LGBT Discrimination Research Articles

Parental attitudes towards sexual orientation and gender diversity: challenging LGBT discrimination in Australian schools.

As Australia considers legislative reform regarding the rights of religious schools to discriminate against LGBT students and staff, claims are often made that religious parents or those enrolling children in religious schools do not affirm diversity of sexuality or gender. Using a national dataset of parents (n = 2418), attitudes towards sexual orientation, gender diversity, homophobia and transphobia were examined. Across all religiosities, school sectors and attitudinal statements, significant majorities of parents reported positive attitudes (62.7%-93.5%). Only small minorities expressly reported negative attitudes (1.6%-20.2%). Pairwise religiosity comparisons between parents with children only at a secular school, versus any religious school, revealed few differences. Amongst Catholic parents, those with children at Catholic schools and those with children only at secular schools, held similar attitudes towards LGBT issues and a majority held favourable attitudes, suggesting most Catholic parents who enrol their children in Catholic schools do so despite or in ignorance of Catholic doctrine. Findings suggest a significant majority of parents sending children to religious schools hold supportive attitudes towards diverse sexual orientations, gender diversity, and actions to address homophobia and transphobia. This empirical evidence contradicts religious schools' calls for the rights to discriminate against LGBT persons based on parental values and attitudes.

Othering and Marginalizing the “Queer” in Rwanda: Findings from Public Perceptions and Lived Experiences of LGBT People

Abstract Introduction The multidimensionality of stigma that LGBT people experience globally necessitates research to explore the processes at work. The study aimed to quantify the level of othering and explore the process of LGBT othering in Rwanda. Methods We conducted a sequential cross-sectional mixed-methods study of LGBT lived experiences in Rwanda. We recruited 499 participants to complete the LGBT-specific survey and 1254 for the non-LGBT survey. We conducted 16 in-depth interviews (IDIs) with non-LGBT participants. For LGBT participants, we completed six focus groups with 59 participants, six in-depth interviews, and three digital storytelling interviews. For the quantitative surveys, we conducted multivariable linear regressions and reported beta coefficients and 95% confidence interval estimates examining LGBT discrimination (LGBT survey) and attitudes toward LGBT (non-LGBT survey). We used deductive and inductive thematic and narrative analysis to analyze the qualitative data. Results In adjusted analyses of the non-LGBT survey, as compared to those who knew zero LGBT persons, persons who knew more than five had lower negative attitude scores (β = − 1.3, 95% CI − 2.2, − 0.5), while the score was lower for those that knew one to five (− 0.2), it was not significant (95% CI − 0.8, 0.5). In the LGBT survey, adjusted analyses indicated that there was no significant difference found in discrimination between bisexual, gay, or lesbian participants. However, as compared to cisgender participants, transgender participants had discrimination scores that were 2.1 points higher (95% CI 1.1, 3.0), and gender non-confirming individuals had scores that were one point higher (95% CI 0.2, 1.9). The qualitative findings showcased how societal “othering” occurs in the everyday life of LGBT Rwandans, with large ramifications in creating feelings of isolation and hampering one’s capacity to live authentically and with dignity. Conclusion The findings from our study indicate a high level of othering of the LGBT community across multiple domains, including housing, employment, healthcare, education, religion, and family within Rwanda. Policy Implications The findings highlight the importance of social education campaigns about LGBT people, particularly among vital societal role-holders, including healthcare providers and educators. Integrating the rich historical and indigenous culture related to LGBT could be successful in combating anti-West rhetoric.

LGBT discrimination and harassment, firm value, and reputation repair

This paper analyzes the market reaction to the reported discrimination against or harassment of LGBT stakeholders (i.e., employees and customers) using a unique hand-collected sample consisting of 167 events worldwide. The results show a negative and significant average effect following the announcement of an LGBT misconduct incident, with an around 0.5% abnormal decrease in market value over the event day and the next trading day. The average magnitude of impact is significantly lower after the #MeToo movement, suggesting that investors tend to be less indulgent regarding inappropriate behavior based on sexual orientation. We also find that firms experiencing a large negative magnitude of impact perform concrete corrective actions to repair their tarnished reputation.

