Lexicographic Description Research Articles

General Name as Cultural Code of Siberian Tatars

The article actualizes the problems of studying the pedigree and generic names of the Siberian Tatars in the linguocultural aspect. The source of the research is the Russian-language documents of the regional archive of the XVIII-XIX centuries, which recorded information on the composition of the family of residents of the Otdelno-Babasan volost of the Tobolsk province. Today, the issue of updating and preserving the language and culture of the Siberian Tatars is extremely acute, since the dialects of the natives of Western Siberia, according to UNESCO, are at the stage of extinction. The work has an integrated approach, therefore the following methods are used: the method of linguoculturological analysis, the method of interviewing informants, the method of language coexistence, the genealogical method, the descriptive-analytical method, the method of comparing definitions, the method of etymological analysis, the method of lexicographic description, the quantitative-statistical method The classification of generic names by etymology and structure is made, the models of the name of the deceased relative are identified, the traditions of the name of the deceased by the name of the deceased relative in Turkic cultures are examined, the mechanisms of metaphorization of kinship terms are determined. The authors come to the conclusion that the patrimonial names of the Siberian Tatars are a cultural code that stores echoes of the archaic world, namely the cult of their ancestors.

Концепт ПАТРИОТ в фокусе лексикографических источников на китайском языке

The purpose of the research is to identify the cognitive features of the PATRIOT concept belonging to the Chinese national worldview. The paper attempts to provide a lexicographic description of the Chinese PATRIOT concept, using the method of conceptual analysis developed by Z. D. Popova, I. A. Sternin. Scientific novelty of the research lies in the fact that the Chinese PATRIOT concept has not been previously studied using lexicographic methods. As a result, 38 linguistic naming units of the PATRIOT concept have been explicated from lexicographic sources in Chinese, the cognitive interpretation of which helped to identify 8 cognitive features.

Parameters of Lexicographic Description of New Vocabulary of Modern German in Electronic Dictionary of Neologisms of Leibniz Institute for German Language

The problem of lexicographic fixation of neologisms at the present stage of development of German-language lexicography by private explanatory dictionaries of electronic format is considered. A fairly successful example of lexicographic practice was chosen as the object of the study — an electronic dictionary of neologisms of the modern German language on the lexicographic online portal of the Leibniz Institute for the German Language. The dictionary is a “living”, constantly updated edition, which is based on the criteria for the definition and classification of neologisms, developed by its compilers. The authors of the article performed an analysis of the parameters of the lexicographic description of neologisms in this dictionary. The question is raised about the mandatory or optional nature of the parameters used by the compilers of the dictionary when forming the microtext (dictionary entry). Standard and specific parameters of lexicographic description, which are profile for the dictionary of new words are distinguished: example-definition, first fixation, language reflection, encyclopedic information, representation in dictionaries, etc. The analysis of lexicographic practice sets the task of summarizing the practical experience of lexicographers in order to determine the optimal set of parameters for the codification of neology.

Cultural and connotative information of some verbal phraseological units with the abstract substantive thought

The article is devoted to the consideration of some verbal phraseological units in which the semantic component of thought is performed by the subject of action. In such phraseological units, the thought is combined with such verbs as to return / to return, to be carried away / to be carried away, to flow, to sink / to fall. The article adopts a linguoculturological approach to the study of such phraseological units. In this article we understand phraseology, following V.N. Telia, as a unit characterized by stability, reproducibility, idiomaticity [Telia 1996: 56], when analyzing phraseological units, a linguoculturological approach to research and lexicographic description developed by V.N. Telia and other authors in the "Great Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Language" is used [2017]. For our analysis, we have selected phraseological units that are represented in the National Corpus of the Russian Language (https://ruscorpora.ru/new /), including the abstract noun thought, which performs the function of the subject of action.Summing up, we can draw the following conclusions: 1) In the analyzed FE, thought independently performs various actions, moves freely in space, is beyond human control; 2) All the FE presented in this article, in general, correlate with the anthropic code of culture, and taking into account this opposition, with the spatial one. And all FE, taking into account the verbal components, still correlate with the activity code of culture. 3) The image of all FE is created by a metaphor that likens thought to a moving object or object that moves freely in space, does not depend on the will of an individual; 4) The metaphorically figurative basis of the units analyzed by us as a whole reflects a stereotypical idea of the process of mental activity beyond the control of a person.

LINGUISTIC SITUATION AS THE DEVELOPMENT FACTOR OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE LEXICOGRAPHY IN INDIA: POST-COLONIAL PERIOD

This paper investigates language situation (LS) of the post-colonial India in comparison with the pre-colonial and colonial ones. Special attention is paid to the process and the results of the English language incorporation into this situation. Application of the socio-linguistic methodology aimed at the elucidation of quantitative, qualitative, and evaluative parameters of the LS revealed that local languages maintained their traditional positions while English showed changes in every parameter. By quantitative parameter, substantial demographic changes, mainly the determinant increase of the English language users, are observed. English is used not only by the British and citizens of other English speaking countries residing in India but also by the speakers of local languages. The latter group acquires English for multiple reasons both economic, social, and political. Currently, a substantial part of the population in India claims to have a sufficient level of English that entails qualitative changes in the LS. By the qualitative parameter, the LS is characterized by both exo- and endoglossic features and varies substantially depending on the geographical, political and social factors. The key attribute of the LS is diglossia. In this diglossic situation the level of the English language competence and the spheres it is used in correlate with the way the language is acquired. In India, the majority of the population acquires English through the system of education and it is mostly used in administrative, juridical, and business spheres. By the evaluative parameter, positions of English have been growing stronger since 1950 when it got constitutional status and particularly since 1963 amendment adoption that allowed English to be used indefinitely until legislation changes. Thus, English has become a notable component of the LS of the country. The changes in the language situation in the post-colonial period lead to the development of the local variety, Indian English, that is awaiting its comprehensive lexicographic description.

Lexicographic description in linguoculturological dictionaries: a review of modern approaches

The article deals with issues related to the experience of domestic linguoculturological lexicography. The authors analyze how different lexical units, are represented in lexicography: in linguocultural, linguoculturological and culturological dictionaries. The aim of the study is to identify key selection criteria and lexicographic descriptions of linguistic and cultural units in dictionaries of this type and subsequently apply the obtained data in order to develop a concept for a Nationally Oriented Linguistic and Regional Educational Dictionary for Vietnamese speakers studying the Russian language. The study is carried out in line with modern trends in educational lexicography, which takes into account the ideas of communicative didactics. Its relevance and significance stem from its applied nature. As a result of the study, the authors gained an understanding of the principles of construction (the macro- and microstructure of the dictionary) and lexicographic description in linguoculturological dictionaries.

Разработка словарной статьи текстовой скрепы «прежде всего» для «Словаря служебных слов русского языка»

The article presents a dictionary entry of the text connector “first of all” (Rus. prezhde vsego) prepared in accordance with the model of lexicographic description for the Dictionary of Function Words of the Russian Language. The model was proposed by A.F. Priyatkina and E.A. Starodumova. Their works, as well as studies by the staff of the Department of Russian Language and Literature of the Far Eastern Federal University on the description of functional words and their presentation in the Dictionary of Function Words of the Russian Language, were the theoretical basis of this study. The following research methods are used in the article: observation; description, including generalization and systematization of linguistic phenomena; and contextual analysis. Examples from the Russian National Corpus and examples collected from modern texts of various functional styles and genres are used as illustrative material. When preparing a dictionary entry, the author has found that the fixed expression “first of all” can function not only at the level of the text, but also at the level of the utterance. The description of the non-textual possibilities of this fixed expression should be the subject of a special research. The text connector “first of all” has the meaning “prior the rest”, “before the rest”, “what comes first from a multitude”, which allows it to be used in three functional variants: (1) the selection of one or several elements that meet certain requirements that are the most important; (2) the designation of the most important condition for further development/impossibility of development of the situation, the possibility/impossibility of the development of events; and (3) the designation of the main argument refuting what is said in the left context of the connector. The location of the connector in the utterance and punctuation design can vary. The fixed phrase “first of all” has been described in several dictionaries, but its description there is not complete. In this regard, a lexicographic description of the phrase was carried out according to the following parameters: types of use, homonymy, morphological structure, meaning (interpretation), functional and semantic variants, scope, functioning as a connector, functioning within the framework of one utterance and types of constructions, intonation, punctuation, location, interaction with other connectors, interaction with other function words, functions other than text connection, units similar in function and semantics, stylistic label, dictionary data, illustrations. The study shows that the text connector “first of all” can be described in the Dictionary of Function Words of the Russian Language in terms of semantics, variation of functions, intonation and punctuation design, interaction with other function words, and others. The author declares no conflicts of interests.

Роль собственно-оценочной семантики при выражении ласкового отношения в современном русском языке

Настоящая статья посвящена изучению собственно-оценочных единиц русского языка, выражающих ласковое отношение, а также их лексикографическому описанию. Данная группа слов не получила достаточного освещения в научной литературе по сравнению с номинативно-оценочной лексикой с уменьшительно-ласкательными и ласкательными суффиксами. Особое внимание уделено тематической отнесенности как фактору, определяющему знак эмоциональной оценочности, выделены ЛТГ драгоценного, божественного, света, сладости, определяющие выражение ласкового отношения метафорическими наименованиями, отмечено традиционное выражение ласки к детям, женщинам, близким людям. Рассмотрены случаи актуализации, транспозиции и сенсибилизации оценочной семантики. Выводы настоящей статьи могут быть использованы в лексикографическом описании русской лексики, а также в практике преподавания русского языка как иностранного.

О своеобразии частицы чё и сочетаний с ней в связи с вопросами лексикографирования

The article continues a cycle of works in which the authors explore the common parlance word chyo. In connection with the issues of lexicographic description, the particle chyo and phrases with it are considered. Their specificity is revealed on the material of the card file for the Dictionary of Russian Folk Dialects in comparison with the particle chto in the literary language according to the Dictionary of Contemporary Russian Literary Language. The particle is considered from the point of view of the main parameters of functioning and lexicographizing: formal, functional-pragmatic (communicative), and semantic. The analysis is complicated due to the actual absence of an exhaustive and consistent theory of particles for literary language and dialects. The following results were obtained. (1) According to various parameters, the particle chyo is only partially identical to its equivalent in the literary language, the semantic and functional-pragmatic range of the common parlance word chyo is wider. (2) In order to avoid contradictions of various theoretical approaches, the term “complex particle” should be abandoned in favor of the term “composite particle”, and labels clarifying the category of particles should be abandoned in favor of formulations that indirectly reflect the necessary information such as “used in interrogative and exclamatory sentences”, “used to enhance the meaning”, etc. (3) Polyfunctionality (a combination of features of different parts of speech) as a fundamental feature of the functioning of particles should be taken into account when defining the word chyo. Its definition, if possible, should also reflect the “shades” of the meaning chyo gives and describe transitional cases of using the particle as an interjection or introductory word. (4) For a correct lexicographic presentation of the material, if possible, the intonation of the phrase with the word chyo should be taken into account, it is necessary to include the widest possible context, commentaries of compilers of field materials. (5) It is necessary to reflect in the interpretation the shades of meaning, expressive and emotional evaluation, the modalities introduced by particles into the utterance. The features of the use of particles are easier to identify using substitution (by synonyms, equivalents) and elimination (removing of the analyzed word from the utterance) methods. (6) A special, in-depth consideration of combinations with the word chyo, including in the role of a particle, is required, which is the immediate prospect of this research. The article concludes that the analyzed materials confirm the authors’ idea of the need to include common parlance words in the corpus of dialect dictionaries and develop special approaches for the correct lexicographizing of such vocabulary.

Noun в(иј)енац in phrases with Christian meaning component in the Serbian language (from the viewpoint of lexicographic description)

