Dictionary Of Language Research Articles

The Structure of Oath According to Jurists

Objectives: The study aims to develop a comprehensive understanding of the structure of oaths within the four jurisprudential schools, including common elements among them. It endeavors to clarify the viewpoints of these schools regarding the particulars and restrictions of oaths. Methods: The research adopts an inductive methodology, analyzing the judgments and regulations presented by jurists. It involves a comparative approach between the perspectives of the different schools. Results: The study concluded that jurisprudential schools differed in the construction of oath; The Hanafis make the first consideration of custom, while the Maliki and Hanbali scholars presented the intention; as for the Shafi’is, they adopted the linguistic meaning. - The jurisprudence schools varied in showing integrated controls in building the intention. - The study showed that custom is one of the provisions of the oath to all sects. Conclusion: The wording of the oath needs controls to interpret it, which we can call the premises of the oath. They are agreed among among the scholars but are subjected to differences in its order of priorities. The first group is inclined to precede intentions, followed by situational indicatives; the second precedes current customary practices, and the third prioritized language lexicon. The Maliki school defined situational indicatives from causal point of view, while the Hanbali school based them on provocative causes, and the Hanafi school Close to "oaths Instantly". These oath constraints are important in order to know whether the oath taker has broken his oath and whether consequently he is subjected to expiations.

On the etymology of the word <i>konoval</i>

The author of the article analyzes the etymology of the lexeme konoval, which originally served to name people who were engaged in grooming and treating horses, as well as other domestic animals. They were homegrown doctors. The attitude towards them was ambiguous. Frequent unsuccessful results of treatment led to the fact that the word konoval began to acquire a negative connotation and, as a result, in the 18th century there appeared another meaning of the word in Russian language: ‘a bad, unqualified doctor’. There is no unity regarding the etymology of the lexeme konoval. There are two mutually exclusive points of view. M. Vasmer believes that this noun is borrowed from the Polish language. The compilers of the “Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language” edited by N. M. Shansky share this view. The authors of the Etymological Dictionary of Slavic Languages edited by O. N. Trubachev attribute this lexeme to the Proto-Slavic lexical fund. The author examines in detail both versions of the origin of the lexeme. As a result of the analysis and referring to numerous Polish and East Slavic sources, we put forward a hypothesis that the word konoval is actually Russian. This lexeme originally belonged to the Old Russian language, and subsequently got into the Polish language through Ukrainian.

Complete reduction of unstressed vowels in the standard russian language and its reflection in dictionaries

The article is devoted to the complete reduction of unstressed vowels in the standard Russian language. The article shows that the cases of dieresis of unstressed vowels in the dictionaries of various types are not always represented consistently. For example, in the academic “Dictionary of the Modern Standard Russian language” variants with a graphic reflection of the vowel dieresis are noted in prítolka, páportnik, zhávronok, púgvitsa, but “Great Academic Dictionary of the Russian Language” fixes only the variants púgvitsa, púgvichnikъ. In orthoepic sources, the corresponding pronunciation recommendations are also contradictory: in the “Dictionary of Stress and Pronunciation of Words in the Russian Language” the variants príto[lk]a and próvo[lk]a are marked as incorrect, while in the “Big Orthoepic Dictionary” these variants are recognized as the main ones. The article proposes to distinguish, on the one hand, the lexical or morphological attachment of the vowel dieresis to a specific word or morpheme, and, on the other hand, the actual lexicalization of a pronunciation without a vowel. In the first case, fixing variants with vowel dieresis in orthoepic-type dictionaries seems redundant, since the choice of pronunciation, as a rule, depends on phrasal position and occurs automatically. In the second case, the pronunciation of the words does not necessarily derive from their spelling, and therefore they require orthoepic commentary.

Utilization of cultural lexicon in creative industry products

Creative industries can contribute to the economic growth of local communities while promoting and preserving local languages and culture. Based on these basic assumptions, this research was conducted to describe the forms and functions of Javanese language and culture used in creative industry products and the factors behind the use of regional language and culture in creative industries. This research used a qualitative descriptive method with a sociolinguistic and creative industry perspective. The research was conducted in three local government areas in Yogyakarta. Data collection was carried out through documentation, document analyses, and interviews. The data covers various aspects of the Javanese language and culture, such as words, phrases, clauses, sentences, proverbs, Javanese script, naming and greeting systems, and proverbs. The results show that various creative industry products incorporate the Yogyakartan Javanese cultural and linguistic lexicon in their product branding, packaging, and design content. The cultural lexicon consists of Javanese writing, art, traditional clothing, drinks, greetings, phatic forms, and proverbs. Utilizing the Javanese language and cultural lexicon in creative industries can be an effective marketing strategy and an innovative step in preserving and developing local cultural heritage. This can significantly contribute to local economic growth, increase awareness of cultural diversity, and strengthen the community's cultural identity.

