Li3VO4 Anode Research Articles

Correction: In situ construction of a continuous ionic conductive coating for a high-performance Li3VO4 anode

Correction for ‘In situ construction of a continuous ionic conductive coating for a high-performance Li3VO4 anode’ by Lulu Wang et al., Inorg. Chem. Front., 2024, 11, 1177–1185, https://doi.org/10.1039/D3QI02235H.

A green recyclable Li3VO4-pectin electrode exhibiting pseudocapacitive effect as an advanced anode for lithium-ion battery

Battery system design and development is prioritizing environmentally friendly recycling processes to ensure a sustainable future for our planet. The reuse of active materials in Li-ion batteries is critical for this goal. Herein, we investigated the electrochemical performance of Li3VO4 (LVO) anode with pectin as a binder. Our Li-ion half-cells showed stable capacity of 230 mAh g−1 at a current density of 0.02 A g−1 after 100 cycles. In addition, we observed a novel enhanced specific capacity of 400 mAh g−1 during delithiation at a high current density of 1 A g−1, which did not occur during lithiation. This higher capacity was can be attributed to the pseudocapacitive lithium storage behavior in the LVO-pectin electrode, as identified by CV and EIS analyses. The heterostructure of LVO-pectin resulted in an interfacial surface charge that contributed to the capacity, as demonstrated by impedance spectroscopy in conjunction with the distribution of relaxation times. The utilization of pectin as an eco-friendly binder demonstrated nearly 90 % material recovery and 100 % capability for subsequent re-lithiation, indicating recyclability. Furthermore, the pseudocapacitive effect becomes increasingly dominant in regenerated LVO-pectin cells. These results exemplify a promising approach towards the development of environmentally friendly Li-ion batteries with high energy and power density.

One-step uniform rotation solvothermal synthesis of a Li3VO4@rGO anode material with superior cycling and rate performance

For the first time, a uniform rotation solvothermal method and rGO together were used to improve the electrochemical performance of the Li3VO4 anode.

Enhancing the Li+ Diffusion in Li3VO4 by Coupling with Reduced Graphene Oxide for Lithium-Ion Batteries

Background: Owing to the excellent theoretical specific capacity and safety intercalation potential, Li3VO4 (LVO) has been proposed as an advanced anode material for lithium ions batteries (LIBs). However, the LVO suffers from low electronic conductivity that limits its commercialization. Objective: The reduced graphene oxide (rGO) is recommended to couple with micro-LVO particles aiming to enhance the conductivity of composite electrodes. Method: The LVO@rGO composite is synthesized by a facile hydrothermal method. The morphology, crystallinity, valance state and electrochemical behavior of LVO@rGO are characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and electrochemical workstation, respectively. Further, the LIBs’ performance is explored by making a coins-type half-cell LIBs battery via battery system. Results: The Li+ diffusion rate of the optimized LVO@rGO electrode is 7.67×10-23 cm2/s, which improves two orders of magnitudes of pure LVO electrode. As a result, the LVO@rGO anode delivers a reversible capacity of 190.1 mAh/g at 0.1 A/g after 100 cycles, which is even twice higher than that of pure LVO anode (90.6 mAh/g). Besides, it exhibits superior rate capability, i.e. a reversible capability of 285.0, 220.2, 158.7, 105.2 and 71.7 mAh/g at 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5 and 1.0 A/g, respectively. Conclusion: The high conductivity and flexible texture enable rGO an idea building block to enhance the Li ion diffusion of whole electrode. On the other hand, it is instrumental in alleviating the aggregation of host materials, leading to high specific surface and specific capacity.

In situ interfacial architecture of lithium vanadate-based cathode for printable lithium batteries

SummaryMost Li3VO4 anodes are obtained by pre-architecture methods in which Li3VO4 anode materials are prepared with more than six key processes including high-temperature annealing and long preparation time. Herein, we propose an in situ post-architecture strategy including Li3VO4-precursor solution (ink) preparation and then annealing at 250°C. The integrated Li3VO4 based electrode not only possesses good electrical conductivity and porous microstructure but also has superior stability because of Cu anchoring and inclusion by in situ catalysis. The integrated electrode demonstrates a high reversible capacity (865 mA h g−1 at 0.2 A g−1) and good cyclability (100% capacity retention after 200 cycles at 1 A g−1). More importantly, the post-architecture electrode has a high energy density of 773.8 Wh kg−1, much higher than reported Li3VO4-based materials, as well as most cathodes. Therefore, the electrode could be used to the printable cathode of low-voltage high-energy-density lithium batteries.