This paper deals with the noun ?(??)???? in phrases with Christian (biblical) component of meaning in contemporary Serbian language from the lexicographic aspect. The research is founded on the assumption that in the Serbian language there is not only a greater number of phrases containing the noun ?(??)???? with Christian (biblical) component of meaning than those registered in the existing descriptive dictionaries, but also on the fact that the noun ?(??)???? in these realizations represents universal Christian concepts that are, to a greater or lesser extent, described in dictionaries of Slavic languages. Semantic components ?immortality?, ?feat? and ?glory?, which are inherent in the lexical content of expressions motivated by the noun ?(??)????, belong to primarily Christian concepts of martyrdom, being tortured, feats and victory, which at the same time represent their primary meanings. This concretely means that, for example, the expression ????? ????? is firstly labelled as a biblical expression, and then the derived, i.e. phraseological meaning was formed and separately defined. In the former case it is a biblical expression, while in the latter it is a biblicism as a special type of phraseologism. Moreover, by examining equivalent expressions in dictionaries of Slavic languages, where special attention is paid to dictionaries from the Slavic area of Slavia Orthodoxa, it was noticed that the noun ?(??)???? as part of expressions in concrete semantic realizations represents universal Christian concepts which are, to a lesser or greater extent, described in dictionaries of Slavic languages.

Шапошников Александр Константинович:жизнь в науке и творчестве

The article is dedicated to the memory of Alexander Konstantinovich Shaposhnikov, Candidate of Philological Sciences, Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), researcher of the Department of Etymology and Onomastics of the V.V. Vinogradov Institute of the Russian Language of the Russian Academy of Sciences. As a student of Ninel Zeynalovna Gadzhieva, he received her advice in the field of comparative studies, Turkology and Altaic studies, which were later embodied in the candidate’s thesis of A.K. Shaposhnikov, as well as in many research works. Later, his supervisor was an outstanding researcher, academician Oleg Nikolaevich Trubachev. The talented student of the academician continued the research of his teacher and became a famous lexicographer, etymologist, author and compiler of a number of academic, popular academic works and translations. The topic of the candidate’s dissertation «The experience of reconstruction of the relic language (based on materials 169М.А. Бурибаева, Д.Б. Аманжолова, Н.Ж. Шаймерденова Turkic Studies Journal 4 (2022) 149-170related to the Khazar Khaganate)» was carried out under the supervision of N.G. Gadzhieva and O.N. Trubachev in 1992. This research direction became the starting point in all the further activities of A.K. Shaposhnikov, defining the scope of his scientific interests related to historical lexicography, etymology, ancient onomastics, mythology, as well as translations of ancient texts (from ancient Greek, Latin). For several years, he was the head of the annual readings in memory of Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences O.N. Trubachev from the cycle «Northern Black Sea Region: to the origins of Slavic culture».A.K. Shaposhnikov has repeatedly visited Kazakhstan and participated in linguistic forums, closely cooperated with Kazakh researchers engaged in etymological research, Turkic-Slavic language contacts, the language of monuments of Russian writing of various periods, and, most importantly, lectured and participated in a joint (with Kazakh researchers) international project on the lexicographic description of Turkisms in Slavic languages in 2013-2014. A.K. Shaposhnikov together with Kazakh researchers worked on the project «Corpus of Turkic language units in East Slavic languages: ways of penetration and adaptation», the purpose of which was a comprehensive synchronic and diachronic study of the features of semantics and functioning of Turkisms in heterogeneous and homogeneous languages, followed by the compilation of a Dictionary of Turkisms. Alexander Konstantinovich Shaposhnikov died from complications caused by viral pneumonia on July 7, 2021, leaving behind numerous studies in the field of lexicography, etymology and onomastics.

CONCEPTUALISATION OF AN AFFECTIVE EVALUATION. AN ESSAY ON RADOSTNY ADJECTIVE

The article deals with the lexicographic description of the adjective, the semantics of which is based on emotional evaluation. The research is focused on the semantic changes of the adjective radostnyi and the analysis of the at- tribute dynamics as well as special aspects of the use of the adjective under consideration.

Рецензия на книгу: Горбунова Л. И., Петрова Н. А. Лексика русского языка в свете категоризации предметного мира: Монография. Иркутск: Изд-во ИГУ, 2020. 1 электрон. опт. диск (CD-ROM). ISBN 978-5-9624-1886-5

The work by Gorbunova L. I., Petrova N. A. focuses on the theoretical problems of categorization and its cognitive origin. The results of the world categorization are stated to be represented in the lexis. This monograph regards a word that does not always reflect cognitively significant information as a linguistic unit. Polysemant and synonymous series are treated as linguistic categories, with extra-linguistic and linguistic basis specified. The perceptual and experimental signs of the nominated situations are determined. The conclusion is drawn about the necessity of systematizing classifiers. Also, emphasis is placed on the importance of distinguishing and describing the linguistic, cognitive, and extra-linguistic factors defining the role of the lexis not only for nomination processes but also for studying objects and situations, allowing the lexicographic description of various thesaurus dictionaries to be elaborated.

Vocabulary of permian old believers dialects in lexicographic description

The article presents the materials of the forthcoming Dictionary of Vocabulary and Phraseology of the Old Believers Dialects of the Perm Region. The available lexicographic descriptions of the Old Believers speech (Baltic States, Transbaikalia, Siberia) are outlined. The main layers of Permian Old Believers vocabulary – cult terminology, borrowings, expressive and evaluative words and paroemias are described. The thematic diversity of vocabulary can be noted (self-names of the interpretations, names of saints, names of books, names of services and rituals, utensils, cult food, clothing, traditional mythological vocabulary). The dictionary reports not only the cult aspects, but also the everyday and economic sides of life of Old Believers, which explains the inclusion of householdvocabulary and ethnographisms in its composition. The main emphasis in the article is set on themythological vocabulary fixed in the speech of Permian Old Believers: the characteristics ofdemonim (names of spirits and anthropomorphized diseases, nominations of people in contact withevil spirits, designations of magical and ritual actions and ritual attributes). Representing a specialgroup of words, the mythological layer of vocabulary, which is considered to be basic for traditional culture, shows that Old Believers, with all the closeness of life, specificity of their worldview and moral and ethical norms, were and remain part of an integrated Russian folk culture.

Z zagadnień opisu leksykograficznego polskiej terminologii prawosławnej – wariantywność wyrazów hasłowych

The article is devoted to the problems of variationality in the lexicographic description of the terms of Polish Orthodoxy. On the basis of existing definitions of linguistic variants and keyword variants, the variants of words forming entries in the Dictionary of Polish Orthodox Terminology are discussed. The dictionary was compiled by a team of theologians and linguists at the Faculty of Philology of the University of Bialystok. The analysis of the source material shows that the variant nature of the terms is revealed at the phonetic, inflectional and word-formation levels. These phenomena are a manifestation of the richness of the Orthodox lexicon, genetically diverse and documenting the multiplicity of ways of borrowing the terms that make it up (Greek, Old Church Slavonic, East Slavic languages, Polish).

Актуальність створення мотиваційного словника юридичної лексики

The article is devoted to the concept of creating a motivational dictionary of modern Ukrainian legal vocabulary, which is a lexicographic description of motivational associations generated by a word during its perception and semantization and obtained as a result of a directed associative experiment. This article presents a psycholinguistic study that motivatedness is understood as the property of a word, which allows realizing the conditionality of the connection meaning (the content) and the sound shape of the word (expression) on the basis of the correlation of the word with the linguistic, extra-linguistic reality and mental categories. Definition of classification parameters of the concept of motivation (motivatedness) applied for terminology research and development of methodological principles of the motivation research of terminology vocabulary. The role of the associative experiment in studying the potential of the word motivation is fundamental, since it is the associative experiment that allows the legal researcher to identify the comprehension, awareness by the native speakers of the motivational associativity of the lexical units of the modern Ukrainian legal text, to move from observing and analyzing the motivational activity of a limited number of words to a systematic study of the potential of the whole lexical array of language, thereby providing valuable material for lek a sycographic and theoretical description of the motivation of words, because the experimental data, determining the degree of manifestation of motivational nature, make it possible to classify lexical units into motivated and unmotivated, highly motivated and weakly motivated ones, reveal the existence of motivational-associative stereotypes or their absence, the ratio of the motivationalassociative standard and deviations from it. With the help of materials obtained using an associative experiment, the development of the word motivation, the similarity or difference of its modern formal-semantic interpretation can be revealed. In modern linguistics, it is commonly accepted that words (meaning of words) are motivated, depending on the preservation of the internal form of the word.

