Liberica Research Articles

Effect of Organic Waste Extracts as Potential Biocontrol of Golden Apple Snail

Golden apple snail (GAS; Pomacea canaliculata) is a member of the genus for freshwater snails with gill and operculum. It is an aquatic gastropod mollusc in the family Ampullariidae. This species has been introduced outside its native South American region and considered invasive because of its voracious appetite for paddy and other plants. In this study, the effect of bioresources and commercial waste were experimented to determine their effects on GAS. Garlic (Allium sativum) skins, groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) shells, used coffee (Coffea liberica) grounds and water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica) stems were extracted at 100 °C in aqueous system. The potential of these aqueous extracts as nanobiocontrol were investigated through the characterisation of particle size and molluscicidal activity. The results indicated that the aqueous extracts from water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica) in the form of nanoparticle (780.93 ± 2.45 nm) showed more lethal effect on GAS after 5 ± 1 min of exposure compared to used coffee grounds nanoparticle aqueous extract (553.64 ± 1.32 nm) at 45 ± 15 min, garlic skin aqueous extract (1381.34 ± 7.15 nm) at 8 ± 1 min and ground skin aqueous extract (1114.39 ± 10.35 nm) at 7 ± 2 min, respectively. These organic materials have the potential to be developed as biocontrol of GAS.

Development and regeneration of somatic embryos from leaves-derived calli of Coffea liberica

Abstract. Ardiyani F, Utami ESW, Purnobasuki H, Paramita SA. 2020. Development and regeneration of somatic embryos from leaves-derived calli of Coffea liberica. Biodiversitas 21: 5829-5834. Coffea liberica is an important and potentially commercial plant with a high economic value from the Coffea genus. Therefore, the availability of planting material is needed to increase productivity and ensure the sustainability of its farming. Somatic embryogenesis is a powerful propagation method used to produce clonal plants from limited genetic material. In the present research, we have shown that C. liberica could be successfully regenerated in vitro via somatic embryogenesis from leaves derived embryogenic callus. These calli were cultured on Murashige Skoog (MS) medium added with 1 mgL-1 BAP or in combination with 2.4 D (0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2 mgL-1) for embryo development induction. Furthermore, the medium containing only BAP was best for embryo development induction after culturing for 12 weeks, with the highest number of cotyledonary stage embryos (17.8%) and producing a total of embryo (20.2). Following cotyledonary stage embryo were cultured on new MS medium containing 0.5 mgL-1 BAP, 0.5 mgL-1 IAA, 0.5 mgL-1 NAA only, and 0.5 mgL-1 BAP in combination with 0.5 mgL-1 IAA or 0.5 mgL-1 NAA. Interestingly, the results showed that cotyledonary stage embryos were converted into complete plants at all treatment, but the MS medium containing 0.5 mgL-1 BAP was found to be the most effective in promoting regeneration with 2.6 leaves per-plantlet and height of 5.2 mm. Based morphological analysis confirm that the development of somatic embryo from leaves-derived calli of Coffea liberica started with the formation of embryo globular, heart, torpedo, cotyledonary stages, and finally conversion of cotyledonary embryo into complete plant.

Identification and characterization of Vietnamese coffee bacterial endophytes displaying in vitro antifungal and nematicidal activities

The endophytic bacteria were isolated from coffee roots and seeds in Vietnam and identified with 16S rDNA sequencing as belonging to the Actinobacteria, Firmicutes and Proteobacteria phyla with the Nocardia, Bacillus and Burkholderia as dominant genera, respectively. Out of the thirty genera recovered from Coffea canephora and Coffea liberica, twelve were reported for the first time in endophytic association with coffee including members of the genera Brachybacterium, Caballeronia, Kitasatospora, Lechevalieria, Leifsonia, Luteibacter, Lysinibacillus, Mycolicibacterium, Nakamurella, Paracoccus, Sinomonas and Sphingobium. A total of eighty bacterial endophytes were characterized in vitro for several plant growth promoting and biocontrol traits including: the phosphate solubilization, the indolic compounds, siderophores, HCN, esterase, lipase, gelatinase and chitinase production. A subset of fifty selected bacteria were tested for their potential as biocontrol agents with in vitro confrontations with the fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum as well as the coffee parasitic nematodes Radopholus duriophilus and Pratylenchus coffeae. The three most efficient isolates on F. oxysporum belonging to the Bacillus, Burkholderia, and Streptomyces genera displayed a growth inhibition rate higher than 40%. Finally, five isolates from the Bacillus genus were able to lead to 100% of mortality in 24 h on both R. duriophilus and P. coffeae.

