 5 days of at least 60 minutes per week), and sedentary behavior (≥ 3 hours of sitting activities per day) ranged from 0.5% in Pakistan to 12.3% in the United Arab Emirates. Conclusion: These data suggest that prevalence of overweight schoolchildren is high in EMR countries. In addition, physical activity levels were below recommendation guidelines in most of the surveyed countries. Efforts to prevent these unfortunate trends should be taken on regional and national levels.

Foreign Direct Investment in the Arab World: An Analysis of Flows and an Evaluation of Country Specific Business Environment

Currently, Foreign Direct Investments (FDIs) are considered to be one of the most attractive tools of international business for large investments in foreign countries. International business is transforming the world in a way that has not been possible in previous years. On the other hand, FDI is growing faster than international production within the framework of international trade. This makes it possible for FDI to become a major instrument of spreading wealth. Global FDI flows rose to $1.24 trillion in 2010, but were still 15% below their pre-crisis average. This is in contrast to global industrial output and trade, which were back to pre-crisis levels. The UNCTAD estimates that global FDI will regain its pre-crisis level in 2011, increasing $1.4-1.6 trillion, and approaching its 2007 peak in 2013. This positive scenario holds, barring any unexpected global economic shocks that may arise from a number of risk factors still in play. Concerning the Arab world for the last two decades the FDI has been grown very fast regarding to the new policy. The political instability discourages investors to pay attention to risky spot. Arab world FDI and stocks is concentrated in few countries and sectors, for instance about 80% of the FDI in 2010 is concentrated in six countries: Saudi Arabia 42%, Egypt 10%, Qatar 8%, Lebanon 7%, United Arab Emirates 6% and Libyan Arab Jamahiriya 6%. The business environment and the economic performance of the Arab World still improving and the new policy and regulation that have been implemented in the Arab countries increased the attractiveness level of the FDI toward Arab countries. Despite the low rank of WGI in Arab World and the correlation of investment in some of the six indicators between countries in the Arab world especially in the highest receiver of FDI flows and in particular the GCC region the Business Doing reported great rank in regards to the proper business atmosphere for foreign investors. The six of the Arab countries Saudi Arabia, UAE, Qatar, Bahrain, Tunisia and Oman have climbed the scale on the ease of doing business ranked among the top 50 out of 183 countries, while Algeria, Comoros Mauritania, Iraq and Djibouti ranked very low on the same scale. The new policy and modification, which has been confirmed from World Bank by the Doing Business reports about the business environment of Arab World, show that their domestic laws in these countries pay attention to foreign companies to increase the investment in Arab world.

HIV/AIDS related knowledge among school-going adolescents from the Middle East and North Africa

The aim of this secondary analysis was to present cross-national data about HIV/AIDS related knowledge among 13- to 15-year-old school-going adolescents from the Middle East and North Africa. Data from 23673 school-going adolescents from seven countries (Jordan, Lebanon, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Morocco, Oman, Tunisia and United Arab Emirates) that undertook the Global School-Based Student Health Survey between 2004 and 2008 were analysed. HIV/AIDS related knowledge varied significantly between countries and gender. Research for this sensitive topic is scarce in this region. In addition, schools could be among the many key players for HIV/AIDS education.

Analysis of surgical emergencies in Benghazi, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya

The increasing incidence of trauma due to road crashes and violence has increased the need for an efficient emergency medical service. This cross-sectional study was based in a surgical emergency care facility in Benghazi city, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya. A representative sample of 391 admissions and 492 deaths was drawn from hospital medical records over a 6-year period (2000-05). A higher proportion of patients were males among both deaths and admissions. Surgical emergencies for females were less serious and less likely to be fatal. The most vulnerable age for admissions was 25-49 years (37.6%) and for deaths was 60+ years (37.0%). Noncommunicable diseases were responsible for 50.0% of deaths and 61.6% of admissions; the remainder were classified as injuries. The causes of surgical emergencies not only highlight priority areas for hospital management but also have relevance for community health management.

