Library-based Approach Research Articles

Strategy for enhancing KAI Argo Pahrayangan Customers’ loyalty

This study aims to know about things that needed to be done to build customer loyalty. Customer loyalty is believed could give a view on the decision to enhance satisfaction and loyalty thus it can be used to make a business strategy. The focus of the study is on the customers of PT. Kereta Api Indonesia (Indonesia Train Company) especially the passenger of Argo Pahrayangan with Jakarta – Bandung route through Gambir Station. Price fairness and service quality become the variable of the study. The methodology used is descriptive qualitative with a library-based approach to analyze customer’s loyalty. The result showed that the higher the level of price fairness, the higher the customer’s satisfaction. It’s possíble to observe that service quality can also affect the customer’s satisfaction. Therefore, in conclusion, both price fairness and service quality are having a significant relationship with customer satisfaction.

Non-negative Least Squares Approach to Quantification of 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectra of Human Urine.

Because of its quantitative character and capability for high-throughput screening, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is used extensively in the profiling of biofluids such as urine and blood plasma. However, the narrow frequency bandwidth of 1H NMR spectroscopy leads to a severe overlap of the spectra of components present in the complex mixtures such as biofluids. Therefore, 1H NMR-based metabolomics analysis is focused on targeted studies related to concentrations of the small number of metabolites. Here, we propose a library-based approach to quantify proportions of overlapping metabolites from 1H NMR mixture spectra. The method boils down to the linear non-negative least squares (NNLS) problem, whereas proportions of the pure components contained in the library stand for the unknowns. The method is validated on an estimation of the proportions of (i) the 78 pure spectra, presumably related to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), from their synthetic linear mixture; (ii) metabolites present in 62 1H NMR spectra of urine of subjects with T2DM and 62 1H NMR spectra of urine of control subjects. In both cases, the in-house library of 210 pure component 1H NMR spectra represented the design matrix in the related NNLS problem. The proposed method pinpoints 63 metabolites that in a statistically significant way discriminate the T2DM group from the control group and 46 metabolites discriminating control from the T2DM group. For several T2DM-discriminative metabolites, we prove their presence by independent analytical determination or by pointing out the corresponding findings in the published literature.

Public Interest Litigation (PIL) as Strategic Legal Mechanism on Women’s Socio-Economic Rights in Nigeria: Making a Case for Girl Child Education

The percentage of girl child illiteracy is higher in girls than boys in Africa. This is particularly so in Nigeria. It is trite that Girl-child issues are generally confined within women’sright in Nigeria. As important as education isto life and humanity, it however falls under socio economic rights in Nigeria, which by virtue of the interpretation of constitutional provisions are argued as non-justiciable. Hence, accessing education for the girl child as a justice system or mechanism has been a challenge in the country. In recent times, some countries have directed public Interest litigation into fighting some socio-economic issues. This is a development which has not been practiced earlier and success is being recorded. It can be said that Public Interest litigation has been able to deal particularly with the challenge of locus standi which hasto do with the opportunity of accessing justice on some rights issues. Focusing on girl-child education in Nigeria, as a socio-economic rights issue to which access to justice is a challenge and to which legal strategic mechanism can bring a change is a positive one. The paper looks at the impact of African girl child illiteracy at this time in the global environment for sustainable development, the legal impediments to accessing justice on socio economic rights; recent legal mechanisms as best practices of getting socioeconomic rights enforced in some developed countries; innovative and emerging ways of its realization and enforcement in Nigeria. It proffers suggestions on legal and strategic litigation introduction or enhancement mechanism, the challenges if any and the gains more importantly of the public litigation procedure. The paper attempts a desktop and library-based approach in a comparative analysis of legal framework, policies on education, literature review of existing scholarship, case study on strategic litigation in some jurisdictions on socio economic rights and applies it to suggest Public Interest Litigation PIL for girl child education in Nigeria. The paper is germane for women’s right advancement, law and or policy reform and citizen empowerment in Nigeria and Africa at large.

Analysis of Legal And Ethical Regulation of Testamentary Matters in Nigeria: Has it Halted Inheritance Disputes?

