Lexicographic Approach Research Articles

A GRASP-ALNS combination for robust pickup and delivery problem

One of the well-studied routing issues is the Pickup and Delivery Problem (PDP). It aims to route a fleet of vehicles based on a depot to satisfy a set of transport requests subject to numerous constraints. In real-life cases, the satisfaction of those requests over a given time slot (1 day for example) may become impossible while respecting all problem constraints. Therefore, the studied variant is characterised by the selective aspect which consists of choosing a subset of demands to be honoured. In addition, travel times between sites may be uncertain and may vary according to several scenarios. The robustness consists then at finding a solution which remains feasible over all scenarios. Therefore, the goal of this study is to introduce lexicographic and metaheuristic approaches to solve the Robust Selective PDP (RSPDP). Numerous tests have been done on new instances for the considered variant, in order to show the efficiency of proposed approaches.

Lexicographic multi-objective road pricing optimization considering land use and transportation effects

This paper develops a bi-level multi-objective model for road pricing optimization considering land use and transportation effects. The upper-level problem determines a cordon-based road pricing scheme, while the lower-level problem models the interaction between land use and transportation. To facilitate decision-making in a scenario characterized by a hierarchical ordering of objectives, a novel α-conditional lexicographic optimization method is established, which uses an α value to capture the decision-maker's perceived acceptability of the trade-off between different objectives with respect to the hierarchical objective ordering. The properties associated with this approach are derived, and an algorithm to find the α-conditional lexicographic dominance solutions is developed. To solve the model, a revised genetic algorithm is further developed to illustrate how the proposed α-conditional lexicographic optimization method can be embedded into existing heuristic or metaheuristic methods. A case study using data from Jiangyin, China, demonstrates the significance of considering land use effects when evaluating road pricing scenarios. The results reveal the trade-off between transportation and various land use objectives and the variation of such a trade-off among different types of traffic analysis zones. It is demonstrated that the proposed α-conditional lexicographic approach can improve most of the land use objective values while ensuring that the total travel time is constrained within an acceptable range, enabling a balance between various land use and transportation objectives.

Лексикализация концептосфер “Sky”/«Небо» в английском и русском идиолектах В. Набокова

The purpose of the study is to determine the features characterising lexical representation of a particular segment of bilingual V. Nabokov’s worldview, actualised in the English-language and self-translated Russian-language texts of the memoirs. The main body of the article contains an analysis of the lexemes that verbalise the concept spheres “Sky”/“Небо”, selected from the glossaries of “Speak, Memory” and “Other Shores”, the researcher identifies and analyses linguistic asymmetry of the lexicons. Scientific novelty of the work lies in taking the lexicographic approach to studying Nabokov’s linguistic worldview, which makes it possible to obtain objective data on the language personality based on the idiolect. As a result, it is proved that when switching from English to Russian, the “heavenly” part of the author-translator’s worldview is modified quantitatively and qualitatively.

Reconfiguration of large-scale systems using back-up components

Large-scale control systems tend to present a large number of alternative and back-up elements that, although not used in nominal operation, could be brought into play if necessary. Such hardware redundancy extends the fault tolerant capabilities of the system, while posing the problem of selecting the most suitable new system configuration. Accordingly, this paper aims to formulate the problem of, after a fault occurrence, selecting the (in some sense) optimal system configuration that maintains an admissible system performance until the restoration of the nominal service. The configuration selection is posed as a multi-objective mixed-integer program (MIP) solved using a lexicographic approach. Aiming at reducing the worst-case execution time, the analysis of necessary properties for the existence of an admissible solution, as well as how to manage the information obtained by evaluating such properties to be included in the MIP, are investigated. A portion of a water distribution network is used in order to validate the proposed solution.