Глагол отдыхать в свете идиоматизации как динамического процесса русской речи, или как отдых стал частью состязаний

The problem of lexicographic description of the Russian vocabulary, includ-ing the constant "updating of the vocabulary space", always remains relevant for linguists of various fields, since language is a very mobile system. Numerous changes are constantly taking place in it, in particular, this concerns the field of lexicology. For a long time, the word-centric trend has dominated the language, so the focus has always been on the word and the features of its functioning, but now more and more attention is being paid to stable phrases, various construc-tions and the whole text. The present study examines the verb otdykhat', the figurative meaning of which is not fixed by academic explanatory dictionaries and the connotation of which, especially in the composition of stable construc-tions, can change significantly. The focus of the article is the evaluation con-struction <P - N1 otdykhaet>, which is actively used in newspaper and everyday speech. In the course of the study, in addition to working with dictionaries and corpus material, a survey was conducted among 149 native speakers of the Rus-sian language, which clearly illustrates the prevalence of the new meaning of the verb otdykhat': 'not be able to compete with another object on a number of fea-tures that were not strongly pronounced in the first object until the moment of comparison'. A detailed lexicographic description of the frequency verb otdyk-hat' can be important, among other things, in applied aspects, such as translation practice and teaching Russian as a foreign language.

Мультимедийная электронная система «Говор северной деревни» как основа создания диалектных словарей

The research is relevant because it is necessary to make a lexicographic description of the local speech content, which is collected on the territory of the historical Belozerye. The materials collected on this territory are available in various dialect dictionaries, but so far they have not been studied as a whole lexico-semantic system. To solve this problem, in 2019-2021, we created an electronic multimedia system: The Dialect of the Northern Village (www.borbushino.vogu35.ru). It presents the results of the study of the dialect of the Borbushino village in Kirillovsky District of Vologda Oblast - one of the rural settlements of this territory. This study lasted for more than thirty years. The key problem solved in the framework of this article is the understanding of the prospects for using the materials of the Dialect of the Northern Village electronic resource in the practice of creating various dialect dictionaries. The aim of the work is to characterize the existing experience of lexicographic descriptions of the dialect system in the format of an electronic resource, as well as to comment on the prospects of including the materials we collected in the format of a morphemic and word-formation dictionary, a dictionary of a language personality, and a thematic ethnolinguistic dictionary. The objectives of the work are: (1) to characterize the local speech content presented in the electronic multimedia system; (2) to describe our experience in creating a differential explanatory dictionary of Cyrillic dialects; (3) to consider the prospects of including the materials we have collected in dialect dictionaries of other purposes, types and structures. The material for the study was more than 250 texts recorded from the words of dialect speakers or presented in their own memoir records, as well as more than 30,000 microtexts illustrating the contextual use of the lexical set we are studying. The material was collected by the method of conversation according to the questionnaire program of the Lexical Atlas of Russian Folk Dialects, as well as according to the authors’ programs focused on the collection, classification and analysis of the derived vocabulary of the dialect. As a result, we have concluded that the collected materials can form the basis of a morphemic and word-formation dictionary, an ethnolinguistic dictionary representing the information of the thematic spheres “Nature”, “Man”, “Material Culture”, “Spiritual Culture”, as well as a dictionary of the language personality of Nikolai Pavlovich Shabrov, a native of the Borbushino village. The Dialect of the Northern Village electronic multimedia system (www.borbushino.vogu35.ru) is already used in the practice of research and educational work, and the creation of various dialect dictionaries based on it will make this work more concrete and effective. The authors declare no conflicts of interests.