Generally speaking, the practice of documenting testaments is not prevalent amongst Nigerians, particularly such testaments that reinforce the inevitability of one’s death. Nigeria’s legal framework indeed provides ample latitude and freedom for the testator to allocate his property. Instructively, the testators’ established intentions and the import of prevailing customary laws must be duly construed. It highlights the tension between customary law and testamentary dispositions. However, the evident conflict in terms of interpretation of the applicable laws and established practices may portend diverse and unpredictable outcomes for the matrix of stakeholders. The paper constitutes a robust legal critique, while utilizing descriptive approach with relevant secondary sources such as academic journals, statutes and textbooks. It highlights the importance of writing one’s will. It explores library-based approach to explore relevant judicial and statutory authorities, and legal opinion on testamentary matters. It is opined that; the essence of the ‘Wills Act’ is to secure a valid and reasonable interpretation of the testator’s dictates. This paper recommends the need for due compliance with the testators’ wishes as well as the importance of fostering a culture of documenting one’s testamentary intentions in Nigeria to prevent disputes over inheritance after the testator’s demise

Overexpression of RCK1 improves acetic acid tolerance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Mixed sugars derived from lignocellulosic biomass can be converted into biofuels and chemicals by engineered microorganisms, but toxic fermentation inhibitors produced from harsh depolymerization processes of lignocellulosic biomass pose a critical challenge for economic production of biofuels and chemicals. Unlike other fermentation inhibitors generated from sugar degradation, acetic acid is inevitably produced from acetylated hemicellulose, and its concentrations in cellulosic hydrolysates are substantially higher than other fermentation inhibitors. The aim of this study was to identify novel genetic perturbations for improved acetic acid tolerance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Through a genomic library-based approach, we identified an overexpression gene target RCK1 coding for a protein kinase involved in oxidative stress. Overexpression of RCK1 significantly improved glucose and xylose fermentation under acetic acid stress conditions. Specifically, the RCK1-overexpressing strain exhibited a two-fold higher specific ethanol productivity than the control strain in glucose fermentation under the presence of acetic acid. Interestingly, the engineered S. cerevisiae overexpressing RCK1 showed 40% lower intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels as compared to the parental strain when the strains were exposed to acetic acid, suggesting that RCK1 overexpression might play a role in reducing the oxidative stress caused by acetic acid.

Characterization of Sigma Factor Genes in Streptomyces lividans TK24 Using a Genomic Library-Based Approach for Multiple Gene Deletions.

Alternative sigma factors control numerous aspects of bacterial life, including adaptation to physiological stresses, morphological development, persistence states and virulence. This is especially true for the physiologically complex actinobacteria. Here we report the development of a robust gene deletions system for Streptomyces lividans TK24 based on a BAC library combined with the λ-Red recombination technique. The developed system was validated by systematically deleting the most highly expressed genes encoding alternative sigma factors and several other regulatory genes within the chromosome of S. lividans TK24. To demonstrate the possibility of large scale genomic manipulations, the major part of the undecylprodigiosin gene cluster was deleted as well. The resulting mutant strains were characterized in terms of morphology, growth parameters, secondary metabolites production and response to thiol-oxidation and cell-wall stresses. Deletion of SLIV_12645 gene encoding S. coelicolor SigR1 ortholog has the most prominent phenotypic effect, resulted in overproduction of actinorhodin and coelichelin P1 and increased sensitivity to diamide. The secreted proteome analysis of SLIV_12645 mutant revealed SigR1 influence on trafficking of proteins involved in cell wall biogenesis and refactoring. The reported here gene deletion system will further facilitate work on S. lividans strain improvement as a host for either secondary metabolites or protein production and will contribute to basic research in streptomycetes physiology, morphological development, secondary metabolism. On the other hand, the systematic deletion of sigma factors encoding genes demonstrates the complexity and conservation of regulatory processes conducted by sigma factors in streptomycetes.

PEF: Python Error Finder

PeerCheck [1] is a lightweight library-based approach to implement symbolic execution over object-oriented languages without modifying the analyzed code. Unlike traditional symbolic execution engines, the symbolic semantics is built as an external library that runs together with the target program. They can accomplish this task thanks to special features of the python programming language which allows one to implement symbolic values with class objects. However, their approach is limited to symbolic execution on primitive types. In this work, we show an extension that enables one to perform symbolic execution with user-defined class objects. In addition, we build a new verification tool, called PEF, which implements the described technique, and our extension. This tool can be used to verify programs written in the Python programming language, and we developed in python on top of the Z3 SMT solver. We used the tool to verify its own code, showing its potential and usefulness to test programs in production. We also evaluate the tool for testing well known algorithms and data structures.