Design of reverse supply chains under uncertainty: the lexicographic R * criterion for exploring opportunities

Reverse supply chains (RSCs) have been increasingly implemented in recent years to manage the growing flow of solid waste generated by end-of-life (EOL) products and to minimise their environmental impact. Furthermore, recent research has shown that the implementation of RSCs benefits job creation, enables savings in raw materials, and creates income from the sales of re-manufactured products. However, designing RSCs requires dealing with many sources of uncertaintydue to the reverse flow of EOL products. To model these uncertainties, we consider a set of equally possible scenarios. In previous models for scenario sets, the decision often has been influenced by negative scenarios while neglecting opportunities. We propose a new risk/opportunity approach based on the criterion to give more weight to positive scenarios in the decision-making process. This criterion is used in order to distinguish zones of risk and opportunity and guide the decision-making process accordingly to the existing zones. We develop a lexicographic approach for the consideration of existing scenarios, and propose two methods to compute the optimal solution for lexicographic () criterion: one in the form of an algorithm and another in the form of a mixed-integer program (MIP). The performance of the developed approaches is demonstrated in a case study for a reverse facility location problem.

A hybrid service selection optimization algorithm in internet of things

With the scale of Internet of Things (IoT) continues to increase, it brings big challenges for service selection in a large-scale IoT. For solving this problem, a service selection method based on the enhanced genetic algorithm is proposed in this paper. To decrease the scale of service selection, this paper uses the lexicographic optimization approach and quality of service (QoS) constraint relaxation technique to find the candidate service with height QoS. Then, the IoT service selection problem is transformed into a single-objective optimization problem adopting a simple weighting method, and the final composite service meeting the user's QoS needs are obtained from the candidate service. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can efficiently and quickly achieve a composite service satisfying user's QoS needs, and is more suitable for solving the service composite problem in large-scale IoT services.

Proper Names in Oral Poetic Tradition in the Light of Folklore Lexicography

The paper uses three cases of folklore lexicography to substantiate its applicability and the methodological capacity it holds in the study of onomastic elements of different folklore genres. It is this original lexicographic approach that gives a new perspective and brings new results to the solution of some recurrent problems connected with the poetic language of folklore. The research builds on the lexicographic projects by Kursk linguists, focused on folklore studies: a dictionary of the language of bylinas and the concordances of Russian non-ritual lyric songs. The present study employs the overlay technique for comparing dictionary entries and gives three cases of its application. The first compares lexicographic descriptions of the Dunai (Danube) river name as one of the key images of Russian folklore, and how it is used in non-ritual lyric songs of the 19th century. This has allowed the authors to identify semantic differences in the river name across the regions. The second case illustrates that, lexicographically, the body of folklore proper names has a capacity to verbalize the emotional experience of the ethnic group that has both regional and gender-based specificity. The third case considers the meaning, usage, and derivational potential of exotic place names. Based on bylinas texts, the authors illustrate transformations of borrowed words in the vocabulary of Russian folk-tale narrators. On the general scale, embracing a lexicographic approach to the study of folklore vocabulary can solve a number of long-standing issues related to semantics, word-formation, generic and territorial features of the national poetic language. Apart from that, the authors conclude that folklore lexicography can open new interesting areas of onomastic research and gives a tool to explore them.

LEXICOGRAPHIC PROBLEMS OF CONVEX OPTIMIZATION: SOLVABILITY AND OPTIMALITY CONDITIONS, CUTTING PLANE METHOD

The lexicographic approach for solving multicriteria problems consists in the strict ordering of criteria concerning relative importance and allows to obtain optimization of more important criterion due to any losses of all another, to the criteria of less importance. Hence, a lot of problems including the ones of com­plex system optimization, of stochastic programming under risk, of dynamic character, etc. may be presented in the form of lexicographic problems of opti­mization. We have revealed conditions of existence and optimality of solutions of multicriteria problems of lexicographic optimization with an unbounded convex set of feasible solutions on the basis of applying properties of a recession cone of a convex feasible set, the cone which puts in order lexicographically a feasible set with respect to optimization criteria and local tent built at the boundary points of the feasible set. The properties of lexicographic optimal solutions are described. Received conditions and properties may be successfully used while developing algorithms for finding optimal solutions of mentioned problems of lexicographic optimization. A method of finding lexicographic of optimal solutions of convex lexicographic problems is built and grounded on the basis of ideas of method of linearization and Kelley cutting-plane method.