Lexicography and language documentation

he alarming rate at which minority languages are vanishing around the globe has engendered the field of language documentation, of which lexicography is an essential component. In this context, several major developments have emerged in the last two decades, including the importance of involving and collaborating with the speech community, as well as the rise of novel digital technologies. This article first outlines the endangerment status of minority languages in various Asian countries. It then presents and critically examines a variety of tools that are available to linguists and lexicographers who are interested in the task of documenting the lexicon of an endangered language. That task is urgent and challenging, but also possible and rewarding.

ASSESSING THE REPERCUSSIONS OF DICTIONARY FORMATS ON SCHOLARLY WRITING OUTCOMES: UNDERTAKING MIXED-METHOD APPROACH

The complexity of foreign vocabulary and the multifaceted meanings of word combinations often pose significant challenges to language learners, potentially deterring their motivation. Dictionaries, however, serve as pivotal tools in surmounting these obstacles. Extant research has extensively explored the intersection of language acquisition and dictionary utilization, revealing a marked preference among EFL students for online or electronic dictionaries over traditional paper formats. Despite the recognized importance of dictionary use in fostering language proficiency, there remains a notable paucity of research investigating the specific impact of different dictionary formats on learners' writing skills. This study adopted a quasi-experimental between-groups design, including a control group and two experimental groups, involving a cohort of 67 Chinese EFL graduates from an international college in China. Over a ten-week experimental period, participants in the experimental groups utilized digital and paper dictionaries as reference aids for abstract writing, whereas the control group was deprived of any dictionary usage. Following the experiment, a semi-structured interview was conducted to assess the benefits of dictionary use in abstract writing and to elicit learners' perceptions of digital versus print English dictionaries. The weekly abstract writing submissions from all three groups were collected and meticulously analyzed. The findings revealed that both digital and paper dictionaries significantly enhanced the abstract writing performance of the Chinese EFL graduates in the experimental groups. Notably, participants who used digital dictionaries demonstrated a substantial and statistically significant improvement in overall abstract writing quality and language usage compared to those in the print-dictionary group. Furthermore, the study reported that digital dictionaries were particularly favored by Chinese EFL graduates due to their numerous advantageous attributes, including their reliability and efficacy in identifying appropriate linguistic expressions and vocabulary. In conclusion, the empirical evidence underscores the efficacy of digital dictionaries in augmenting the writing skills of EFL learners, suggesting a potential pedagogical shift towards the integration of digital lexicographical resources in language education curricula.<p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/soc/0705/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

Unconstrained Descriptions of Facebook Profile Pictures Support High-Dimensional Models of Impression Formation.

Dominant models of impression formation focus on two fundamental dimensions: a horizontal dimension of warmth/communion/trustworthiness and a vertical dimension of competence/agency/dominance. However, these models have typically been studied using theory-driven methods and stimuli of restricted complexity. We used a data-driven approach and naturalistic stimuli to explore the latent dimensions underlying >300,000 unconstrained linguistic descriptions of 1,000 Facebook profile pictures from 2,188 participants. Via traditional (Exploratory Factor Analysis) and modern (natural language dictionaries, semantic sentence embeddings) approaches, we observed impressions to form with regard to the horizontal and vertical dimensions and their respective facets of sociability/morality and ability/assertiveness, plus the key demographic variables of gender, age, and race. However, we also observed impressions to form along numerous further dimensions, including adventurousness, conservatism, fitness, non-conformity, and stylishness. These results serve to emphasize the importance of high-dimensional models of impression formation and help to clarify the content dimensions underlying unconstrained descriptions of individuals.

<i>m</i>-aperiodic words on three-letter alphabet

The work is devoted to the study of sets of aperiodic words over a finite alphabet. The set of aperiodic words can be considered as a dictionary of some finite formal language. The existence of infinite words in two-letter or three-letter alphabets that do not contain subwords that are third powers or, respectively, squares of other words was first discovered more than a hundred years ago. S.I. Adyan in 2010 constructed an example of an infinite sequence of irreducible words, each of which is the beginning of the next and does not contain word squares in a two-letter alphabet. S.E. Arshon established the existence of an n-digit asymmetric repetition-free sequence for an alphabet of at least three letters. In the monograph by S.I. Ad- yan proved that in an alphabet of two symbols there exist infinite 3-aperiodic sequences. In the works of other authors, generalizations of aperiodicity were considered, when not only the powers of some subwords were excluded. In the monograph by A.Yu. Olshansky proved the infinity of the set of 6-aperiodic words in a two-letter alphabet and obtained an estimate for the number of such words of any given length. The au- thor previously considered the case of a three-letter alphabet only in the case of 6-aperiodic words. In this article, we prove the infinity of the set of m-aperiodic words in the three-letter alphabet at m≥4and obtain an estimate for the set of such words. The results can be applied when encoding information in space communications.