Vulnerability and risk of deltaic social-ecological systems exposed to multiple hazards

Coastal river deltas are hotspots of global change impacts. Sustainable delta futures are increasingly threatened due to rising hazard exposure combined with high vulnerabilities of deltaic social-ecological systems. While the need for integrated multi-hazard approaches has been clearly articulated, studies on vulnerability and risk in deltas either focus on local case studies or single hazards and do not apply a social-ecological systems perspective. As a result, vulnerabilities and risks in areas with strong social and ecological coupling, such as coastal deltas, are not fully understood and the identification of risk reduction and adaptation strategies are often based on incomplete assumptions. To overcome these limitations, we propose an innovative modular indicator library-based approach for the assessment of multi-hazard risk of social-ecological systems across and within coastal deltas globally, and apply it to the Amazon, Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna (GBM), and Mekong deltas. Results show that multi-hazard risk is highest in the GBM delta and lowest in the Amazon delta. The analysis reveals major differences between social and environmental vulnerability across the three deltas, notably in the Mekong and the GBM deltas where environmental vulnerability is significantly higher than social vulnerability. Hotspots and drivers of risk vary spatially, thus calling for spatially targeted risk reduction and adaptation strategies within the deltas. Ecosystems have been identified as both an important element at risk as well as an entry point for risk reduction and adaptation strategies.

International Humanitarian Law: A Need for Legal Protection to Address the Mismanagement of Humanitarian Aid in IDP Camps in Nigeria

Over time, Nigeria has encountered internal displacement. The challenges of displacement have now become a national concern as Farmer-herders conflict has been attributed to be one of the major causes of displacement in the country. The realities of climate change and global warming also have affected the ecosystem causing internal displacement hence; there is need for urgent legal protection for Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs). With the increasing rate of vulnerability in displacement, the research examines the causes and effects of internal displacement in Nigeria. It also evaluates the legal framework which seeks to protect the rights of Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs). The paper critically reviews the provision of the Kampala Convention and the United Nations Guiding Principle on Internal Displacement and protection of displaced victims. The research adopts a doctrinal and library-based approach to examine the provisions of the law on the protection of IDPs in Nigeria. Thus, primary and secondary sources of law were relied on. The primary sources include the Kampala convention, amended 1999 constitution of Nigeria, International Treaties, conventions and resolutions, National Emergency Management Agency Act and semi structured Interviews. The secondary sources include articles, journals, books, newspapers and internet materials. A case study of the government-controlled camps in Benue state was done and the research unveils the poor management of humanitarian aid and relief items meant for victims. The research also finds that in Nigeria, there is no enforceable legislation which aims to protect the rights of the displaced persons and its calls for urgent national assembly efforts to protect vulnerable victims. The research concludes that there is need to rethink humanitarian assistance to victims by adopting a strategic approach to ensure that the relief materials appropriately target the victims. Hence, the paper recommends the domestication of Kampala convention and amendment of Nigeria constitution to guarantee more protection for displaced persons in Nigeria.

A library-based approach to realize intraoperative rapid imaging of tiny tumors by novel fluorogenic probes for peptidases

A library-based approach to realize intraoperative rapid imaging of tiny tumors by novel fluorogenic probes for peptidases

Selection of aptamers for AMACR detection from DNA libraries with different primers.

In this work, we investigated aptamer selection against alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase (AMACR) with three DNA libraries bearing different primers. Because of increased selection diversity, aptamers with varied structural properties, such as pre-folded, induced-folding, high and low primer-dependent conformations, were discovered. From the selection results, a dimeric aptamer was constructed and capable of detecting over-expression of AMACR in prostate cancer cell lines. In summary, this study demonstrates a library-based approach to obtain aptamers with different binding properties and provides distinct aptamers for flexible design of AMACR detection.