ПО БАРАБАНУ: ЛЕКСИКО-ГРАММАТИЧЕСКИЙ СТАТУС И ЛЕКСИКОГРАФИЧЕСКОЕ ПРЕДСТАВЛЕНИЕ УСТОЙЧИВЫХ ДВУХКОМПОНЕНТНЫХ ПРЕДЛОЖНО-ПАДЕЖНЫХ СОЧЕТАНИЙ

The aim of the article is to review the ways of dictionary presentation of stable prepositional combinations and the factors essential for their lexical-grammatical status and the type of optimal lexicographic description. The object of the study is twocomponent prepositional combinations with stable meanings and the “preposition+noun” structure. The material of the article is data of different dictionaries of Russian presenting stable prepositional combinations. In the course of the study, the following questions were answered: why the definition and interpretation of the lexical-grammatical nature of stable prepositional combinations are so difficult and ambiguous; what lexicographic interpretation these units have in dictionaries of different types; what the advantages and disadvantages of different ways of dictionary interpretation of such language material are. The following methods were used: introspective (observation, generalization, classification), systematic lexicographic description according to dictionary parameters, dictionary definition analysis. The summary table of the lexicographic presentation of stable combinations allows seeing both the unresolved question of dictionary interpretation of such units and the patterns of their interpretation depending on the type of a dictionary. As a result of the analysis the following conclusions were drawn. 1) In modern Russian there is a rather large (about 2,000 units) class of language units (prepositional combinations), the lexical-grammatical status of which is not defined, and there is no term for their definition; this class is historically formed and continues to replenish. 2) The type of dictionary presentation of stable prepositional combinations is determined by the dictionary concept, grammatical and syntactic properties, presence of figurative meaning and possibility of component variation of such combinations. 3) The unresolved theoretical issues have as a result the lexicographic discrepancy in the presentation of these language units. Extreme lexicographic solutions are a separate dictionary entry for each combination and the presentation of such units only as stable combinations in the entry of a noun (presented in academic explanatory dictionaries). 4) Taking into account only the factor of presence/absence of a gap seems to formalize the dictionary presentation of adverbs with both conjoined and split spelling, really existing in Russian, and the position of recognition of these units with independent words and their isolate presentation is not impeccable for dictionary users. 5) In the author’s opinion, the presentation of stable prepositional combinations exclusively as independent vocabules is inferior to the traditional lexicographic approach because the isolated presentation of this material breaks the semantic connections of these complex lexical units; the most complex issue is the differentiation of adverbs with split spelling and stable combinations.

Analyser les formules pragmatiques de la conversation : problèmes de méthodes dans une perspective lexicographique

Through some examples, the paper illustrates the lexicographic approach implemented in the Polonium PRAGMALEX project, which aims to provide a pragma-semantic description of conversational formulas in French with their equivalent in Polish and Italian, highlighting their pragmaticvalues. The sociolinguistic or cultural factors that determine their use in the discourse are also made more explicit.