The Audacity of the Texaco/Calasiatic Award: Rene-Jean Dupuy and the Internationalization of Foreign Investment Law

The Texaco Overseas Petroleum Company and California Asiatic Oil Company v. The Government of the Libyan Arab Republic awards refer to concession contract provisions and a political context that are now obsolete. Thus, this article argues on the one hand that the award on the merits, delivered in January 1977, provides an unparalleled opportunity to survey almost every facet of the world of international investment arbitration of the past. On the other hand, the award must nevertheless also be read as forward-looking. By fostering a shift from the traditional hegemony of national jurisdiction in international investment law to the internationalization of international contracts, the article underlines that the award on the merits remains the finest example of Rene-Jean Dupuy's long-lasting contribution to international law doctrine. By way of conclusion, it suggests that it provides the very best expression and point of entry into Professor Dupuy's understanding and shaping of what he coined �la communaute�.

The Archaeology of Fazzān: Volume 3, The Excavations of C. M. Daniels. By David Mattingly, Charles Daniels, John Dore, Dave Edwards and John Hawthorne (with contributions by others). Edited by David J. Mattingly. The Society for Libyan Studies Monograph 8. Socialist Peoples Libyan Arab Jamahariya Department of Antiquities, Tripoli and The Society of Libyan Studies, London, 2010. ISBN 978-1-900971-10-2, pp.

The Archaeology of Fazzān: Volume 3, The Excavations of C. M. Daniels. By David Mattingly, Charles Daniels, John Dore, Dave Edwards and John Hawthorne (with contributions by others). Edited by David J. Mattingly. The Society for Libyan Studies Monograph 8. Socialist Peoples Libyan Arab Jamahariya Department of Antiquities, Tripoli and The Society of Libyan Studies, London, 2010. ISBN 978-1-900971-10-2, pp. 574 and numerous figures. Price: £ 60.00. - Volume 42

Mortality in the special care baby unit of the main children's hospital in Tripoli, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya

We investigated the prevalence of neonatal deaths in the special care baby unit (SCBU) at the main children's hospital in Tripoli and the factors associated with these deaths. We reviewed the medical records of all neonates who died in our SCBU from 1 January 2003 to 31 December 2005. A total of 1176 neonates were admitted to our SCBU (59.6% males and 40.4% females). Of these, 260 (22.1%) died: 165 males and 95 females. The reasons for admission to SCBU of the neonates who died were: prematurity (43.9%), birth asphyxia (16.7%), congenital malformations (15.9%), neonatal infections (14.6%), other reasons (4.6%) and data unavailable (4.3%). The factors associated with death were: respiratory distress (40.4%), congenital malformation (19.6%), neonatal infections (18.5%) and perinatal asphyxia (15.8%), with 5.8% attributed to other causes. The majority of deaths (63.1%) occurred during the early neonatal period. Mortality in our SCBU is high and action is needed to reduce it with emphasis on prematurity.

HOUSE'S WATER CONSUMPTION RATIONALIZATION IN (AL-ZENTAN – KHRIAN – LIBYAN ARAB)

This study was carried out to investigate and predict how minimizing consumption houses' water. This research was carried on AL-Zentan vallage Khrian- Libyan Arab. From a declaration, the person consumption was about 70 liter water every day. In order to decrease this consumption, made three prencible experiments in order to chose a good outlet discharge diameter. Decrease the outlet valve of water from 12.25mm to 10, 7.75 and 6 mm, and measured the consumption rates. The results indicated that, the best diameter was 10 mm, and the decrease ratio for the consumption was about 16.1 %. This decrease was compatible; modification of chock face waching-bain and chock of cooking room; this modification decrease consumption about 18.03 %. The conduct of the outlet of face waching-bain with (W.C) water-closet directly, decrease consumption about 20 %. By modification and conduction, abundance was about 38 % from consumption water and 38% from costs.