Sharīʿah non-compliant assets as rahn (pledge) in Islamic banking products: a fiqhī perspective

Purpose The purpose of this study is to present a framework regarding the use of Sharīʿah non-compliant assets as rahn (pledge) and to provide the Sharīʿah analysis on the application of numerous collateral instruments, including financial assets such as shares, unit trusts, current accounts and investment accounts which are Sharīʿah non-compliant. Design/methodology/approach The study adopts a library-based approach to examine the concept and requirements of rahn, deliberate the classification of Sharīʿah non-compliant assets and delineate the Sharīʿah views on the use of Sharīʿah non-compliant assets as pledges. It also examines the various forms of pledge available and offered in the market using document analysis as well as through discussion with industry practitioners. Findings In general, the study concludes that Sharīʿah non-compliant assets, either due to their essence or due to the means of acquisition where there is no ownership from Sharīʿah perspective, cannot be used as rahn. This study also provides the Sharīʿah analysis on the use of modern instruments such as shares, unit trusts, current accounts, investment accounts and insurance policy as pledges. Originality/value The paper provides a reference source for regulators in formulating an appropriate policy and framework on Sharīʿah-compliant collateral; Sharīʿah committees of Islamic financial institutions in arriving at Sharīʿah decisions on collateral; and industry practitioners in establishing internal policies and procedures on collateral.

A large shRNA library approach identifies lncRNA Ntep as an essential regulator of cell proliferation

The mammalian cell cycle is a complex and tightly controlled event. Myriads of different control mechanisms are involved in its regulation. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA) have emerged as important regulators of many cellular processes including cellular proliferation. However, a more global and unbiased approach to identify lncRNAs with importance for cell proliferation is missing. Here, we present a lentiviral shRNA library-based approach for functional lncRNA profiling. We validated our library approach in NIH3T3 (3T3) fibroblasts by identifying lncRNAs critically involved in cell proliferation. Using stringent selection criteria we identified lncRNA NR_015491.1 out of 3842 different RNA targets represented in our library. We termed this transcript Ntep (non-coding transcript essential for proliferation), as a bona fide lncRNA essential for cell cycle progression. Inhibition of Ntep in 3T3 and primary fibroblasts prevented normal cell growth and expression of key fibroblast markers. Mechanistically, we discovered that Ntep is important to activate P53 concomitant with increased apoptosis and cell cycle blockade in late G2/M. Our findings suggest Ntep to serve as an important regulator of fibroblast proliferation and function. In summary, our study demonstrates the applicability of an innovative shRNA library approach to identify long non-coding RNA functions in a massive parallel approach.

New high copy tandem repeat in the content of the chicken W chromosome.

The content of repetitive DNA in avian genomes is considerably less than in other investigated vertebrates. The first descriptions of tandem repeats were based on the results of routine biochemical and molecular biological experiments. Both satellite DNA and interspersed repetitive elements were annotated using library-based approach and de novo repeat identification in assembled genome. The development of deep-sequencing methods provides datasets of high quality without preassembly allowing one to annotate repetitive elements from unassembled part of genomes. In this work, we search the chicken assembly and annotate high copy number tandem repeats from unassembled short raw reads. Tandem repeat (GGAAA)n has been identified and found to be the second after telomeric repeat (TTAGGG)n most abundant in the chicken genome. Furthermore, (GGAAA)n repeat forms expanded arrays on the both arms of the chicken W chromosome. Our results highlight the complexity of repetitive sequences and update data about organization of sex W chromosome in chicken.

A novel hairpin library-based approach to identify NBS\u2013LRR genes required for effector-triggered hypersensitive response in Nicotiana benthamiana