Short Communication: Genetic polymorphism of registered and popularly cultivated coffee (Coffea spp.) in the Philippines using inter-simple sequence repeats markers

Abstract. Panaligan AC, Baltazar MD, Alejandro GJD. 2020. Short Communication: Genetic polymorphism of registered and popularly cultivated coffee (Coffea spp.) in the Philippines using inter-simple sequence repeats markers. Biodiversitas 21: 4228-4233. Three Coffea species, namely Coffea arabica, Coffea canephora and Coffea liberica have been commercially cultivated in the Philippines. Genetic variability analysis of these species is important for the conservation of genetic resources and breeding programs. Hence, this study was carried out to identify polymorphic inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR) markers and determine the genetic variation of these three commercially cultivated coffee species. Twenty-nine DNA samples from young coffee leaves were extracted and PCR amplified. Of the 29 primers used, seven produced clear and reproducible bands. In the 54 bands produced, 51 were polymorphic. The number of bands amplified by each primer varied from 5 to 12 with an average of 7.71 bands. Polymorphism percentage ranged from 80 to 100. This is the first time that ISSR markers were used to determine the genetic variation of coffee in the Philippines. The study demonstrated the efficiency of ISSR markers to assess genetic variation in cultivated coffee species. The ISSR markers were able to differentiate the coffee germplasm at the interspecific and intraspecific levels. These results suggest the potential of ISSR markers for genetic diversity analysis of commercial coffee and varietal identification of elite varieties using DNA fingerprinting.

Development of a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) method for characterizing caffeine, methylliberine, and theacrine pharmacokinetics in humans

Coffea liberica possesses stimulant properties without accumulating the methylxanthine caffeine. The basis for this peculiar observation is that methylurates (e.g., theacrine and methylliberine) have replaced caffeine. The stimulant properties of methylurates, alone and in combination with caffeine, have recently been investigated. However, human pharmacokinetics and LC-MS/MS methods for simultaneous measurement of methylxanthines and methylurates are lacking. To address this deficiency, we conducted a pharmacokinetic study in which subjects (n = 12) were orally administered caffeine (150 mg), methylliberine (Dynamine™, 100 mg), and theacrine (TeaCrine®, 50 mg) followed by blood sampling over 24 h. Liquid-liquid extraction of plasma samples containing purine alkaloids and internal standard (13C-Caffeine) were analyzed using a C18 reversed-phase column and gradient elution (acetonitrile and water, both containing 0.1% formic acid). A Waters Xevo TQ-S tandem mass spectrometer (positive mode) was used to detect caffeine, methylliberine, theacrine, and IS transitions of m/z 195.11 → 138.01, 225.12 → 168.02, 225.12 → 167.95, and 198.1 → 140.07, respectively. The method was validated for precision, accuracy, selectivity, and linearity and was successfully applied to characterize the oral pharmacokinetics of caffeine, methylliberine, and theacrine in human plasma. Successful development and application of LC-MS/MS-based methods such as ours for the simultaneous measurement of methylxanthines and methylurates are essential for the characterization of potential pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions.

Development of peatland-friendly commodities to achieve sustainable forest management in Jambi Province