LGBT Discrimination and Harassment, Firm Value, and Reputation Repair

LGBT Discrimination and Harassment, Firm Value, and Reputation Repair

The Impact of Adolescent Sex Education on LGBT Identity

LGBT inequalities and discrimination were observed in more and more middle schools, and as research continues through scientific studies, the rate of them happening has been surprisingly increasing over the past few years. This phenomenon has to be stopped. In a long turn wrong, the students who had been discriminated against would have serious mental health problems, as well as increasing self-pity. The purpose of this research is to make aware of the violation's importance and provoke schools to realize the importance of the LGBT curriculum. This study is completed by surveying people in the communities and researching the percentage of LGBT+ discrimination over the past few years. Through the research, data had clearly shown a miraculous difference between schools that took care of this situation and those that did not.

Lgbt Discrimination and Harassment, Firm Value, and Reputation Repair

Lgbt Discrimination and Harassment, Firm Value, and Reputation Repair

Abstract B101: Bridging the gap between cancer care service delivery and the sexual and gender minority communities: a scoping review of the literature

Abstract Purpose: While there has been an increase in health equity research, there is scarcely research focusing on health equity for cancer survivors who identify as LGBTQIA+ (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer, Intersex, Asexual, Pansexual and Two-Spirit). This is in part the result of a lack of routine collection of SOGI (Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity) data within the LGBTQIA+ community. Our research aims to analyze and discuss how labelling and terminology have both influenced medical practice and posed barriers and delays in care to the LGBT community over time. Further, examining whether the literature supports increasing LGBT experiences in interprofessional training. By identifying these gaps in the literature and in interprofessional training we hope to decrease barriers to timely and supportive cancer services. Methods: To examine the breadth of research on the LGBTQIA+ community and cancer, a scoping review methodology was utilized to identify knowledge and research gaps. This review examines literature published in the U.S, in academic journals between 1913 and 2021 to gain a greater understanding of how historical contexts, policy, and research have evolved alongside the growing visibility of the LGBTQIA+ community. The authors used a scoping review strategy outlined by Arksey and O’Malley (2005) to review the literature employing a comprehensive list of search terms for cancer and LGBTQIA+. Rayyan software was then utilized to organize the data as our team hand-searched the articles for inclusion (cancer, LGBTQIA) and exclusion (non-US, foreign language, prevention, screening) criteria. A total of 3,290 articles were included in the final analysis. Findings: In 2011, a review of all articles on PubMed demonstrated only 0.3% of all publications pertained to LGBT health-related subject matters, and in a study conducted about U.S and Canadian medical education, research showed that medical students spent < 5 hours, on average, learning about LGBT discrimination and healthcare disparities. 70% of LGBT persons reported discrimination, refusal of care, bias, erroneous assumptions, and derogatory statements during healthcare visits in the United States. Conclusions: There is an urgent need for culturally competent interprofessional care, and we must challenge our approach by not only listening to the needs of the communities we serve but also by being receptive to their feedback. There is an unmet need for education to inform healthcare professionals, health social workers and their community partners of the unique experiences and needs of the LGBTQIA+ community. It is imperative that we use the recommendations and guidelines provided by the LGBTQIA+ cancer patient population to transform their healthcare experiences, improve patient-provider communication, and provide precision-supportive care. Citation Format: Brittany M. Hernandez, Sanford E. Jeames, Lailea Noel. Bridging the gap between cancer care service delivery and the sexual and gender minority communities: a scoping review of the literature [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 15th AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2022 Sep 16-19; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2022;31(1 Suppl):Abstract nr B101.

Measuring LGBT Discrimination in a Buddhist Country

ABSTRACT Previous literature has found that, among other religions, Buddhism tends to be relatively less discriminatory against members of the LGBT community. However, this assessment is based solely on cross-country comparisons rather than analyses of discrimination at the individual level. The present study therefore uses an individual-level dataset that comprises a national representative sample of 27,855 observations to examine discrimination against LGBT people in Thailand, as a case study of such discrimination in a Buddhist country. It also examines the influence of Buddhist thoughts concerning prosocial behavior and positive emotions, which might be expected to reduce LGBT discrimination. Using an order-probit model, we find that while those who practice Buddhism tend to discriminate against members of this community less than do adherents of other religions, older generations tend to discriminate against LGBT people more than do their younger counterparts. Buddhist teachings regarding prosocial behavior such as reciprocating benefactors and donating money and goods as well as fostering positive emotions such as sincerely forgiving others and feeling gratified after helping others tend to reduce discrimination against LGBT individuals.

LGBT Discrimination and Harassment, Firm Value, and Reputation Repair

LGBT Discrimination and Harassment, Firm Value, and Reputation Repair

PENGUATAN ODHA TRANSPUAN KOTA DENPASAR DAN BULELENG DALAM KESEHATAN MASYARAKAT PEDULI WARIA

ABSTRACT This workshop on strengthening Transwomen with HIV/Aids (ODHAT) started from the issue of discrimination that often afflicts the LGBT and ODHATgroups. Transgender women or better known as waria are gender transfers from male to female. They are often embarrassed or humiliated to take part in society {especially for ODHA (People with HIV/Aids)}. In the city of Singaraja, Wargas have been formed as Transwomen organization that is actively developing their social and cultural capital in the community. Denpasar City has three units of official outreach institutions for LGBT, namely Gaya Dewata, Kerti Praja Foundation and Spirit Paramacita. The number of Transwomen with ODHA in Denpasar City is estimated at 40 people and in Singaraja City it is estimated at 11 people. They need to be protected from the stigma of society in other reachable and social media so that their communication patterns are more conducive and the community is more accepting of their existence. The 5-hour Tengkuluk Lelunakan make-up training was carried out by presenting the Warcan and Perwaron groups at Salon Agung on July 13, 2019. Ibu Agung as a salon owner who is famous for Payas Agung and Tengkuluk Lelunakan has facilitated them to learn tengkuluk lelunakan make-up. Denpasar city transgender groups are facilitated to perform in cultural events or other festivals, as has been done by Wargas in Singaraja city. However, correspondence with the Head of the Bali Provincial Culture Service in the office and with the initiator of the Sanur Village Festival at the Griya Santrian hotel has not produced results. The tengkuluk Lelunakan workshop for transwomen with ODHA aims to make the community accept them and finally be able to get access to various facilities to perform in public areas, especially in festivals in the city of Denpasar.
 Keywords: transwomen, ODHAT, LGBT discrimination, Denpasar, Singaraja

Que(e) rying undergraduate medical curricula: a cross-sectional online survey of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer content inclusion in UK undergraduate medical education

BackgroundLesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender (LGBT) individuals are more likely to have negative healthcare experiences and worse health outcomes when compared with their heterosexual and cisgender counterparts. A key recommendation of the 2018 Stonewall-commissioned “LGBT in Britain” report was that the curricula, standards, and training provided by medical schools should be reviewed in order to encompass mandatory teaching about LGBT health inequalities and discrimination, LGBT-inclusive care and the use of appropriate language. The aim of our study was to conduct an in-depth national review of the content of LGBT teaching within the curricula of UK Medical Schools.MethodsCourse leads at all 37 UK Medical Schools with students currently enrolled in a primary undergraduate medical training course were asked between December 2019–March 2020 to complete a cross-sectional online survey comprised of 30 questions; divided into three sections relating to the current LGBT teaching (Part 1), any planned or future LGBT teaching (Part 2), and the opinions of the survey respondent about the coverage of LGBT topics (Part 3) at their institution. Responses were analysed using descriptive statistics.ResultsQuestionnaires were received from 19/37 institutions (response rate: 51%). The median estimated number of hours of LGBT-teaching across the entire undergraduate course was 11.0 (IQR: 12.25). Teaching on LGBT mental health, gender identity, sexual orientation, awareness of LGBT-health inequalities, and LGBT discrimination in healthcare were reported by almost all respondents, whilst maternity and childbirth, chronic disease and LGBT adolescent health were least represented within the curriculum. Almost all (18 medical schools; 95%) responding institutions were considering implementing new LGBT teaching within the next three academic years. A lack of space within the curriculum is a universally reported barrier to the implementation of LGBT teaching. Only 5 (26%) survey respondents consider their institution’s current coverage of LGBT topics to be “Good” or “Very good”.ConclusionOur study demonstrates a significant variation in the amount and breadth of content within the undergraduate curricula of UK medical schools. Recommendations for increasing the quantity and quality of LGBT content are provided, based upon areas of good practice.