BackgroundPTI and ETI are the two major defence mechanisms in plants. ETI is triggered by the detection of pathogen effectors, or their activity, in the plant cell and most of the time involves internal receptors known as resistance (R) genes. An increasing number of R genes responsible for recognition of specific effectors have been characterised over the years; however, methods to identify R genes are often challenging and cannot always be translated to crop plants.ResultsWe present a novel method to identify R genes responsible for the recognition of specific effectors that trigger a hypersensitive response (HR) in Nicotiana benthamiana. This method is based on the genome-wide identification of most of the potential R genes of N. benthamiana and a systematic silencing of these potential R genes in a simple transient expression assay. A hairpin-RNAi library was constructed covering 345 R gene candidates of N. benthamiana. This library was then validated using several previously described R genes. Our approach indeed confirmed that Prf, NRC2a/b and NRC3 are required for the HR that is mediated in N. benthamiana by Pto/avrPto (prf, NRC2a/b and NRC3) and by Cf4/avr4 (NRC2a/b and NRC3). We also confirmed that NRG1, in association with N, is required for the Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV)-mediated HR in N. benthamiana.ConclusionWe present a novel approach combining bioinformatics, multiple-gene silencing and transient expression assay screening to rapidly identify one-to-one relationships between pathogen effectors and host R genes in N. benthamiana. This approach allowed the identification of previously described R genes responsible for detection of avirulence determinants from Pseudomonas, Cladosporium and TMV, demonstrating that the method could be applied to any effectors/proteins originating from a broad range of plant pathogens that trigger an HR in N. benthamiana. Moreover, with the increasing availability of genome sequences from model and crop plants and pathogens, this approach could be implemented in other plants, accelerating the process of identification and characterization of novel resistance genes.

Multiplex Substrate Profiling by Mass Spectrometry for Kinases as a Method for Revealing Quantitative Substrate Motifs.

The more than 500 protein kinases comprising the human kinome catalyze hundreds of thousands of phosphorylation events to regulate a diversity of cellular functions; however, the extended substrate specificity is still unknown for many of these kinases. We report here a method for quantitatively describing kinase substrate specificity using an unbiased peptide library-based approach with direct measurement of phosphorylation by tandem liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) peptide sequencing (multiplex substrate profiling by mass spectrometry, MSP-MS). This method can be deployed with as low as 10 nM enzyme to determine activity against S/T/Y-containing peptides; additionally, label-free quantitation is used to ascertain catalytic efficiency values for individual peptide substrates in the multiplex assay. Using this approach we developed quantitative motifs for a selection of kinases from each branch of the kinome, with and without known substrates, highlighting the applicability of the method. The sensitivity of this approach is evidenced by its ability to detect phosphorylation events from nanogram quantities of immunoprecipitated material, which allows for wider applicability of this method. To increase the information content of the quantitative kinase motifs, a sublibrary approach was used to expand the testable sequence space within a peptide library of approximately 100 members for CDK1, CDK7, and CDK9. Kinetic analysis of the HIV-1 Tat (transactivator of transcription)-positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb) interaction allowed for localization of the P-TEFb phosphorylation site as well as characterization of the stimulatory effect of Tat on P-TEFb catalytic efficiency.

Lunch at the library: examination of a community-based approach to addressing summer food insecurity.

To examine a library-based approach to addressing food insecurity through a child and adult summer meal programme. The study examines: (i) risk of household food insecurity among participants; (ii) perspectives on the library meal programme; and (iii) barriers to utilizing other community food resources. Quantitative surveys with adult participants and qualitative semi-structured interviews with a sub-sample of adult participants. Ten libraries using public and private funding to serve meals to children and adults for six to eight weeks in low-income Silicon Valley communities (California, USA) during summer 2015. Adult survey participants (≥18 years) were recruited to obtain maximum capture, while a sub-sample of interview participants was recruited through maximum variation purposeful sampling. Survey participants (n 161) were largely Latino (71 %) and Asian (23 %). Forty-one per cent of participants screened positive for risk of food insecurity in the past 12 months. A sub-sample of programme participants engaged in qualitative interviews (n 67). Interviewees reported appreciating the library's child enrichment programmes, resources, and open and welcoming atmosphere. Provision of adult meals was described as building community among library patrons, neighbours and staff. Participants emphasized lack of awareness, misinformation about programmes, structural barriers (i.e. transportation), immigration fears and stigma as barriers to utilizing community food resources. Food insecurity remains high in our study population. Public libraries are ideal locations for community-based meal programmes due to their welcoming and stigma-free environment. Libraries are well positioned to link individuals to other social services given their reputation as trusted community organizations.