Engagement of Alija Isakovic on Reaffirmation of Bosnian Language Through „Variants on Correctional Exam“ and Dictionary of Characteristic Lexicography in Bosnian Language

This paper discusses Alija Isakovic's commitment and contributions to the processes of reaffirmation Bosnian language within Serbo-Croatian linguistic unitarism in the second half of the 20th century. We have shown the historical context of the language policy and Isakovic's significant work for the selected theme. The focus of this paper is on the sociolinguistic text "Varijante na popravnom ispitu" and the lexicographic work Rječnik karakteristične leksike u bosanskome jeziku, which represents a kind of struggle for the specificity of the Bosnian variant and characteristic lexicon of Bosnian language in that linguistic norm. The results of Isakovic's work are noticeable in the Yugoslav period (partial change in the field of official language policy), but it's also noticeable in period of state independence when language policy was created based on Isaković's concepts.

ВЛИЯНИЕ СОЦИОКУЛЬТУРНЫХ ИЗМЕНЕНИЙ НА ЛЕКСИКОН РУССКОГО ЯЗЫКА

This article explores the impact of sociocultural changes on the lexicon of the Russian language. The process of formation of new words and expressions in the context of changes in society, culture, technology and mass culture is considered.

SEMANTIC DYNAMICS OF BUSINESS IN STYLISTICS OF SOCIAL COMMUNICATION

The article is devoted to the linguistic and stylistic motivation of the "business" nature in the time and space of culture. The research idea regarding the need for professional analysis of the evolution of business is formulated and argued: from the primary meaning of the word to the modern one, which reflects the values and priorities of the development of the modern world, verbalized as a result of active processes of literary language development. The functioning of "business" concept in heterogeneous communicative fragments — in the structure of word combinations and fixed expressions — is studied, which explains the nature and scope of its application and the effective expediency of its use in multilingual contexts. The status of business in the language consciousness of society and the general state of business activity are considered through a diachronic comparison of the semantics of the term "business" in general language dictionaries of different editions. Therefore, attention is focused on common and professional definitions of the concept of business, their features and differences. For the dynamics of the objectivity of stylistic studies of business communication, it is determined that it is relevant to characterize the nature of business as a phenomenon, its strategies and tactics, which appear as systematized communicative intentions of speakers and determine effective models of their verbal interaction in this area. At this stage, we consider such tasks to be promising for further research, since business linguistics aspectology is projected onto the system of current issues that determine the vectors of development of national linguistics. Taking into account the development of multimedia technologies, which today actively affect all spheres of public communication, determine the dynamic nature of their functional and stylistic adaptation to the priorities and values of the mass audience, the task of the research perspective of creating and implementing an effective functional model of business communication, in particular, in the media space, was formulated.

THE IMPACT OF THE ETYMOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE CONSTITUENTS OF THE CONCEPT LANGUAGE POLICY ON THE FORMATION OF A CONCEPTUAL METAPHOR

The article is dedicated to the study of the semantic features of the constituent lexemes language and policy in the English worldview, which are analysed as components of the concept LANGUAGE POLICY, as well as the peculiarities of their influence on the formation of aconceptual metaphor. It has been established that the word combination language policy is rarely found in general language dictionaries, so it is appropriate to study its lexemes-constituents by their origin in order to find out how their cognitive components interact with each other. 17 and 22 definitions of the lexeme-constituents language and policy have been analysed, respectively. It is noted that the cognitive component a course of action of the lexeme-constituent policy explains the meaning of policy as directed actions on this or that issue. Cognitive components body of words; body of methods of combination of words and used by a nation, people, or race of the lexemes-constituent language explain language as a grouping of words, methods of their combination used by people. It has been established that the expediency of such an analysis consists in a detailed study of the verbalizers of the nominative field of the concept LANGUAGE POLICY. This requires a comprehensive analysis of the concept, taking into account qualitative and quantitative studies. Several conceptual metaphors are identified such as ECOLOGY, LANGUAGE PLANNING IS AN ORGAN, LANGUAGE IS STATUS, LANGUAGE IS FIGHT,MULTILINGUALISM IS MOSAIC, MULTILINGUALISM IS CONSTELLATION and LANGUAGE IS A FLOWER.It was noted that the etymological analysis of the combination of lexemes-constituents narrowed the meaning of lexemes in such a combination, which affected the LANGUAGE POLICY conceptual metaphor.