BIOGAS PRODUCTION BY USING BROILERS MANURE

This work was carried out of Agricultural Engineering Department, Faculty of Agriculture, West Mountain Univ. Libyan Arab. The problem was bring together broilers manure in ground holes for the front or behind pens, and its horrible disadvantage, and its environmental pollution. This research was carried out to seek the possibility of using broilers manure to produce biogas, keep out of the bad insect, minimizing environmental pollution and usufruct of this manure to got an energy. Broiler manure considered only as an activator factor for fermentation. The digester unit is cylindrical shape, It has 90 cm height and 60 cm diameter and its capacity was about 260 liters. After 40 days ( before produce gas) , the temperature, manometer reading and pH were measured. The results indicated that, the broiler manure could be use for producing biogas, the biogas increased at 6.3 : 7.2 pH. By increasing manure temperature about 10c˚, the fermentation process was increased and by agitation the biogas increased about 5 %. In order to keep of the environment, could be made a unit (digester) in every house and a small pen because it had a lot of manure, and the total manufacturing costs of the unit was about 100 L.D or 425 L.E.

The Social supervision and its role in the development of the service School social at Libyan Arab Jamahiriya

The new direction of the social control over the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya is a phase that began in Tripoli city in 1990. After opening of the Office of Education ministry, education and health as a result of the efforts made by the Department of Education, which affected the evolution of modern educational thought, which emphasizes the process of educational guidance and establish social participation among the specialist-oriented towards social and professional growth and improve performance for both sides to improve the educational process. The importance of this study indeed arose from the fact that the field of education is in need of social supervision. This is based on the diagnosis and school social realities of service and identified obstacles and professional problems and work out successful solutions in order to assist managers to develop this field, as well as the profession of social supervision network.

HIV/AIDS in the Middle East and North Africa: new study methods, results, and implications for prevention and care

HIV/AIDS in the Middle East and North Africa: new study methods, results, and implications for prevention and care

Profile of diabetic ketoacidosis at a teaching hospital in Benghazi, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya

This study describes the profile of 100 cases of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) at a teaching hospital in 1 Benghazi, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya. DKA was more frequent in young women with type 1 diabetes and mostly due to preventable causes, e.g., disrupted insulin treatment and/or infection. DKA also occurred in type 2 diabetics, with a higher mortality rate, as they were older patients with co-morbidity. Polyurea, fatigue, abdominal pain and vomiting were the most common clinical features, while coma was rarer. A high number of cases were first presentations of type 1 diabetes; hence this diagnosis should be considered in all patients with acute abdomen or decreased level of consciousness. The reasons for high mortality rate in this study (10%) were multifactorial.

Diabetes mortality and causes of death in Benghazi: a 5-year retrospective analysis of death certificates

A retrospective study of death certificates from 2000 to 2004 was made to estimate the contribution of diabetes to total mortality in Benghazi, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, and to study the causes of death among diabetics (coded using the International Classification of Diseases). Of 12 237 death certificates, 1482 (12.1%) mentioned diabetes. Of these, diabetes was recorded as the underlying cause in 5.1% of deaths and a contributory cause in 94.9%. The most frequent single causes of death for diabetics were: coronary artery disease (32.7%), cerebrovascular accident (20.1%), infections (14.0%), malignancies (7.7%), acute complications of diabetes (7.3%) and chronic renal failure (6.6%). Among multiple causes of death, circulatory diseases were mentioned on 46.2% of death certificates.

Framework Administered Account for Selected Fund Activities-The Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Subaccount for Selected Fund Activities

The Fund, represented by the Managing Director, has reached understandings with Libya acting through the Central Bank of Libya (“Libya”), to finance capacity building (technical assistance and training) and related activities. On the basis of these understandings, the Managing Director has established the essential terms and conditions of the Subaccount, with which The Socialist People’s Libyan Arab Jamahiriya concurs, with respect to the nature, design, and implementation of the activities to be financed and the method by which the costs of the activities will be financed from the Subaccount.

Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya

Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya

Plague outbreak in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya

Plague is circulating regularly in localised areas worldwide, causing sporadic cases outside Africa and remains endemic or causes limited outbreaks in some African countries. Furthermore, some notable outbreaks have been reported in Asia in the last 20 years. A limited outbreak with five cases has recently been notified by the health authorities of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya.