Lexicographic Tradition Research Articles

T-Shirt Lexicography

This article presents a study of graphic inscriptions on garments such as T-shirts, inscriptions that resemble entries in general monolingual dictionaries of German. Referred to here as lexicography, the collected material is analyzed in terms of its form, content, and function, focusing on lexicographical aspects. T-shirt lexicography is an example of vernacular lexicography inasmuch as different lexicographical traditions are assumed (correctly as well as erroneously) by the (unknown) authors, but also adapted to their specific needs.

ПАРАМЕТРИЗАЦИЯ БАЗЫ ДАННЫХ УЗУАЛЬНЫХ И НЕУЗУАЛЬНЫХ ФЕМИНИТИВОВ

This study analyzes the experience of compiling a new type of dictionaries – electronic lexicographic databases on the basis of the corpus of common and occasional feminitives (feminine-gendered words) in the speech of modern native Russian language speakers. The theoretical basis of the work is the idea of the integral nature of the lexical meaning (G.N. Sklyarevskaya). The material was taken from the traditional explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language, the Russian National Corpus, the Pragmatically Marked Vocabulary of the Russian Language database, the Explanatory Dictionary of Children’s Innovations by T.A. Gridina, and media materials. The database of common and occasional feminitives is an extension of the Pragmatically Marked Vocabulary of the Russian Language database (http://spml.ipmip.nspu.ru). The key principle of this database is the synthesis of the Russian lexicographic traditions (a clear zonal division of the dictionary entry) and the detailed fixation of such pragmatic zones of lexical meaning as emotional evaluation, ideological, gender, age, social status, national and cultural components. The analysis of the specifics of the lexicographic interpretation of a group of words with the meaning of femininity in the dynamic and semantic-pragmatic aspects makes it possible to clarify some parameters of this database in relation to the corresponding thematic fragment of the dictionary. Thus, it has been established that the thematic group of feminitives that designate the sphere of activity of a female person is characterized by active development both due to the appearance of new lexemes and neoderivation, and due to dynamic processes in the sphere of their semantics. Native speakers, when using feminitives more freely than when using words from other thematic groups, load them with a wide variety of emotive and evaluative meanings (from neutral or approving to sharply derogatory meanings), attribute polar rules for their application (from “must use” to “completely refuse”). Lexicographic studies have shown that traditional explanatory dictionaries also inconsistently reflect the names of female persons in general or individual components of their lexical meanings. The above said makes it necessary to create a special database of common and occasional feminitives, which can solve the problem of fixing the pragmatic zone of the lexical meaning of the word, serve as a model in the lexicographic consolidation of the words of other thematic groups with moving and polar connotations. This article argues that in relation to the thematic group of feminitives, indicating the field of activity of a female person, such parameters of lexicographic fixation should be used as the fact of fixation in traditional dictionaries, the presence of lexicalsemantic variants of the word, the denotative and connotative zone of the lexical meaning, the connotative markers of actualization of components and/or methods of their neutralization, the stylistic scope of the unit, the presence of derivational and other variants.

Exploring Criteria for the Inclusion of Trademarks in General Language Dictionaries of Modern Greek

This paper explores the inclusion of genericized trademarks that have made their way into Greek dictionaries. Genericized trademarks constitute a special type of neologism, balancing between non-lexical and lexical, between "proper" and "common". Although the goal of creating a brand name is to make a specific product easily recognizable by distinguishing it from the rest of its kind, the trademark might become so well-known and widely used that it starts denoting all similar products, becomes part of the general vocabulary and gains lemma status in dictionaries. Given the fact that very little, if any, documentation exists on the subject, be it publicized lexicographic policies, style guides, or any references in the relevant literature, the main aim of the article is to explore some of the criteria by which such items have made their way into dictionaries of Modern Greek. First, an overview of genericized trademarks and brand names in Modern Greek dictionaries is presented. Then, based on the etymological information in the dictionaries, the paper investigates now many genericized trademarks are borrowed by other languages compared to Greek and which these languages are. The list of all these items is cross-checked against two different corpora to compare the frequency of their lexical use to that of their non-lexical use. Finally, the article attempts to test whether the main criteria used in the English lexicographic tradition to differentiate the two forms of use also apply in the case of Modern Greek.

Типологическое описание медицинских словарей монголоязычных авторов из тибетских фондов ЦВРК ИМБТ СО РАН и ИВР РАН

The paper offers an analysis and a classification of lexicographic works on Tibetan medicine compiled by Mongolian and Buryat authors in the 18-20th centuries. The analysis of main topics of these works and of their terminology allow us to distinguish three types of dictionaries: (1) specialized mngon brjod dictionaries of synonyms of Tibetan materia medica compiled for their correct identification; (2) bilingual and monolingual bsdus ming glossaries that contain explanations of words and concepts of the rgyud bzhi and commentaries; and (3) general and terminological brda yig dictionaries with medical lexicons. Particular attention is paid to distinctive features of these dictionaries. The study reveals that words in all thesauruses compiled by Mongolian authors and in the terminological dictionary dag yig mkhas pa’i ‘byung gnas (18th century) are arranged by thematic groups. The words in all bsdus ming glossaries are limited to the lexis used in one particular treatise and arranged in order in which they occur in the text. All lexicographical works compiled by Buryat authors (dictionaries of Tuguldurov, Sumatiratna, and Choidak) were organized according to Tibetan alphabetical order. In the rgyud bzhi bsdus ming and in the dictionary of Ishdorji all Mongolian equivalents are given in Tibetan letters. The study shows that dividing dictionaries of Mongolian authors in three groups (in accordance with their topic, basic terms, basic principles of compiling dictionaries of a certain genre) allows us to trace the continuity of the Indo-Tibetan lexicographic tradition in Mongolia and Buryatia, and also to demonstrate significant contribution of the Buryat scientists to the development of Tibet lexicography (concerning alphabetical principle of dictionaries compilation).

The Transmission of Subhūticandra's <em>Kavikāmadhenu</em> Commentary in Tibet

Van der Kuijp in his article “On the Vicissitudes of Subhūticandra's Kāmadhenu Commentary on the Amarakoṣa in Tibet” had focused on “some of the highlights of the ways in which the Kāmadhenu was handed down among Tibet's literati from the late twelfth to the middle of the eighteenth century.” As shown by van der Kuijp, “the twists and turns of the texts and translations of these two treatises” are by no means simple. In order to understand these “twists and turns” it is necessary to study the transmission of this commentary in Tibetan literature. This in itself is a desideratum and would be a task for the future. In this paper, I plan to examine a small fraction of the Tibetan literature represented by the Tibetan lexicographical tradition. This examination will prove helpful in understanding the relationship between the Sanskrit manuscripts, the Tibetan translations of the Kavikāmadhenu, and the Tibetan lexica and as a result will shed some light on the transmission of this important lexicographical text in Tibet.

On the Specifics of the Ancient Indian Lexicographic Tradition (on the Glossary Nighantu and Dictionary Amarakosha)

On the Specifics of the Ancient Indian Lexicographic Tradition (on the Glossary Nighantu and Dictionary Amarakosha)

ПРОФЕСІЙНІ ЗДОБУТКИ УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ ДІАСПОРИ У ТВОРЕННІ НАЦІОНАЛЬНОЇ ТЕРМІНОЛОГІЇ

The article analyzes the professional achievements of the Ukrainian diaspora in the creation of national terminology. Recognizing the importance of responsibility, based on national principles of terminology and lexicography, scholars of the Ukrainian diaspora actively work on the creation of new textbooks and terminology dictionaries in various fields of knowledge with wide use of Ukrainian phraseology.Based on the primary sources, periodicals of the states of the potential settlement of the Ukrainian immigrants, the memoirs and scientific explorations of scientists of Ukraine, Ukrainian abroad, the unfolding of the Ukrainian lexicographic tradition in the Ukrainian diaspora has been traced. Emphasis is placed on the implementation of the European experience in the professional training of future specialists and the improvement of professional skills of specialists.The educational and educational context of the functioning of the Ukrainian diaspora, in particular the publication of professional reference literature, the popularization of scientific knowledge in the environment of Ukrainian emigration as a component of the resistance to Russification policy in the USSR. The important aspect of using their stay in emigration by Ukrainians as an opportunity to advance Ukrainian national interests was emphasized. The role of prominent representatives of the Ukrainian diaspora in spreading and preserving the Ukrainian language and national culture has been clarified.