Word Forms Reflect Trade-Offs Between Speaker Effort and Robust Listener Recognition.

How do cognitive pressures shape the lexicons of natural languages? Here, we reframe George Kingsley Zipf's proposed "law of abbreviation" within a more general framework that relates it to cognitive pressures that affect speakers and listeners. In this new framework, speakers' drive to reduce effort (Zipf's proposal) is counteracted by the need for low-frequency words to have word forms that are sufficiently distinctive to allow for accurate recognition by listeners. To support this framework, we replicate and extend recent work using the prevalence of subword phonemic sequences (phonotactic probability) to measure speakers' production effort in place of Zipf's measure of length. Across languages and corpora, phonotactic probability is more strongly correlated with word frequency than word length. We also show this measure of ease of speech production (phonotactic probability) is strongly correlated with a measure of perceptual difficulty that indexes the degree of competition from alternative interpretations in word recognition. This is consistent with the claim that there must be trade-offs between these two factors, and is inconsistent with a recent proposal that phonotactic probability facilitates both perception and production. To our knowledge, this is the first work to offer an explanation why long, phonotactically improbable word forms remain in the lexicons of naturallanguages.

Filosofi Jenang Procot sebagai Makanan Khas Upacara Tingkeban Masyarakat Suku Jawa

Jenang procot or procot porridge is one of the typical foods served during the tingkeban ceremony. Jenang procot is an important dish in the tingkeban ceremony because it symbolizes the parents' hopes for the smooth birth of the unborn baby. The tingkeban ceremony is usually held when the mother's pregnancy reaches seven months. The Javanese community believes that the tingkeban ceremony can provide ease for both the mother and the unborn child, from pregnancy to childbirth and until the child reaches adulthood. This research aims to explore the philosophy of jenang procot in the tingkeban ceremony of the Javanese community. The research employs Symbolic Interactionism Theory. The research method used is descriptive method, and data collection techniques involve literature study. The results show that the term 'jenang procot' comes from the Javanese language dictionary, meaning porridge as a request for the baby to be born smoothly. The research also indicates that jenang procot is an essential dish in the tingkeban ceremony because the Javanese community believes it is one way to prevent death during childbirth.

Supeltas dalam Tinjauan Asas Kepastian Hukum

Volunteer traffic controllers (Supeltas) continue to increment along with the increase in traffic flow. Their existence has a two-sided assessment, some welcoming their presence and others rejecting it. Departing from the opinion or information that supeltas have an explication legal basis in the traffic and transportation regulation, the researcher tries to analyze deeper. How is the legal framework of supeltas and how is the position of supeltas in terms of the principle of legal certainty. The purpose of this research is first, to see and describe the position of supeltas in terms of the principle of legal certainty. Second, as material for further research that focuses on the issue of traffic order in legal science perspective. This research uses descriptive analytical with normative juridical research, with a research approach used statue approach and library approach. The kind of data used is secondary consisting of primary legal materials such as regulations and undang-undang, secondary legal materials law like books, scientific journals of law, other scientific journals and tertiary materials such as websites, electronic mass media news, legal and general encyclopedias, language dictionaries. The results showed that the rules of supeltas has not fulfilled the principles of legal certainty and defined authority and has not fulfilled the elements of legal protection for all parties including the traffic control volunteers themselves.

Lexicography of the Tatar language ethnocultural vocabulary

The article describes the four-volume “Ethnocultural Dictionary of the Tatar Language”, which was compiled by a team of teachers from the Institute of Philology and Intercultural Communication of Kazan Federal University. This work records the vocabulary of the Tatar language, reflecting the people’s traditional culture, which accumulates information about the surrounding world, living conditions, everyday life, work organization, etc. Such studies are a reliable aid in studying the circumstances and factors of the national culture formation.Ethnocultural dictionaries give a fragmentary idea of the Tatar people’s linguistic picture of the world. To determine the role and place of culturally marked vocabulary selected for the compilation of the dictionary entries, its authors analyzed the dictionaries of the 19th-21st centuries, studied the use of these words as part of phraseological units, proverbs and sayings, as well as their use in songs and works of art. This study of the culturally marked units adds new data to the history of the formation, development and improvement of Tatar material and spiritual culture. The proposed works can serve as a model for compiling ethnocultural dictionaries of other Turkic-speaking peoples; the material, collected in these lexicographic works, will find a worthy place in the dictionaries of concepts of Turkic languages.

The interrelation of motor and mental actions in the process of formation of social competitiveness of a personality

Introduction. The work is devoted to the study of the peculiarities of the formation of competitiveness in the process of physical education classes. The psychological features of purposeful formation of competitiveness are considered. The positive relationship between specially organized motor actions and the formed competitiveness of students has been practically proved and theoretically substantiated.Materials and Methods. To solve the research tasks, the semantic content of the basic concepts characterizing competitiveness was determined. The semantic analysis of the presented concepts was carried out according to the dictionary of the Russian language edited by A. P. Evgenieva. The definition of the semantic core of concepts was carried out by the content analysis method proposed by S. A. Gaponova. Semantic, basic units of textual information were identified. The semantic core, the fundamental feature of a text or concept, was determined.Results. We have established that the semantic core of all manifestations of competitiveness, without exception, is overcoming. It is proved that overcoming various external (physical) and internal (mental) barriers is a necessary and sufficient condition for the formation of competitiveness. It is argued that specially organized motor activity makes it possible to purposefully form competitiveness.Discussion and conclusions. The factors and conditions affecting the process of competitiveness formation are discussed. The basic feature of competitiveness has been established in previously conducted in-house scientific research. This process is analyzed from the perspective of the theory of the gradual formation of mental actions and concepts (P. Ya. Galperin), as well as the levels of movement control (N. A. Bernstein). The presented material is the theoretical basis for the creation of a methodology for the purposeful formation of competitiveness among students.

Фонетические процессы в сочетаниях согласных (на материале осетинского языка)

The aim of the research is to identify all potential consonant clusters in the modern Ossetian literary language where assimilative and dissimilative changes are possible. The article discusses a detailed algorithm aimed at creating a theoretical basis for an orthoepic dictionary of the Ossetian literary language. The research is novel in that it is the first to obtain data on all possible assimilative and dissimilative processes in the Ossetian literary language. Consonant clusters were identified using a representative corpus of Ossetian texts presented on the Internet and consisting of 836,593 words. As a result of the study of 819 consonant clusters, such combinations were found in which, based on data on the phonemes of the Ossetian literary language, assimilative processes could be expected. In particular, this refers to consonant clusters where voiced and voiceless consonants meet at the boundaries of morphemes, voiced consonants in the final position and voiced consonants at the boundaries of morphemes. To determine the phonetic processes that occur in these clusters (progressive assimilation for voicing/devoicing, regressive assimilation for voicing/devoicing), words containing such clusters were included in the instrumental analysis program.

Health literacy and language teaching: data-based host language lexicons

Using a corpus-based approach, this paper presents methods and results for assessing, extracting, and describing the core vocabulary relevant to healthcare access among migrant populations. The aim is to bridge the gap between the basic information conveyed to people arriving in Portugal and the materials as well as other lexicographic resources used in language teaching. The work includes identifying available resources and/or sources for compiling the relevant dataset for healthcare access; selecting available tools for corpus inquiry; testing and comparing results from different functionalities and different lexical statistics measures available in the tools; manual filtering of the data; and analyzing the results and the extracted lexicon. The obtained results reflect the organization of the extracted lexicon in subdomains, the organization of the items within each subdomain, the relationship with common vocabulary, and the extraction of authentic examples from the corpus.

The difference in positivity of the Russian and English lexicon: The big data approach

Psychological cross-cultural studies have long noted differences in the degree of cognition positivity, or optimism, in various cultures. Herewith, the question whether the difference shows up at the level of the language lexicon remains unexplored. Linguistic positivity bias has been confirmed for a number of languages. The point of it is that most words have a positive connotation in the language. This begs the question: is linguistic positivity bias the same for different languages or not? In a sense, the issue is similar to the hypothesis of linguistic relativity suggesting the language impact on the human cognitive system. The problem has been researched only in one work (Dodds et al. 2015), where data on the positivity bias values are given for different languages and the comparison for each pair of languages is based on merely one pair of dictionaries. In the present study, we radically increase the computational baseline by comparing four English and five Russian dictionaries. We carry out the comparative study both at the level of vocabularies and at the level of texts of different genres. A new, previously untapped idea is to compare positivity ratings of translated texts. Also, English and Russian sentiment dictionaries are compared based on the scores of translation-stable words. The results suggest that the Russian language is somewhat slightly more positive than English at the level of vocabulary.