Architecture of model libraries for modelling turbocharged diesel engines

ABSTRACTTurbocharged diesel engines are complex engineering systems, which have a wide range of applications. Numerical simulations of the engine system for its performance, fuel economy and emissions offer affordable possibilities to improve the engine system itself and, furthermore, to optimize a larger system, such as a power plant and a marine propulsion system. As the simulation models of the diesel engines are used in a wide range of contexts, a library-based modelling approach provides benefits of making a modelling process and maintenance of the existing models easier. The model library should not be just a catalogue of the models but has to provide a solid model structure on different levels of abstraction and, therefore, guide the modeller to make appropriate decisions in a step-by-step manner at each level. Such a model structure consists of a technical component level, a physical concept level and a mathematical level. In this paper, application of the model structure to build a library for modelling turbocharged diesel engines is presented. For each level, a general framework is explained with practical examples. Finally, a procedure for building an engine system simulation model is demonstrated using a specific diesel engine model.

Distributions of Synergistetes in clinically-healthy and diseased periodontal and peri-implant niches

Bacterial taxa belonging to the phylum Synergistetes are commonly detected within diseased periodontal niches, but are rarely found within healthy oral sites. However, as they typically constitute a minor fraction of the oral microbiota, their precise distributions and disease-associations remain to be fully established. Here, we surveyed the Synergistetes taxa present within individual periodontal/subgingival and peri-implant/submucosal sites, within Chinese subjects (n = 18) affected by both peri-implantitis and periodontitis. Four individual, clinically-distinct sites were analyzed in each patient: healthy sulcus; periodontitis lesion; healthy peri-implant space; peri-implantitis lesion. We employed a clone library-based approach, using PCR-primers that specifically amplified ca. 650bp regions of the 16S rRNA gene from oral cluster A and B Synergistetes taxa. Twenty-one of the 72 sites (from 12/18 subjects) yielded Synergistetes 16S rRNA PCR products. Sequencing of cloned amplicon libraries yielded 1338 quality-filtered 16S rRNA sequences, which were assigned to 26 Synergistetes operational taxonomic units (OTUs; oral taxon SH01-SH26) using a 98.5% identity cut-off. We identified 25 Synergistetes oral cluster A OTUs (genus Fretibacterium; corresponding to Human Oral Taxon (HOT) numbers 358, 359, 360, 361, 362, 363, 452, and 453), and one oral cluster B OTU (Pyramidobacter piscolens oral taxon SH04, HOT-357). Three OTUs predominated: Fretibacterium oral taxon SH01 (HOT-360), Fretibacterium oral taxon SH02 (HOT-452), and Fretibacterium fastidiosum oral taxon SH03 (HOT-363). The Synergistetes community compositions within the respective periodontal and peri-implant sites were variable and complex, and no statistically-significant correlations could be established. However, the detection frequency of F. fastidiosum SH03 and Fretibacterium oral taxon SH01 were both positively associated with plaque index at healthy subgingival sites. Taken together, our results show that diverse Synergistetes populations inhabit both diseased and healthy periodontal and peri-implant niches, with considerable site-to-site variations in composition occurring within the same oral cavity.

Source Tracking of Fecal Contamination Along San Luis Obispo (SLO) Creek

The primary goal of this project was to identify the biological sources of fecal contamination within and around the Mission tunnel of SLO Creek. Fecal coliform bacteria are used as an indication of fecal contamination that may include disease‐causing bacteria and viruses. Using a library‐based approach, we were able to track the possible sources of this contamination by analyzing specific regions of DNA within isolated E. coli samples. Environmental samples were collected from the Mission Tunnel mouth and underneath the Marsh Street Bridge and E. coli was isolated and identified using biochemical tests. Two regions of DNA (16‐23 and 23‐5 ITS) were amplified from each bacterial isolate and analyzed by a novel bacterial strain typing method known as pyroprinting. These pyroprints were matched to the Cal Poly Library of Pyroprints, which contains data for approximately 7000 E. coli isolates from various wildlife, human, domesticated animal, and environmental sources. Out of a total 843 isolates collected from SLO Creek, 25% matched isolates in the database. Approximately 72% of these matches were to unique hosts, with the majority of unique matches being to cow (51%) and pigeon (25%) isolates. Other matches include those to samples from humans (7%), horses (5%), turkeys (4%), and chickens (3%). The bias toward cow isolates (despite the absence of cows in the immediate area) and the low percentage of total matches indicates that more samples from different hosts need to be collected for the pyroprint library in order to gain a better picture of fecal contamination sources.