ترتيب الموادّ ضمن الجذر الواحد: مقارَبة تراثيّة لمناهج المعجميّين العرب

In the Arabic lexicographical tradition, there are three major systems for the arrangement of roots, namely, the phonetic-permutative, the alphabetical and the rhyme systems. The internal arrangement of the material within each root, however, is a much more intricate subject. Several lexica almost completely lack any system of internal arrangement. Yet, there are a few relatively late authors who seriously tried to address this problem by adopting a system of arranging lexical items based either on morphological or semantic criteria. This study examines the development of the method of morphological arrangement in the tradition and argues that al-Ṣaġānī (d. 650/1252) was the first to apply it systematically in his al-ʿUbāb al-zāḫir. It then argues that Ibn Sīda (d. 458/1066) was the first to introduce in al-Muḥkam a system of internal arrangement based on the semantic fields of each root and that Ibn Manẓūr’s (d. 711/1311) Lisān al-ʿArab is primarily based on the semantic groups of Ibn Sīda with proper rearrangement of material from his four other sources.

Отражение стиля языковых систем в Словаре английского языка Сэмюэля Джонсона (1755) и Словаре Академии Российской (1789–1794)

The article considers some stylistic aspects of the Russian and English language systems based on A Dictionary of The English Language… by Samuel Johnson, and A Dictionary of The Russian Academy (‘Slovar Academii Rossiyskoy’), 18th c., that laid a foundation of the British and Russian national lexicography. A comparison of major literary sources of the dictionaries and approaches applied in these lexicographic traditions reveals significant differences between the styles of the two language systems, which has an impact on the national mentalities, ways of perception of a mother tongue and а foreign language, as well as methods of teaching the two languages.

Polish Americans in the History of Bilingual Lexicography: The State of the Art

This paper measures dictionaries made by Polish Americans against the development of the Polish–English and English–Polish lexicographic tradition. Of twenty nine monoscopal and biscopal glossaries and dictionaries published between 1788 and 1947, four may be treated as milestones: Erazm Rykaczewski's (1849–1851), Wladyslaw Kierst and Oskar Callier's (1895), Wladyslaw Kierst's (1926–1928), and Jan Stanislawski's (1929). Unsurprisingly, they came to be widely republished in English-speaking countries, primarily the United States of America, for the sake of Polish-speaking immigrants. One might therefore wonder whether there was any pressing need for new dictionaries. There must have been, assuming that supply follows demand, because as many as eight Polish–English and English–Polish dictionaries were compiled by Polish Americans and published by the mid-twentieth century. The scant attention accorded this topic suggests a chronological approach to these dictionaries is in order, firstly, to blow the dust from the tomes; secondly, to establish their filial relationships; and, lastly, to evaluate their significance for the bilingual dictionary market.

Scytel: A New Old English Word for ‘Penis’

Abstract In this paper, I examine the Old English word scytel, which appears in the Old English Medicina de quadrupedibus. I argue that, contrary to definitions offered in current Old English lexical aids, scytel does not mean ‘dung’, but rather ‘penis’. In the Medicina de quadrupedibus, OE scytel translates Lat. moium (from Greek μοιóν) ‘penis’. I begin by tracing the development of the definition/s of scytel in the lexicographic tradition (Sections 1.1 and 1.2) and in editions of the Medicina de quadrupedibus (Section 1.3). Starting with Bosworth-Toller (1882–1898), scytel (1) was defined as ‘dung’, apparently on the misperception of an etymological relationship between scytel (1) and Old English scitta, n. ‘shit’. Section 2 offers a discussion of the manuscripts containing the Old English Medicina de quadrupedibus and its Latin source text, and Section 3 contains a discussion of the two relevant recipes that contain OE scytel (1). In Section 4.1 I show that, in fact, scytel (1) cannot be etymologically related to any scit‑/scīt‑ ‘shit’ words in Old English, as the two derive from separate Germanic (Gmc.) and Proto-Indo-European (PIE) roots. In Section 4.2, I argue that the scribe of the manuscripts containing scytel could not have written a non-etymological <y> for /i/, which eliminates the possibility that scytel is connected to scit‑/scīt‑ ‘shit’. It becomes clear, as demonstrated in Section 4.3, that scytel (1) ‘penis’ and scytel (2) ‘dart’ can be reconciled as a single dictionary entry, with ‘penis’ as a metaphorical extension of ‘dart’. I demonstrate in Section 4.4 that, from a cross-linguistic perspective, ‘dart’ > ‘penis’ is a well-attested semantic shift. Ultimately, it is clear that the Old English translator/s of the Medicina de quadrupedibus correctly translated the rare Latin word for ‘penis’ they encountered in the source text.