Finding Original Public Meanings

Textualists seek to interpret statutes consistent with their “original public meaning” (OPM). To find it, they ask an avowedly empirical question: how would ordinary readers have understood the statute’s terms at the time of their enactment? But as the Supreme Court’s decision in Bostock v. Clayton County highlights, merely asking an empirical question doesn’t preclude interpretive controversy. In considering how Title VII applies to LGBT people, the Bostock majority and dissent disagreed vehemently over the statute’s bar on discrimination “because of sex” — each side claiming that OPM clearly supported its interpretation. How can textualists’ OPM inquiry yield such divergent conclusions? This Article introduces a new “applied-meaning-experiment” method to answer that question and develop the theory of textualism. The method asks ordinary readers to apply the relevant statutory language in context, under experimental conditions that minimize the effect of potential biases or differences between enactment-era and present-day usage. For Bostock, the applied-meaning-experiment method reveals that the majority was right: an “ordinary reader” at the time of Title VII’s enactment would have understood that it barred LGBT discrimination. The insights from the applied-meaning-experiment method, however, extend far beyond the controversy in Bostock. In other contexts where textualists disagree over OPM, the method sheds light on how ordinary readers would have understood statutory terms at the time they were enacted. More importantly, the method helps diagnose why textualists might disagree about OPM in a given case. Textualists might lack probative evidence of OPM; but they might also implicitly disagree about what they’re looking for. Specifically, inquiry into actual reader understanding highlights two choices textualists inevitably make when determining a given term or phrase’s OPM: (1) the type of question whose answer would reveal the reader’s relevant “understanding,” and (2) the types of extratextual information that the reader would treat as relevant to answering it. To the extent that textualists have considered either question, they have done so inconsistently, without realizing what they are doing. By confronting each question directly, the applied-meaning-experiment method helps build out the theory of textualism in a way that’s needed in order for textualism to be a coherent and normatively attractive theory of interpretation.

LGBTQIs in Turkey: the Challenges and Resilience of This Marginalized Group

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, intersex, and queer (LGBTIQ) individuals constitute a large group of minority groups in Turkey. Because of the scarcity of non-existent systematic reviews on the sexual orientation discrimination of LGBTIQ individuals in Turkey, the present study aims to outline the major discriminatory practices against these individuals and fills the gap through a systematic literature review based on rigorous criteria. The present paper examines 21 selected papers, explores key emerging themes and recent developments to identify research gaps, and provides areas for future research. Therefore, “discrimination in employment and at the workplace,” “discrimination in health,” “discrimination in public service,” and “discrimination by the government” were identified as the major themes of the current review. Through these themes, it was further revealed that the key pillars of LGBT discrimination in Turkey rest on the legal frameworks, social institutions, and norms. The best ways to eradicate LGBT discrimination in Turkey rest on modifying, changing, or creating LGBT inclusive/supportive policies within these pillars.

Bostock, LGBT Discrimination, and the Subtractive Moves

In Bostock v. Clayton County, the Supreme Court held that Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which prohibits sex discrimination in employment, covers discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity. The dissenting Justices, following the reasoning of several Court of Appeals judges, embraced a series of subtractive argumentative moves in order to argue that the statute does not prohibit discrimination that is explicitly within its scope, and which is part of the mischief that the statute aims to remedy. This article catalogues and critiques the subtractive moves. One may focus on (1) the law’s prototypical referent, or (2) the categories of objects that it happens to bring to mind, or (3) distinctions that feel familiar but which do not appear in the statute, or (4) formalist exceptions that are unrelated to the law’s language, or (5) the general expectations that were part of the law’s cultural background. One may also (6) claim that the law, read in its cultural context, simply doesn’t mean what it literally says. Each of these reaches outside the statute in order to defeat the law’s literal command. This strategy maximizes judicial discretion and betrays the promise of textualism.

Strategies for Coping with LGBT Discrimination at Work: a Systematic Literature Review

Members of the LGBT community suffer discrimination in various areas, and the workplace is no exception. This is why it is important to understand the strategies they adopt to cope so that policy-makers, organizations, companies, and the LGBT community can be informed of the resources that can potentially mitigate or eradicate discrimination in the workplace. In this article, we use a systematic review of the literature up to and including 2018 in the databases Scopus and Web of Science. We analyzed 52 articles and extracted one model with four different strategies for coping with discrimination in the workplace: internal, external, reactive, and proactive. We also identified strategies used by organizations and companies, and make recommendations that can inform future policies in this area. The model places the members of the LGBT community at the heart of the process of overcoming discrimination. Policy implications. We found that these strategies are not equally available in all contexts. Therefore, there is a need not only for LGBT individual agency, but also for companies, society, and the political system to get involved and expand freedoms and labour rights for the LGBT community.