Insight into thermal behavior mechanism of Li3VO4 anode for safety design of Li-Ion batteries

With the widespread implementation of lithium-ion batteries, their safety properties have attracted intensive attention. Among various anode materials, Li3VO4 is emerging as one of the most promising anode candidates for Li-ion batteries due to its appropriate lithiation voltage and superb kinetic properties. However, there are few researches on the thermal stability of Li3VO4 anodes. In fact, the exothermal reactions between electrode materials and electrolytes at elevated temperature may trigger serious thermal runaway of batteries, which is a critical factor affecting battery safe performance. For the first time, the thermal reaction mechanism of Li3VO4 anode is systematically studied by the differential scanning calorimetry method. The whole exothermic process between Li3VO4 and electrolyte can be divided into two parts: the thermal reaction between the active materials with electrolyte and decomposition of passivation film taking place below 225 °C, while the reduction of electrolyte and the thermal reaction of binder occur only when T > 225 °C. The results reveal that the thermal stability of Li3VO4 anodes is highly relevant to the depth of lithiation, cycling numbers and binder type, which provides important guidance for the safety design of Li3VO4 anode for lithium ion batteries in the future commercialization.

Ball milling-derived nanostructured Li3VO4 anode with enhanced surface-confined capacitive contribution for lithium ion capacitors

To balance the kinetics gap between anode/cathode of lithium ion capacitors (LICs), we developed a straightforward ball milling method to tune the electrochemical performance of Li3VO4 (LVO) particles. After the mechanical crushing, the particle size of the pristine LVO with a densely bulky structure is reduced significantly; furthermore, a partial transition from V5+ to V4+ may induce the oxygen vacancy, resulting into the shortened Li+ diffusion path and low diffusion barrier. More active sites are exposed, and the long-range ordering of the structure is disturbed, leading to a fast Li+ transport on the surface or subsurface. The calculated capacitive contribution ratio achieves 49.6% at the lowest scan rate. The LICs deliver high energy and power densities (max. 108.5 Wh kg−1 at 114.5 W kg−1, 1180 W kg−1 at 21 Wh kg−1), revealing the efficiency of ball milling to facilitate the surface-induced capacitive contribution toward high-performance LICs.

Three-Dimensional Porous Hierarchically Architectured Li3VO4 Anode Materials for High-Performance Lithium-Ion Batteries

In this work, a binder-free, self-supported, three-dimensional (3D), porous Li3VO4 (LVO) and the carbon-coated Li3VO4(LVO@C) anode materials are prepared on a Ni-foam disc by the electrostatic spray deposition technique. The deposited materials exhibit a unique morphology with sponge-like 3D porous hierarchical architecture. The novel structure can significantly enhance the surface area of the materials, relax the stress/strain of Li+ insertion/deinsertion, and obviously shorten the diffusion path of lithium ions in the charger/discharge process. The porous nickel-foam substrate can also provide an electric transport network and structural support to the electrode, resulting in very excellent rating and cycling performance. In addition, the coated carbon network can further facilitate the electric transport of the material. As a result, both electrodes show outstanding electrochemical properties, especially the LVO@C electrode. The discharge capacities of LVO@C are 508.8, 424.1, 405, 377.5, and 340.1 mA h g–1 at 0.5, 5, 10, 20, and 30 C, respectively, and the capacity can persist at 399 mA h g–1 without any capacity fading even after 1000 cycles at the current density of 10 C. The excellent properties make these LVO-based materials, especially the carbon-coated LVO composite, a promising anode candidate for the low-cost and high-performance LIBs.

One-pot synthesis of Li3VO4 particles with thin nitrogen-doped carbon coating layers as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries

Lithium vanadate (Li3VO4) is one of the most promising anode materials for lithium-ion batteries because of its relatively high capacity (about 394 mA h g−1), small volume change, safe working voltage, and low cost. However, Li3VO4 suffers from unsatisfactory cycling and rate performances owing to its low electrical conductivity. In this study, nitrogen-doped carbon-coated Li3VO4 particles are synthesized using dopamine as the single source of both carbon and nitrogen. In particular, the thickness of the nitrogen-doped carbon coating layers can be controlled by simply modulating the polymerization degree of dopamine. The prepared Li3VO4 anode exhibits enhanced reversible capacity of ∼426 mA h g−1 after 100 cycles at 0.5 C in the voltage range 0.01–3.0 V. Its redox reaction kinetics is also superior to that of bare Li3VO4 in terms of rate capability, cyclic voltammetry, and impedance characteristics.