The peatland restoration program has been targeted by the Peatland Restoration Agency (BRG) of 2.4 million hectares from 2016 to 2020 including in Jambi Province. This program must be carried out collaboratively by involving various stakeholders (government, community, academic, NGO, and businessman). However, currently the clearing of peatland areas for oil palm plantations by slash and burn is very potential for forest fires. The paper aims to analyze the development of peatland-friendly commodities based on market expansion in Jambi province. The method used is a qualitative method based on surveys to analyze the socio-economic of community and peatland-friendly commodity market potential. Besides oil palm (Elaeis guineensis), seven other peatland-friendly commodities have the potential to be developed in Sinar Wajo Village, Tanjung Jabung Timur Regency, Jambi Province, namely: areca nut (Areca catechu), coconut (Cocos nucifera), liberica coffee (Coffea liberica), durian (Durio zibethinus), balangeran (Shorea balangeran), petai (Parkia speciosa), and jengkol (Archidendron pauciflorum). These potential commodities are obtained from the suitability of planting land, community’s perception, market and market surveys, and commodity supply chains. The development of peatland-friendly commodities based on market expansion provides alternative livelihoods for communities to increase their income and to achieve sustainable forest management.

Grafted Coffee Increases Yield and Survivability

Kona coffee root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne konaensis) cause severe declines in ‘Kona Typica’ arabica coffee (Coffea arabica) trees in Hawaii. Defoliation and destruction of the root system result in significant yield losses and can kill the host. Grafting with other coffee (Coffea) species that exhibit tolerance to kona coffee root-knot nematodes is a viable solution for mitigating damage in the field. An infested field was established in 2006 with ‘Kona Typica’ scions grafted on seven accessions of promising rootstock and nongrafted ‘Kona Typica’ as the control. Four grafted trees of each accession were planted per plot with four repetitions. Yield data were assessed for the 2016–17, 2017–18, and 2018–19 seasons. Three liberica coffee (Coffea liberica) accessions [‘Arnoldiana’ (‘Arnoldiana’ 1 and ‘Arnoldiana’ 2), ‘Dewevrei’, and ‘Fukunaga’ 1], demonstrated higher yields of coffee cherry compared with nongrafted ‘Kona Typica’ in the 2016–17 season. In the 2017–18 and 2018–19 seasons, five accessions of liberica and ‘Nemaya’ robusta coffee (Coffea canephora) exhibited higher cherry yields than ‘Kona Typica’. Plant vigor was greater in trees grafted on ‘Arnoldiana’ and ‘Fukunaga’ compared with other accessions and nongrafted ‘Kona Typica’, with taller trees, higher vertical branches, thicker trunk circumferences, and overall better health. After 13 years in the field, nongrafted ‘Kona Typica’ showed the highest mortality, with 81% of trees lost. Liberica rootstocks performed consistently well in the presence of kona coffee root-knot nematodes, with the healthiest trees, highest yields, and least mortality of the coffee species evaluated.

Brewing characterization for optimum functional properties of Dampit Robusta (Coffea canephora) and Liberica (Coffea Liberica) coffee leaves tea

Coffee leaf is rich of bioactive compound such as phenolic acids, flavonoids, alkaloids, tannin, and caffeine. This study aims to determine optimal brewing conditions for Dampit Robusta and Liberica coffee leaf tea with total phenolic content, tannin content and antioxidant activity as response, also to determine its sensory characteristics. The results suggest that the optimum brewing condition of Dampit Robusta coffee leaves tea was obtained at 95.30°C for 5.14 minutes with total phenolic compound of 468.26 ± 4.16 mg GAE/g, tannin content 303.95 ± 8.17 μg TAE/g, and IC50 antioxidant activity was 14.91 ± 2.48 ppm. Meanwhile the brewing of Dampit liberica coffee tea leaves was optimum at 95.52°C for 6.03 minutes, with the total phenolic content, tannin content, and antioxidant activity were 562.72 ± 20.21 mg GAE/g, 434.86 ± 34.05 μg TAE/g and 12.68 ± 1.89 ppm consecutively. It was also found that Robusta tea leaves have more dominant floral flavour while Liberica tea leaves were dominated by burnt flavour, bitter taste and astringent mouth-feel.