MONODIALECT LEXICOGRAPHIC COMPLEX AS A MODERN LINGUISTIC TECHNOLOGY

Summary. The purpose of this article is a theoretical analysis of the monodialect lexicographic complex as a source base for a comprehensive description of speech as a language system. The object is the lexicographic corpus of the dialect, which represents the fully collected empirical material. The subject of research is a monodialect lexicographic complex, which is specific for the macro- and microstructure of its dictionaries, as well as typology and lexicographic parameterization, which are their principles of structure and organization – from the thesaurus to the corresponding aspect dictionaries, which are ideographic, variant vocabulary. The result of the research is the methodology of monodilect lexicographic complex, which is represented by the author's experience on the empirical material of the steppe dialect. The monosyllabic lexicographic complex will undoubtedly lose its relevance and will remain an indispensable tool of scientific research – from the completeness of lexicon fixation to the monographic description of speech as a language system, because it has obvious advantages over the traditional differential lexicographic approach. Conclusions: Linguistics as part of a monodialect lexicographic complex as the main scientific resource will allow, on the one hand, to study various aspects of dialectology, and on the other will provide empiricism for linguistic and non-linguistic research both today and in the future.

Addressing Cooperation between Mobile Operators in Telecommunication Networks via Optimization: A Lexicographic Approach and Case Study in Colombia

Cooperation between Telecommunications (Telco) operators has been limited both by regulation and competition in previous years. However, cooperation could not only allow an overall growth in quality of service (QoS) but also may benefit companies with under exploited nodes in their network infrastructure. This way, both fully deployed infrastructure by single Telco companies, as well as smaller companies with increasing service demand but low infrastructure deployment could potentially benefit from cooperation agreements. This article proposes a lexicographic mixed-integer linear optimization model for Telco cooperation composed by two phases: Phase 1 maximizes the number of services connected to the current infrastructure assuming cooperation between operators while Phase 2 minimizes the costs of connecting such services. We built a simple base scenario that allowed us to validate the intuition behind our model. Furthermore, to demonstrate the applicability of our lexicographic optimization model for cooperation between mobile operators, we present a real-world case study in a rural area in Colombia that allowed us to find the marginal costs of additional national roaming connections, as well as marginal profits under the cooperation schema. Our results could help mobile operators to benefit from cooperation and, since the model adapts to the local necessities of the company, cooperation could be restricted to any desired level.

LANGUAGE OBJECTIVIZATION OF THE ADJECTIVAL PHRASE OF CONCEPT “SUCCESSFUL WOMAN” IN UKRAINIAN PROSE OF THE END OF THE XX – BEGINNING OF THE XXI CENTURIES

AbstractBackground. The article under discussion focuses on the analysis of the dictionarydefinitions of adjectival group as a means of verbalization of concept successful woman inUkrainian prose of the end of the XX – the beginning of the XXI centuries. The major features ofconcept successful woman have been distinguished, its model has been recreated with the help ofthe theory of conceptual blending.
 The purpose of the study has been to recreate the peculiarities of the languageobjectivization of linguocultural concept successful woman in Ukrainian prose of the end of the XX– the beginning of the XXI centuries, analyse the facts of usage of the dictionary definitions ofadjective “successful” (“успішний”) and compare them to the real cases of usage, as well asrepresent the language objectivization of the adjectival group successful woman.
 Methods. The methods, belonging to the lexicographic approach to the language facts study,have been applied in the investigation, namely – continuous lexicographic sampling method and themethod of contextological analysis, feeding into the overall paradigm of the investigations,dedicated to the text study as of a complicated communicative unity.
 Results. It has been found out, that from the perspective of the theory of conceptualintegration (blending) in the role of methodological principle, concept successful woman is ablended space (output space or blend), formed from the generic term “успіх” through the agency ofthe input spaces “успішна людина” and “жінка”, containing their conceptual features.An important feature of successfulness is the notion of “positive result” of any activity.Successfulness as a social phenomenon is regarded from two sides – from the speaker’s side – asfor their successfulness and from the public opinion side – concerning someone’s successfulness.There is a substantial difference between the definitions in the language dictionaries and in thepsychology sources: success in psychology is a source, potential resource for further aimachievement, and success in language is a result, final stage of a certain business or activity.
 Discussion. The investigation of the adjectival group of concept successful woman hasdemonstrated the semantic deviation between lexicographic data, obtained by the continuoussampling method and the data from illustrative sources. In particular, the row of the dictionarydefinitions to the notion “успішна” can be extended by the following adjectives from illustrativematerial: талановита, активна, енергійна, динамічна, щедра, щира, сильна, заповзятлива,завзята, хазяйновита, гарна, розкішна, крута, etc. As the analysis has proved, the adjectivalgroup has conceptually changed – some adjectives have gone and the others – added.