К вопросу о лексикографическом описании топонимического варианта Питер

The article presents arguments for listing the lexeme Piter, an unofficial, yet rather common name for the city of St. Petersburg, in dictionaries. To substantiate their draft dictionary entry, the authors bring in research data, the Russian National Corpus (RNC), contemporary information resources, as well as results of an associative verbal experiment they conducted. Having analyzed linguistic and encyclopedic dictionaries, the authors found the lexeme either missing or marked as a “vulgar”, “vernacular”, or “colloquial” name of St. Petersburg. However, both RNC and new media equally confirm that the toponymic variant Piter is commonly used in the contemporary Russian language. Moreover, it bears certain semantic load in fiction and mass media texts and forms the context. That allows arguing for listing the lexeme Piter in dictionaries for cultural and country studies through linguistics, as well as for developing a dictionary entry that would contain a relevant cultural linguistic commentary (CLC). The authors based the CLC of their draft dictionary entry on the concept of chronotope. It helped reveal some significant differences of the lexeme Piter from other names of the city. For that purpose, the authors conducted an associative verbal experiment. As the stimuli, the experiment participants received four names of the city, St. Petersburg, Petrograd, Leningrad, Piter. 550 respondents were asked to give an equal amount of associates to each stimulus. 11 percent of those had grown up in St. Petersburg, the rest had come there from other regions of Russia, 200 cities and towns in total. Having sorted the associates received from the respondents into lexico-thematic groups and analyzed those, the authors demonstrated differences between the four variants’ content planes and described the associative verbal plane of the lexeme Piter. Within the system of semantic relations built by the four toponymic variants, the meaning of the nomination Piter is formed by two contrapositions along the axes Past - Present and Formal - Informal. The variant Piter corresponds to actual, personal, emotionally significant experience. As mentioned earlier, that aspect of meaning is missing from the existing dictionaries that cover solely stylistic features of the lexeme and lack semantic peculiarities. As a result of their research, the authors suggest a draft dictionary entry Piter for dictionaries for cultural and country studies through linguistics. The entry’s structure contains the following elements: 1) headword; 2) grammatical labels; 3) definition; 4) examples of derivation; 5) use contexts (based on RNC and the authors’ research); 6) associative potential; 7) cultural linguistic commentary (result of the research). The authors declare no conflicts of interests.

Язык М.В. Ломоносова в зеркале писательских словарей

The aim of the article is to analyze the scientific linguistic dictionaries of the early 21st century that describe the poetic and scientific heritage of Mikhail Lomonosov and the rhetorical system he proposed, in terms of the heuristic possibilities that these lexicographic experiments provide to the researcher of the Lomonosov language and style. The research material is five editions of the academic Dictionary of the Language of M. V. Lomonosov, the dictionary Rhetoric of M. V. Lomonosov. Tropes and Figures, the second volume of the Syntactic Dictionary of Russian Poetry of the 18th Century. The main methods are general scientific (analysis, synthesis, inductive and deductive, comparative, quantitative) and specific philological (contextual, comparative-descriptive, functional-descriptive, etc.). The analysis showed that a series of vocabulary materials created by the project team of the Institute of Linguistic Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, made an important contribution to the comprehensive description of Lomonosov’s poetry in terms of its metric and stanzaic repertoire, the rhyming system and the lexical and grammatical design of verse endings, presentation of individual groups of vocabulary participating in the formation of the scientific and odic styles of the middle of the 18th century. Using the example of the lexicographic description of the word azure, the author of the article reveals the rich informative potential that a researcher can extract from Volumes 1-5 of the Dictionary of the Language of M. V. Lomonosov. The data of the dictionary show the frequency the word has, the range of its meanings, grammatical variants, the genre and stylistic range of the use of the word in Lomonosov’s works, the word’s participation in the rhyme lexicon, the rhythm-metric organization of Lomonosov’s poetic experiments. The analysis of the lexeme azure allows the author of the article to come to the conclusion that it was not Lomonosov’s poetic practice but his scientific work that contributed to the consolidation in the general literary use of the feminine gender of azure. Comparison of the Rhetoric of M. V. Lomonosov. Tropes and Figures and the materials of the Syntactic Dictionary of Russian Poetry of the 18th Century proves the closest connection between the rhetorical theory set forth in the Rhetoric and Lomonosov’s own poetic practice: all the tropes and figures Lomonosov described are found, albeit with varying frequency, in his poetry. In addition to the devices of “decorated” speech presented in the Rhetoric, Lomonosov also uses others that are not mentioned in the Brief Guide to Eloquence as special phenomena, and this confirms the idea of the poverty of any classifications in comparison with real literary practice. Lomonosov dictionaries make it possible to present in a systematized form many features of the idiostyle of the poet and scientist, to highlight the stages of the formation of general literary, general poetic, genre and individual norms of the era of linguistic reforms, to clarify and check many of the theoretical principles concerning the evolution of Russian literature. The author declares no conflicts of interests.