Enhancement of soil carbon and nitrogen stocks by abiotic and microbial pathways in three rubber‐based agroforestry systems in Southwest China

AbstractAgroforestry systems are considered promising alternatives to rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) monocultures, but information is limited on the effects of rubber‐based agroforestry systems on soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) storage. The current study, which was conducted in Xishuangbanna, China, compared four intercropping treatments, including rubber monoculture and the follow three agroforestry treatments: intercropping withCamellia sinensis,Coffea liberica, orTheobroma cacao. Soil physicochemical properties and copy numbers ofcbbLandnosZgenes (which indicate the abundance of bacteria that function in C and N cycling) were analyzed. The results showed thatCoffea libericaintercropping facilitated SOC and TN contents and enhanced SOC and TN stocks by 36.5 and 33.2% relative to rubber monoculture at 0–10 cm soil layer, respectively. Structural equation modeling showed that the effects of intercropping oncbbLandnosZcopy numbers were mainly explained by soil pH and bulk density (r2= .37 and .35, respectively), that the abundance ofcbbLand SOC content directly affected SOC storage (r2= .46), and that the abundance ofnosZand TN content directly affected TN storage (r2= .22). Our results indicate that the use ofC.libericaas intercrops should contribute to retard soil degradation and to implement sustainable land management in rubber monocultures. Combining the abiotic and microbial pathways, we suggest that the enhancement of C and N sequestration withC.libericaunder rubber monoculture can be probably attributed to the increased input of litter and roots and to the stimulation of the microorganisms that regulate C and N cycles.

PECULIARITIES OF INTRODUCTION OF SMALL-WIDENED DECORATIVE TYPES IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE LADYZHYN DENDROPARK

The floristic analysis of the low-frequency ornamental species of the arboretum «Ladyzhyn Dendropark» was carried out, according to which the taxonomic composition and the description of the investigated species of the arboretum were determined. Based on the results of the integrated numerical assessment of the viability of trees and shrubs based on visual observations, the prospects for the introduction of woody plants in the study region were evaluated. The species composition of the introduced ornamental plants of the arboretum is systematized, which today is more than 25 species, arranged in accordance with the formed dendroplan. The peculiarities of the introduction of low-abundant ornamental plants were investigated, and the inventories of native and introduced arboreal and shrub vegetation of the areas of the arboretum were conducted. Based on these studies, a dendroplan was developed for a dendrological park of the local importance. The age and quantitative structure of the plantations has been determined, according to which 21 composite areas have been created in the studied area of more than 10 ha. In the course of research it is determined that 9 species of plants are quite promising (Catalpa speciosa Warder., Nyssa sylvatica Marsh, Gymnocladus dioicus (L.) K.Koch, Liriodendron tulipifera L., Magnolia kobus DC., Liquidambar styraciflua L., Malus sieboldii, Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco, Ginkgo biloba L. Betula nigra L); promising – 10 species (Zelkova serrata (Thunb.) Makino, Stephanandra incisa (Thunb.) Zabel, Koelreuteria bipinnata Franch., Magnolia soulangeana Soul, Rhus typhina L., Catalpa bignonioides, Chamaecyparis pisifera (Siebold & Zucc.) Endl., Malus «Evereste», Malus domestica «Rajka», Diospyros virginiana L.), less promising – 5 species (Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb.) Steud., Cercis siliquastrum L., Magnolia George Henry Kern, Coffea liberica (W. Bull ex Hiern), Magnolia acuminata L.) The low adaptive index of the last 5 species is related to the inconsistency of the temperature regime in the study conditions. Inventory of the assortment of 20 shrubs and arboretum plants was made and a design decision was made to increase the species and form content of arboretum of section No. 21. The current state of compositions and flower beds of the arboretum was analyzed and recommendations for their improvement on the principle of selection and placement of species were presented. Keywords: dendropark, introduction, compositions, flower beds, integral evaluation, taxonomic composition, decorative properties, systematic principle, exotics.

Combination of Mycorrhizal Symbiosis and Root Grafting Effectively Controls Nematode in Replanted Coffee Soil.

Replanting for sustainable development is one of the critical missions of the coffee industry in the Daklak province, Vietnam. However, this plan has been faced with many difficulties including poor survival and growth rates due to the low nematode tolerance of young coffee plants in replanted fields. Mycorrhizal symbiosis and grafting have been applied separately but not yet resulted in the expected results of the replanting plan. Whether the combination of them would help managing nematode in the soil and consequently enhance the replanted efficiency is largely unknown. Mycorrhizal symbiosis was applied to Coffea canephora plants or/and grafted onto Coffea liberica rootstock, which were grown and compared to the untreated ones in both net-house-pots and the replanted plantation. The survival rate, growth indicators and the soil pathogens were monitored during the experimental periods. The combination of grafting and mycorrhiza symbiotic techniques significantly decreased the nematode densities in the replanted soil. As a result, the survival rate and growth indicators of the coffee in the replanted soil treated by the combined technique were better than treated by the two separate techniques. The results suggested that the combination of grafting and mycorrhiza symbiotic techniques would propose a potentially effective Pratylenchus coffeae and Meloidogyne incognita nematode management in replanted coffee fields in the Daklak province, Vietnam.