Fuzzy data envelopment analysis in the presence of undesirable outputs with ideal points

Data envelopment analysis (DEA) is a prominent technique for evaluating relative efficiency of a set of entities called decision making units (DMUs) with homogeneous structures. In order to implement a comprehensive assessment, undesirable factors should be included in the efficiency analysis. The present study endeavors to propose a novel approach for solving DEA model in the presence of undesirable outputs in which all input/output data are represented by triangular fuzzy numbers. To this end, two virtual fuzzy DMUs called fuzzy ideal DMU (FIDMU) and fuzzy anti-ideal DMU (FADMU) are introduced into proposed fuzzy DEA framework. Then, a lexicographic approach is used to find the best and the worst fuzzy efficiencies of FIDMU and FADMU, respectively. Moreover, the resulting fuzzy efficiencies are used to measure the best and worst fuzzy relative efficiencies of DMUs to construct a fuzzy relative closeness index. To address the overall assessment, a new approach is proposed for ranking fuzzy relative closeness indexes based on which the DMUs are ranked. The developed framework greatly reduces the complexity of computation compared with commonly used existing methods in the literature. To validate the proposed methodology and proposed ranking method, a numerical example is illustrated and compared the results with an existing approach.

Electronic Lexicography: Traditional and Modern Approaches М. V. Маkarych1), Yu. B. Popova1), M. O. Shved2)

Nowadays there are a lot of modern technologies in electronic lexicography: speech synthesis technology, cross-referencing between dictionary modules, spell-checking functions, etc. The increasing availability of online information has necessitated intensive research in the area of automatic text summarization within the Natural Language Processing community. Belarusian scientists are also interested in this sphere and new lexicographical approaches for creating a linguistic database are shown in the paper. The authors present English-Belarusian-Russian electronic dictionary TechLex. This is the project of the 2nd English Department and the Department of Software for Information Systems and Technologies of the Belarusian National Technical University. The linguistic database of the dictionary is compiled not by the traditional method of processing a large number of paper dictionaries and combining the received translations, but by sequential processing of scientific and technical English-language periodicals. While the designing the dictionary the authors have taken into account the analysis of modern electronic multilingual translation dictionaries and created a client-server application in the Java programming language. The client part of the system contains a mobile application for the Android operating system, which has been tested on tablets and smartphones with different screen diagonals. The interface of the TechLex dictionary is designed taking into account the possibility of adding new subject areas and filling them with appropriate lexical material. The main advantage of our dictionary is that it is the first technical multilingual electronic dictionary having a Belarusian version.

A fully fuzzy network DEA-Range Adjusted Measure model for evaluating airlines efficiency: A case of Iran

Due to the competition among companies, evaluating the performance is one of the most important issues for managers. Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) - Range Adjusted Measure model (RAM) is one of the non-radial models to evaluate the performance of companies. This paper presents a fully fuzzy network DEA-RAM model for evaluating airlines and extends the network DEA-RAM model in the fully fuzzy framework. First, a network structure is designed for airlines and then, a DEA-RAM model is presented for calculating efficiency scores. To handle uncertainty in data, fully fuzzy approach is considered and finally, a multi-objective network model is proposed to calculate airlines’ efficiencies. To solve the proposed fully fuzzy DEA-RAM model, the lexicographic approach is used and the efficiency scores are reported as interval numbers. To illustrate the capability of the proposed fully fuzzy DEA-RAM model, the actual data of 14 Iranian airlines are gathered and the interval efficiencies of airlines are evaluated.