О Словаре лексической прагматики русского языка

The article outlines the conception of the lexical pragmatics Dictionary of Russian language that was formulated while working on research project “Vocabulary of Russian language with a pragmatic component of semantics”. The pragmatic component of the word is a phenomenon in which the national specifics of language is manifested. Those implicit elements of meaning (including evaluative, emotive, expressive, cultural connotations, etc.) that constitute the pragmatic component of the word often cause communicative mistakes in the speech practice of native speakers and foreigners. Successful communication requires possession of the information about pragmatic properties of the words, i.e., about pragmatic competence. The article determines the novelty of this Dictionary and its correlation to the preceding lexicographic tradition, the Dictionary tasks, sources, and main parameters (aspects) of the description of a lexical unit.

Anglo‐Indian slang in dictionaries on historical principles

AbstractThis article deals with the lexicography of Anglo‐Indian English; specifically it examines both past and contemporary work in the style of dictionary known as the ‘dictionary on historical principles’. This type of dictionary is commonly viewed as the pinnacle of the western lexicographical tradition and for world Englishes scholars wishing to find out detailed information about a particular lexical item in a certain variety of English, a dictionary on historical principles is by far the best type of dictionary to use, provided one exists that covers the variety in question. The goal of the present study was to gauge the need for greater lexicographical research into Anglo‐Indian English by conducting a focused lexicographical study and comparing the results against both Hobson‐Jobson and the OED. The results, now published as dictionary entries in the online version of Green's Dictionary of Slang, add greatly to our knowledge of Anglo‐Indian English and reveal a need for continued dictionary work to improve upon the coverage provided by previous lexicography.

Cultural, Linguistic and Lexicographic Precursors of English Lexicography in India

Lexicography of the English language in India (ELLI) is a logical continuation of two lexicographic traditions – a two-thousand-year old classical Indian and a rich British. At the same time, some methodological innovations aimed specifically at revealing properties of the nascent Indian English have also been introduced. The study of these traditions is a prerequisite for the research of the ELLI. This approach allows evincing the specificities of the ELLI and its consideration in the global linguistic and lexicographic context. The aim of this research consists in the scrutiny of the first ‘pillar’ the ELLI rests on, the classical Indian lexicography and bilingual dictionaries compiled in the period preceding publication of the first English dictionaries in India. Critical review of the lexicographic data showed that in the classical Indian dictionaries extensive linguistic and cultural information was accumulated. This information has been frequently used in later works. Survey of the dictionaries demonstrated that in the framework of Indian classical linguistic and lexicographic tradition several methods and practices of lexicography were articulated and implemented into practice; parameters of various types of dictionaries were defined. Further enquiry into the history of the English language lexicography in India involves the survey of the dictionaries that documented the English language in India. The survey should be conducted in context with the linguistic situation of the time.

Plutarch’s “Greek Questions”: Between Glossography and Problemata-Literature

This contribution argues that the principal object of interest in Plutarch’s “Greek Questions” is language and its uses, including rare words, curious phrases, local names, dialectal idiosyncrasies, proverbs, etc. The abundance of uncommon terms, frequently unattested elsewhere, and overlap in their use between Plutarch’s work and Hesychios’ “Synagoge”, suggests there is an affinity between “Greek Questions” and the ancient glossographic and lexicographic traditions.