The enhanced cycling stability and rate capability of sodium-modified Li3VO4 anode material for lithium-ion batteries

Na-doped lithium vanadates Li3−xNaxVO4 (x = 0, 0.03, 0.05, and 0.08) were synthesized as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries by a simple sol-gel method. The structural and morphological characterizations reveal that Na-doping in Li3VO4 leads to slightly expanded lattice and suppressed particle agglomeration with relative uniform morphology and the doped Na+ ions distributed uniformly throughout Li3VO4 grains. The Na-doped Li3VO4 electrodes present enhanced cycling stability, better rate performance and lower charge transfer resistance, especially for the Li2.95Na0.05VO4 electrode. It delivers the highest initial charge capacity of 523.4 mAh/g at 0.1C in the series electrodes. After 150 cycles at 1C, Li2.95Na0.05VO4 electrode maintains a charge capacity of 398.3 mAh/g, which is almost the same with that of the initial one. In addition, Li2.95Na0.05VO4 electrode also exhibits a much better rate capability with 364 and 284 mAh/g at 2C and 4C, respectively, superior to that of Li3VO4. The excellent electrochemical performance of the Na-doped samples is suggested to originate from the much higher lithium diffusion coefficient induced by the expanded lattice, the much smaller polarization and charge transfer resistance.

Morphology controlled lithium storage in Li3VO4 anodes

Li3VO4 (LVO) anode materials with controllable morphologies ranging from spherical-assemblies, single-crystal nanorods, and flower shapes to bulk-shapes were fabricated via a solvothermal approach using different alcohols.

Carbon-Coated Li3 VO4 Spheres as Constituents of an Advanced Anode Material for High-Rate Long-Life Lithium-Ion Batteries.

Lithium-ion batteries are receiving considerable attention for large-scale energy-storage systems. However, to date the current cathode/anode system cannot satisfy safety, cost, and performance requirements for such applications. Here, a lithium-ion full battery based on the combination of a Li3 VO4 anode with a LiNi0.5 Mn1.5 O4 cathode is reported, which displays a better performance than existing systems. Carbon-coated Li3 VO4 spheres comprising nanoscale carbon-coating primary particles are synthesized by a morphology-inheritance route. The observed high capacity combined with excellent sample stability and high rate capability of carbon-coated Li3 VO4 spheres is superior to other insertion anode materials. A high-performance full lithium-ion battery is fabricated by using the carbon-coated Li3 VO4 spheres as the anode and LiNi0.5 Mn1.5 O4 spheres as the cathode; such a cell shows an estimated practical energy density of 205 W h kg-1 with greatly improved properties such as pronounced long-term cyclability, and rapid charge and discharge.

A High-Rate V2 O5 Hollow Microclew Cathode for an All-Vanadium-Based Lithium-Ion Full Cell.

V2O5 hollow microclews (V2O5-HMs) have been fabricated through a facile solvothermal method with subsequent calcination. The synthesized V2O5-HMs exhibit a 3D hierarchical structure constructed by intertangled nanowires, which could realize superior ion transport, good structural stability, and significantly improved tap density. When used as the cathodes for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), the V2O5-HMs deliver a high capacity (145.3 mAh g(-1)) and a superior rate capability (94.8 mAh g(-1) at 65 C). When coupled with a lithiated Li3VO4 anode, the all-vanadium-based lithium-ion full cell exhibits remarkable cycling stability with a capacity retention of 71.7% over 1500 cycles at 6.7 C. The excellent electrochemical performance demonstrates that the V2O5-HM is a promising candidate for LIBs. The insight obtained from this work also provides a novel strategy for assembling 1D materials into hierarchical microarchitectures with anti-pulverization ability, excellent electrochemical kinetics, and enhanced tap density.

Approaching the Theoretical Capacity of Li3VO4 via Electrochemical Reconstruction

Li3VO4 is a potential anode for Li‐ion batteries owing to its safe discharge plateau and high capacity, but the reported reversible capacity is still far from its theoretical value (592 mAh g−1). Here, for the first time, a Li3VO4 anode is reported with reversible capacity approaching the theoretical value. Li3VO4 aggregates hybridized with carbon (Li3VO4/C) are first fabricated, and then dramatically transform into well dispersed Li3VO4 nanocrystals (NCs) anchoring on carbon nanoflakes (NFs) by electrochemical reconstruction. In the Li3VO4/C NC‐on‐NF structures, the small‐sized Li3VO4 NCs, the flexible carbon NFs, and the good dispersity provide high Li‐ion storage, electronic conductivity and stability, respectively. Resultingly, outstanding electrochemical performance of the Li3VO4/C is achieved with discharge and charge capacities of 542 and 541 mAh g−1 after 300 cycles at a specific current of 150 mA g−1. After 1000 cycles at a specific current of 2000 mA g−1, the discharge and charge capacities are maintained at 422 and 421 mAh g−1. When matching with a 4 V cathode, the specific energy density of the Li3VO4/C is 4.2 times of Li4Ti5O12 and 1.2 times of graphite, and the volumetric energy density is 3.2 times of Li4Ti5O12 and 1.4 times of graphite.

A prelithiated lithium vanadate anode and the mass balancing of its hybrid capacitor

A hybrid capacitor equipped with a Li3VO4 anode with high lithiation levels results in a lower electrode potential at 0% SOC and draws more capacity out of its matching activated carbon cathode.