Hydroxycinnamoyl Amino Acids Conjugates: A Chiral Pool to Distinguish Commercially Exploited Coffea spp.

The synthesis of five hydroxycinnamoyl amides (HCAs) was accomplished and their identification and quantification in the green coffee bean samples of Coffea arabica, Coffea canephora, and Coffea liberica was performed. The HCAs p-coumaroyl-N-tyrosine 1b, caffeoyl-N-phenylalanine 2b, caffeoyl-N-tyrosine 3b, and p-coumaroyl-N-tryptophan 4b were characteristic of the C. canephora species while caffeoyl-N-tryptophan 5b was present in both C. canephora and C. arabica, but with higher content in C. canephora. The HCAs presence was also analyzed in C. liberica for the first time and none of the targeted compounds was found, indicating that this species is very similar to C. arabica species. Between C. canephora samples from various origins, significant differences were observed regarding the presence of all the HCAs, with C. canephora from Tanzania containing all five derivatives.

Optimization of brewing time and temperature for caffeine and tannin levels in Dampit coffee leaf tea of Robusta (Coffea canephora) and Liberica (Coffea liberica)

Coffee constitutes a plant product high in economic value. Extremely abundant throughout Indonesia, different varieties can be found in each region. Coffee leaves represent a by-product of coffee production which are disposed of without being subjected to further processing. One advantage of coffee leaf waste is that it can be made into coffee leaf tea, to prevent various diseases. The caffeine and tannin content can be optimized by temperature and brewing time. Research on coffee leaf tea remains limited, with little study of Liberica coffee leaf tea. This investigation was to determine the optimal brewing time and temperature of Robusta (Coffea canephora) and Liberica (Coffea liberica) coffee leaf tea. This research used the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) method with Central Composite Design (CCD). Data analysis using RSM method was conducted incorporating two factors. The first factor was the brewing temperature with a minimum value of 91 °C and a maximum value of 99 °C. The second factor was brewing time with minimum and maximum values of three and seven minutes respectively. Identifying the optimal treatment was based on two factors, caffeine and tannin content. Optimized processes were applied to conduct organoleptic tests on 110 untrained panelists using the Rate-All-That-Apply (RATA) method to highlight the majority attributes experienced by the panelists. The optimal brewing temperature and duration for robusta coffee leaf tea were 93.43 °C and 4.80 minutes which produced caffeine and tannin levels of 74.90 mg.100mL-1 and 293.01 µg.g-1 respectively. In contrast, in the case of Liberica coffee leaf tea, the optimal brewing conditions comprised a temperature of 91.65 °C and duration of 4.84 minutes which produced caffeine and tannin levels of 72.52 mg.100mL-1 and 415.87 µg.g-1. Results of sensory analysis showed that the majority produced five significant characteristics, namely: sweet flavor, fire flavor, sweet taste, bitter taste and astringent mouthfeel.

Development of agroforestry oil palm for peatland restoration in Jambi Province: establishing process and initial results