Cognitive descriptions in a corpus-based dictionary of German paronyms

AbstractThis paper discusses changes of lexicographic traditions with respect to approaches to meaning descriptions towards more cognitive perspectives. I will uncover how cognitive aspects can be incorporated into meaning descriptions based on corpus-driven analysis. The new German Online dictionary “Paronyme − Dynamisch im Kontrast” (Storjohann 2014; 2016) is concerned with easily confused words such as effektiv/effizient, sensibel/sensitiv. It is currently in the process of being developed and it aims at adopting a more conceptual and encyclopaedic approach to meaning by incorporating cognitive features. As a corpus-guided reference work it strives to adequately reflect ideas such as conceptual structure, categorisation and knowledge. Contrastive entries emphasise aspects of usage, comparing conceptual categories and indicate the (metonymic) mapping of knowledge. Adaptable access to lexicographic details and variable search options offer different foci and perspectives on linguistic information, and authentic examples reflect prototypical structures. Some of the cognitive features are demonstrated with the help of examples. Firstly, I will outline how patterns of usage imply conceptual categories as central ideas instead of sufficiently logical criteria of semantic distinction. In this way, linguistic findings correlate better with how users conceptualise language. Secondly, it is pointed out how collocates are treated as family members and fillers in contexts. Thirdly, I will demonstrate how contextual structure and functions are included summarising referential information. Details are drawn from corpus data, they are usage-based linguistic patterns illustrating conversational interaction and semantic negotiations in contemporary public discourse. Finally, I will outline consultation routines which activate different facets of structural knowledge, e.g. through changes of the ordering of information or through the visualisation of semantic networks.

The Arabic Lexicographical Tradition. From the 2nd/8th to the 12th/18th Century, written by Ramzi Baalbaki, 2014

The Arabic Lexicographical Tradition. From the 2nd/8th to the 12th/18th Century, written by Ramzi Baalbaki, 2014

O granicach jednostek języka Jeszcze o klasie otwartej na przykładzie polskich jednostek z elementem ani

The article concerns the basic linguistic notion of “a language unit”, in particular the term: “open class” that is essential in the structuralist theory of language units. The authors present possible misinterpretations of this term and their consequences for delimitating language units. A more detailed analysis is devoted to expressions ani (+ preposition) + noun and ani + verb. The authors justify the thesis on semantic and functional homogeneity of ani in the expressions of both types. By doing so, they set against the lexicographic tradition of noting multiple idiomatic expressions consisting of the sequence ani.

Elías Levita el lexicógrafo y el legado del <em>Séfer ha-Šorašim</em>

Este artículo trata de la reinterpretación de la tradición lexicográfica del Sefer ha-Šorašim (“Libro de las raíces”) en el Renacimiento, en el contexto del cabalista cristiano Egidio de Viterbo (1469-1532) y del intelectual judío Elías Levita (1469-1549). Se pone de relieve el interés de Egidio de Viterbo por la exégesis, los léxicos y las gramáticas hebreas, que ha estimulado la actividad de Levita. Se analizan, después, los aspectos innovadores de las obras lexicográficas de Levita, Meturgeman (‘intérprete’), un diccionario de las raíces arameas del Targum, y Tišbi, un léxico de hebreo post-bíblico.

Ramzi Baalbaki. The Arabic Lexicographical Tradition: From the 2nd/8th to the 12th/18th Century

Journal Article Ramzi Baalbaki. The Arabic Lexicographical Tradition: From the 2nd/8th to the 12th/18th Century Get access Ramzi Baalbaki. The Arabic Lexicographical Tradition: From the 2nd/8th to the 12th/18th Century. (Handbook of Oriental Studies, Section 1). Brill, Leiden 2014. Pp. 535. Price: €160.00 hardback. ISBN: 978-90-0427397-9. Mustafa Shah Mustafa Shah Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of Semitic Studies, Volume 62, Issue 1, Spring 2017, Pages 276–280, https://doi.org/10.1093/jss/fgw058 Published: 24 February 2017