Lynne Phillips (ed.), Jaguar Books on Latin America, No. 16, Wilmington, Delaware: Scholarly Resources, 1998. xxiv + 200 pages, ISBN 0-8420-2606-1 (cloth), ISBN 0-8420-2608-8 (paper).Reviewer: Raymond E. WiestUniversity of ManitobaThe Third Wave of Modernization in Latin America is a collection of original anthropological essays that examine local changes in response to neoliberal policies in several Latin American contexts. In the words of editor Lynne Phillips, goal of this volume is to offer students the opportunity to see how anthropologists make sense of the massive changes being experienced by Latin Americans today in the name of neoliberalism and to highlight the contours and contradictions of Latin American (p. xviii-xix).The expression third wave of recognizes anthropology's attention to modernization and continuities with past modernization, e.g., ...imposition of value systems by the North, the development of the market, and the transfer of resources out of local communities and regions (p. xiii). Consistent with this tradition, the abiding concern of all the authors writing in this collection is with such impact indicators as loss of local autonomy, forced shifts in livelihood, disruption of social nets, privatization of social supports, open and disguised political repression, rising family labour inputs without remuneration, disproportionate setbacks for women, declining quality of life and increasing marginalization of rural and urban underclasses. The hegemonic potential of neoliberalism appears throughout the book, but the analyses go beyond capitalist ideology to examine differential impacts on peoples' lives, multiple understandings of the process, and varied engagement with it, including public awareness of the gap between political rhetoric and program delivery, and resistance solidarity bases and potential. The work reflects well-grounded theory and convincing critical reflection on field-work experiences.An introduction by Phillips offers an insightful overview of perspectives on change: modernization, dependency, debt crisis and structural adjustment, and the third wave of modernization--neoliberalism--the process of a growing reliance on the market for organizing social and economic activities (p. xvi). In the conclusion, Phillips briefly discusses theoretical similarities and differences reflected in the essays, and addresses implications of anthropological analyses of local-global dynamics.The original essays are grouped into three categories. Within Changing Rural Lives, Pierre Beaucage presents a history of liberalism in Mexico to set the context for response of the Nahua of Sierra Norte de Puebla--avoidance of repression of their coastal counterparts and their pragmatic insistence on modernity but only with technology under their control. The analysis suggests potential for effective local control. Michael Painter provides an historical overview of Bolivian development initiatives based in United States interventions that have led to profound dependence on aid, rapid inflation, rising costs of agricultural inputs, and declining prices in commodities, together driving small-scale farmers to coca production as their only viable livelihood alternative, despite the repressive war on drugs that conveniently targets easily identified and vulnerable producers rather than elusive and powerful distributors. Linda Green traces the recent history of state repression in Guatemala and how it has made possible a direct intrusion in peoples' lives in the shift to nontraditional exports reliant on cheap labour. She ponders implications of the decline of knowledge about, and interest in, the Mayan culture of production and work.Within Transforming Urban Enterprises, Linda Seligmann examines the interaction of gender and ethnicity among Peruvian market women in Cuzco, and how neoliberal policies affect both livelihood options and political participation. …