Lexicographic Methods for Fuzzy Linear Programming

Fuzzy Linear Programming (FLP) has addressed the increasing complexity of real-world decision-making problems that arise in uncertain and ever-changing environments since its introduction in the 1970s. Built upon the Fuzzy Sets theory and classical Linear Programming (LP) theory, FLP encompasses an extensive area of theoretical research and algorithmic development. Unlike classical LP, there is not a unique model for the FLP problem, since fuzziness can appear in the model components in different ways. Hence, despite fifty years of research, new formulations of FLP problems and solution methods are still being proposed. Among the existing formulations, those using fuzzy numbers (FNs) as parameters and/or decision variables for handling inexactness and vagueness in data have experienced a remarkable development in recent years. Here, a long-standing issue has been how to deal with FN-valued objective functions and with constraints whose left- and right-hand sides are FNs. The main objective of this paper is to present an updated review of advances in this particular area. Consequently, the paper briefly examines well-known models and methods for FLP, and expands on methods for fuzzy single- and multi-objective LP that use lexicographic criteria for ranking FNs. A lexicographic approach to the fuzzy linear assignment (FLA) problem is discussed in detail due to the theoretical and practical relevance. For this case, computer codes are provided that can be used to reproduce results presented in the paper and for practical applications. The paper demonstrates that FLP that is focused on lexicographic methods is an active area with promising research lines and practical implications.

A Lexicographic Approach to Fuzzy Linear Assignment Problems with Different Types of Fuzzy Numbers

The fuzzy linear assignment problem (FLAP) is an extension of the classical linear assignment problem (LAP) to situations in which uncertainty in the cost coefficients is represented by fuzzy numbers. FLAP applications range from the assignment of workers to tasks to multiple-criteria decision analysis in fuzzy environments and many other engineering applications. Most FLAP formulations assume that all cost coefficients are fuzzy numbers of the same type (e.g. triangular, trapezoidal). The standard solution approach is the defuzzification of the cost coefficients, thus transforming the FLAP into a crisp LAP that can be solved by classical assignment algorithms such as the Hungarian method. It is known that defuzzification methods suffer from lack of discrimination when comparing fuzzy numbers which may lead to suboptimal assignments. The solution approach proposed in this paper is based on the theory of algebraic assignment problems and total orderings in the set of all fuzzy numbers, and it allows to solve FLAPs with different types of fuzzy numbers. More specifically, the FLAP is transformed into a lexicographic linear assignment problem (LLAP) which is solved in its place. We show, both theoretically and numerically, how this transformation overcomes the limitations present in existing approaches.

Study of Achievement Stability Set for Parametric Linear FGP Problems

Goal Programming has numerous advances, especially in the zone of brilliant modeling and it is a functional and powerful technique in the formulation, solution, and investigation of issues containing varied and conflicting objectives. The previous studies presented in this era focused on making the solution be stable. In addition, the achievement stability set introduced by Osman et al. [16] assumed a deterministic case even though real world problems possess uncertain natures which lead us to present the current study. In this research we introduce the achievement stability set for parametric linear fuzzy goal programming issues when the objective coefficients have a parametric nature. Firstly, the membership goals of each fuzzy goal were formulated then α-cut methodology is applied to obtain the deterministic feasible region. Secondly, the complete attainment problem is worked out and solved by utilizing the lexicographical approach. Finally, notions and strategies for finding the achievement stability set for parametric linear fuzzy goal programming issue and numerical examples are presented.

Морфологические особенности единиц с варьирующейся огласовкой окончания -ed в современном английском языке

The article examines variability of participles and (participial) adjectives ending in -ed with full and partial vocalization of -ed, traces their origin and historical development, identifies their morphological peculiarities in the modern English language. Relying on the lexicographical approach, the author analyses the process of their separation from the verbal paradigm and adjectivization. For the first time, the paper provides a full list of units with variational vocalization of -ed and clarifies the role of phonetic criterion in ascertaining morphological affiliation of these units.