Failing to protect: a historical analysis of The Employment Nondiscrimination Act

As of October 2019, it is legal for employers to fire a worker if they identify as LGBT. The Employment Nondiscrimination Act (ENDA) was a proposed bill that would have prohibited LGBT discrimination in the workplace, but continuously failed to be enacted by Congress. This paper explores ENDA’s tempestuous history by conducting a historical analysis of the bill, Congressional Records, and congressional hearings, to identify the factors which influenced ENDA’s outcome. The findings indicated support for historical contingency theory because the historical conditions affected (1) the capacity of LGBT groups to advance their interests, and (2) the state managers and their decision to enact ENDA. These findings are important because it offers a clearer history of LGBT politics and shows how cultural attitudes, state policies, and state actors influenced ENDA’s policy formation process. Specifically, the analysis highlights that the historical conditions of the years when ENDA was proposed affected its failure to be enacted.

Attitudes Toward LGBT Marriage and Legal Protections Post-Obergefell

Over the last 40 years, there has been a cultural shift in attitudes toward same-sex marriage in the USA. While there has been a great deal of focus on attitudes toward same-sex marriage, there is less research on attitudes toward LGBT discrimination and legal protections against discrimination, especially post-Obergefell. This study uses data from the American Values Survey conducted in November 2015 and state-level data on LGBTQ equality to examine attitudes toward same-sex marriage and LGBT protections post-Obergefell. Attitudes are generally supportive of LGBT rights though a substantial minority (about 40%) of American adults favor the rights of small businesses to discriminate against LGBT individuals. Those who hold more favorable opinions of Trump are significantly less likely to favor same-sex marriage and LGBT protections against discrimination and more likely to favor exceptions for small business owners than those with unfavorable opinions of Trump. Those living in states that have higher LGBTQ equality rankings are significantly more favorable toward same-sex marriage and legal protections. While we have seen extraordinary change with Obergefell and piecemeal change with state laws around LGBT protections, it is important to be cognizant of the political and social landscape when trying to understand current US public opinions toward same-sex marriage and LGBT protections.

Seeking better judgment: LGBT discrimination cases in Russia and at the European Court of Human Rights

ABSTRACT Drawing upon data from field interviews, court records, and media and NGO reports, this article examines Russian cases claiming LGBT discrimination in domestic courts and at the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR). The ECtHR has provided a less homophobic venue than Russia’s domestic courts for such claims, but its judgments have had little effect in Russia. We argue that the Russian case illustrates a paradox in the domestic politics of international human rights litigation. Activists from domestic contexts where discrimination is most prevalent are most likely to make successful claims in international human rights courts, while in those same contexts, informal discriminatory norms are likely to be strongest, resulting in those international court decisions having the least impact on the ground.

LGBT Discrimination and the Subtractive Moves

The Supreme Court will shortly consider whether Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which prohibits sex discrimination in employment, covers discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity. The lower courts are split on whether such protection is granted by the plain language of the statute. The judges who reject the discrimination claim argue that the statute does not prohibit activity that is explicitly within its scope, and which is part of the mischief that the statute aims to remedy. Their subtractive strategy, an innovation in statutory interpretation, comprises a number of different argumentative moves, with a common aim: to draw upon the cultural context at the time of enactment to avoid an unwelcome implication of a statute’s plain language. This strategy however maximizes judicial discretion and betrays the promise of textualism.

Discrimination and Intimate Partner Violence Victimization and Perpetration Among a Convenience Sample of LGBT Individuals in Latin America.

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) individuals experience intimate partner violence (IPV) at high rates, even bidirectionally, yet no studies to date have investigated IPV among LGBT individuals in Latin America. Thus, this study explored discrimination and IPV victimization and perpetration among LGBT individuals in Latin America. Participants (N = 99) were recruited for this online, cross-sectional survey via convenience sampling and completed measures of LGBT discrimination and lifetime IPV victimization and perpetration. Results indicated that 60.61% of the sample reported at least one form of IPV victimization at some point in their life, and 56.57% reported at least one form of perpetration. Psychological aggression was the most common type of IPV victimization and perpetration. Physical assault victimization was positively correlated with work/school heterosexism. Perpetration and victimization of physical assault, psychological aggression, and sexual coercion were correlated with the "other" heterosexism subscale. Cluster analysis revealed a three-cluster solution: participants in Cluster 1 were high in IPV victimization and perpetration; Cluster 2 participants were low in IPV victimization and perpetration; and Cluster 3 participants were moderate on psychological aggression perpetration and victimization, but low on the other three forms of IPV. Cluster 1 participants had a higher score for the "other" heterosexism subscale than Cluster 2. This study highlights the need to address certain aspects of IPV, such as bidirectionality, in clinical encounters such as safety planning. Future research should examine the role of Latinx identity in LGBT individuals' experiences of discrimination and IPV.