Rapid degradation of peatland forest in Indonesia is caused by conversion into plantation forest and agriculture land, including oil palm plantation by farmers. Restoration of peatland is then needed with involvement of local farmers as main stakeholder. This paper presents establishment process and initial result from an action research on peatland restoration using biodiversity enrichment experiment in existing oil palm smallholder plantation to develop oil palm agroforestry. The experiment was established in Sinar Wajo Village, Tanjung Jabung Timur Regency, Jambi Province in which 30 plots in sizes of 25m2, 100 m2, and 400 m2 placed systematically over about 21 ha oil palm plantation belong to a group of farmers. There were 1,180 trees of 6 species, i.e. blangeran (Shorea blangeran), pinang (Areca pinanga), petai (Parkia speciosa), durian (Durio zibethinus), jengkol (Archidendron pauciflorum), and kopi liberika (Coffea liberica) with 0, 3, and 6 diversity levels, created tree island on the sea of oil palms. Approach to local leaders was very important for the initiation of the action research. Focus group discussion with farmer group, provision of seedlings and labour wages were conducted to ensure farmer willingness of participation. Capacity building, such as training on tree cultivation, bio-fertilizer production and study tour was conducted as incentive for farmers. The initial result of plant growth measurement from experiment plots showed 21 months after planting many planted trees grew well. Blangeran as native species of peatland forest showed the best growth performance. Pinang, Kopi Liberika and Durian were also showed relatively good growth performance. Only Petai and Jengkol showed less growth performance. High farmer participation on the establishment of oil palm agroforestry as peatland restoration model was mostly driven by provision of incentives. Oil palm agroforestry is a promising model for restoration of already planted by oil palm peatland area, and involving farmers is important factor for the success of peatland restoration through appropriate social approaches.

Environments Conducive to Coffea liberica in Martinique

Environments Conducive to Coffea liberica in Martinique

Plant Diversity in Different Land Use Types at The Peat Hidrological Unit (PHU) of Mendahara – Batanghari River, Jambi Province

The characteristics of tropical peatlands are still able to form a high diversity of plants. Conversion of tropical peatlands affects the composition of plants. The aim of this study was to find out effect of land use changes to the composition and diversity of plants in the Peat Hydrological Unit (PHU) Mendahara - Batanghari River. The research was conducted in three land use categories, namely secondary forest, coffee plantation, and oil palm plantation (subdivided into oil palm plantation 1 and oil palm plantation 2). In each study location, sample lane 20 m x 200 m were made. Overall, we found 77 species of plants. The results showed number of plant species decreased due to changes of land use. There are 51 - 53 species of plants in secondary forest areas (out of a total of 58 species) that are not found in oil palm and coffee plantations areas. Differences in composition were also shown in the low value of community similarity (<50%). In the oil palm and coffee plantation areas, plant communities tend to be dominated by pioneer plants such as Melicope lunu-ankenda, Coffea liberica, Macaranga triloba, and Melastoma malabathricum. Secondary forest was dominated by plants species that characterize peatlands such as Tetramerista glabra, Parastemon urophyllus, Knema percoriacea, Litsea costalis var. nidularis and Madhuca motleyana. Changes in land use also reduce the level of diversity (H 'and R) at various levels of growth. Whereas in the oil palm and coffee plantation areas tend to form uniform stands (indicated through index E which describes the abundance distribution in community and index C which describes the dominance of species). Generally, the distribution pattern of plants is clumped. Uniform distribution was found in K. percoriacea and L. costalis var. nidularis. Keywords: land use changes, peatland characteristics, plant composition, plant diversity

A Study of Tea Production From Liberica Green Coffee Skin in Tungkal, Jambi as a Refreshing Drink

Coffea Liberica is a coffee plant that grow at lowlands and specifically on peatlands. Unlike Arabica and Robusta, Liberica coffee is large and able to grow up to 9 meters in height. Tea as a refreshing drink made from coffee skin which called cascara tea, had been developed in Indonesia and around the world. However, tea that made from green coffee skin is rarely been produced. This study used vary drying temperature (70, 80, 90℃) and time (12, 18, 24 hours). Refreshing drink products had a yellowish brown color with a hint of bitterness and tea leaves aroma. Drying condition with temperature of 90℃ and 12 hours of time duration is resulted in the most preferred beverage. The dried green coffee skin had 5.73% moisture content, 12.58% crude fiber, 4.78% ash content, pH 3.8, 9.95 of total polyphenols and 86.08 of antioxidant content.

Estimation of Leaf Area by Linear Dimensions in Coffea dewevrei

The objective of this research was to select the equation that best estimates the leaf area of the coffee tree Coffea dewevrei, from the linear dimensions of the leaves. For this purpose, 140 leaves of adult plants were collected from the Capixaba Institute for Research, Technical Assistance and Rural Extension, in the city of Linhares, North of the State of Espírito Santo, Brazil. The length (L), the width (W), the product of the multiplication between the length and width (LW) and the leaf area observed (OLA) were determined from all leaves. For the modeling, a 100 leaves sample was used, where OLA was used as a dependent variable in function of L, W and LW as independent variable, being obtained the following models: linear first degree, quadratic and power. For the validation, a sample of 40 leaves was used, where the values of L, W LW were substituted in the equations generated in the modeling, thus obtaining the estimated leaf area (ELA). A simple linear equation model was fitted for each modeling equation relating ELA in function of OLA. The hypotheses H0: β0 = 0 versus Ha: β0 ≠ 0 and H0: β1 = 1 versus Ha: β1 ≠ 1, were tested using Student's t test at 5% probability. The mean absolute error (MAE), root mean square error (RMSE) and Willmott's index d for all equations were also determined. The best model that estimates the area of Coffea dewevrei was chosen through the following criteria: β0 not different from zero, β1 not different from one, MAE and RMSE values closer to zero and index d closer to the unit. The area of the leaves can be determined by its greater width (W), through the quadratic model equation ELA=-10.255+1.020(W)+1.293(W)2.

Peatlands Rehabilitation through Species Enrichment on Post-fire Oil Palm Plantation Area

Forest fires and land conversion to oil palm plantations are one of the major threats that caused dangerous impacts on the existence of peatlands in Indonesia. Rehabilitation by plant type enrichment method is an effort that can be developed to restore the ecological and hydrological functions of degraded peatlands. This study aimed to analyze biophysical conditions (soil characteristics), analyze the growth response of plant species against the combination of planting types; analyze the choice of planting combinations that are in accordance with the physical conditions of the field and the needs of local communities. This study was designed by varying the diversity of tree species or combination of planting. The research plot consists of three size area (5m x 5m, 10m x 10m, and 20m x 20m). The species that used in this study consists of Shorea balangeran, Durio zibethinus, Archidendron pauciflorum, Parkia speciosa, Coffea liberica and Areca pinanga. The results showed that the research plot has soil characteristic from mesotropic fertility categories (moderate fertility) to eutophic (fertile), while the pH between 3.2 – 3.5 (very acidic). The growth of plant species at the age of five months has growth rate differentiation both height and diameter in each combination of planting. The height growth of Shorea balangeran species the highest which average of 35.16 cm while the diameter growth of Areca pinanga is 8.13 mm. The best combination of planting is a combination of six species wich consists Shorea balangeran, Durio zibethinus, Archidendron pauciflorum, Parkia speciosa, Coffea liberica and Areca pinanga. Keywords: enrichment planting, growth, rehabilitation, peatlands

Short Communication: Leaf architectural analysis of taxonomically confusing coffee species: Coffea liberica and Coffea liberica var. dewevrei

Abstract. Baltazar AMP, Buot JrIE. 2019. Short Communication: Leaf architectural analysis of taxonomically confusing coffee species: Coffea liberica and Coffea liberica var. dewevrei. Biodiversitas 20: 1560-1567. Coffee is considered as one of the most important crops. The Philippines is known to produce four coffee varieties namely: Arabica (Coffea arabica), Robusta (Coffea canephora), Excelsa (Coffea liberica var. dewevrei) and Liberica (Coffea liberica). Further, the taxonomy of C. liberica and C. liberica var. dewevrei is still unclear. Since its earliest publication, the relationship of the two taxa have been confusing many taxonomists and also farmers. The status of the two confusing taxa are still under discussions due to contradicting evidence inferred from morphological and molecular data. The two taxa have been claimed as separated species but the markers are considered inconsistent in the field. This study has tried to examine the leaf architectural characters of both species as these have been known to be genetically fixed. Leaf samples of each species including C. canephora (outgroup) were collected and examined. Results showed that the two taxa were found to be different in laminar size, domatia distribution, major secondary attachment, and intercostal tertiary veins. Cluster analysis revealed that they are grouped separately. However, the rank of C. liberica var. dewevrei cannot be decided yet until further taxonomic study, particularly on the anatomy and distribution pattern of domatia, is completed.