Lexical Variants Research Articles

Лінгвістичні та екстралінгвістичні чинники формування англомовного термінологічного поля «хвороби тварин»

The study analyzes extralinguistic and linguistic factors in the formation of the terminological field "animal diseases" in the English language. The study of veterinary work and its terminology revealed the causes of the first terms formation and the main stages of development of veterinary knowledge, which are reflected in the structural types of English terms of the studied terminological field "animal diseases". Lexical and semantic variants of the English terminology of veterinary medicine testify to the long history of its formation, the main stages of which are considered in the article. The purpose of the research is to analyze and describe the main factors of linguistic and extralinguistic nature that determine the lexical content of the terminological field "animal diseases" in modern English. Results of research. The lexical-semantic processes that accompany the development of the studied term sphere are analyzed. The main tendencies of influence of linguistic and extralinguistic factors of stimulation of terminology development of the English-language terminological field "animal diseases" are characterized. One of the important linguistic factors in the formation of “animal diseases” terminology is the presence of a large number of means of term formation. Among the sources of the formation of animal diseases nominations are morphological, syntactic and semantic methods, as well as borrowings from other languages. The analysis of the studied material allowed establishing and describing extralinguistic factors of terminological nomination, which are closely correlated with the specifics of scientific knowledge of the veterinary field, the conditions of its formation and development. Selected extralinguistic factors of terminological nomination demonstrate the relationship between events occurring in society as a whole and in individual communities, on the one hand, on the other - the process of creating units of terminological vocabulary.

Jeszcze słowo o <jednym> słowem

This paper discusses the Polish expression <jednym> słowem (in a word) and its lexical variants. The author offers arguments in favour of the hypothesis that one of these variants may be, despite all formal differences, the expression krótko mówiąc (in short). The analysed unit represents particles and, as such, belongs to the class of metatext operators. The main purpose of this study is to show that there is a conversion relationship between the expression <jednym> słowem and the word mianowicie (namely), which are conclusively described by Bogusławski (2004). The claim is supported by examples many of which correspond to the ones presented in the abovementioned work by Bogusławski.

Assessing the enrichment of dietary supplement coverage in the Unified Medical Language System.

We sought to assess the need for additional coverage of dietary supplements (DS) in the Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) by investigating (1) the overlap between the integrated DIetary Supplements Knowledge base (iDISK) DS ingredient terminology and the UMLS and (2) the coverage of iDISK and the UMLS over DS mentions in the biomedical literature. We estimated the overlap between iDISK and the UMLS by mapping iDISK to the UMLS using exact and normalized strings. The coverage of iDISK and the UMLS over DS mentions in the biomedical literature was evaluated via a DS named-entity recognition (NER) task within PubMed abstracts. The coverage analysis revealed that only 30% of iDISK terms can be matched to the UMLS, although these cover over 99% of iDISK concepts. A manual review revealed that a majority of the unmatched terms represented new synonyms, rather than lexical variants. For NER, iDISK nearly doubles the precision and achieves a higher F1 score than the UMLS, while maintaining a competitive recall. While iDISK has significant concept overlap with the UMLS, it contains many novel synonyms. Furthermore, almost 3000 of these overlapping UMLS concepts are missing a DS designation, which could be provided by iDISK. The NER experiments show that the specialization of iDISK is useful for identifying DS mentions. Our results show that the DS representation in the UMLS could be enriched by adding DS designations to many concepts and by adding new synonyms.

On the Construction of Identity with Regional Lexical Variant “Kopitiam” in Malaysia

Regional lexical variants often emerge in interlocutors’ daily conversations, but they are unconscious about applying these locally lexical variants in the communications. Why do they use these lexical variants? What is the role of the regional lexical variants in the society? What is the significance of their existence? Why are there different lexical variants existed in different environments and context? In the quest of discovering the nature and the function of the regional lexical variants, an investigation and examination were conducted on the discussions within the online community to observe and analyze a high-frequency local lexical variant "Kopitiam" in the daily dynamic conversation among Malaysians. With the application of Functional Grammar Discourse Analysis this research found that in a specific context and environment, regional lexical variants played an essential role in promoting the establishment of identity among social members in certain region. The interaction between members were developed, the sense of groupness and belonging were strengthened gradually, and eventually societal cohesion could be formed. In addition, this investigation also revealed that the relevant lexical variants could possibly be derived by the differentiation of lexical semantics in certain contexts. The findings in this research provide a deeper understanding on how language interacts and participates in the formation of identification in the societal and individual terms in a specific context.

Using the novelty’s semantics in advertising texts for presenting the quality of goods

The article examines the functioning of lexemes new, innovation, novelty, in a new way, updated. Words are in advertising texts, one way or another, informing about the high quality of the advertised product. The material for this article is about 500 units of the largest database of advertising videos of the Rusreklama channel on the website youtube.ru. The object of promotion is cars and smartphones. The most frequent patterns of using the lexeme new are revealed. The most frequent dictionary meanings of the word new, which are used in advertising texts, have been determined. The analysis shows that in advertising communication to promote an advertising object, all available dictionary meanings of the word new and semantically related words are used. The choice of these or those lexical and semantic variants of these words in one or another case depends on the goal pursued by the advertiser and the tactics that he uses in this case. Despite the exclusively pragmatic orientation of the advertising discourse, as shown by the study of lexemes with the meaning of novelty, the text fully uses the semantic potential of linguistic units, which makes it possible to implement various speech methods of influencing the consumer in relation to different objects of advertising.

Discourse as Social Representations: A Historical Perspective of Illicit Drugs in People’s Daily (1949–2016)

This article draws on critical discourse analysis to examine how China’s mainstream newspaper People’s Daily represents illicit drugs from 1949 to 2016. The quantity of drug reports varies but has steadily increased with the severity of drug situations. Lexical variations show the prevalence of synthetic drugs and the newspaper’s major concern about drugs at different times. The diverse representations of drug types reveal the historical change in illicit drug use, production, and trafficking, and the rhetorical use of drug argots and metaphors disguises the outcomes of addiction and drug trade. The discursive variations in the reporting on illicit drugs are markedly conditioned by the social change and the domestic and global drug context and also reflect the evolution in China’s drug policies and attitudes toward drugs in society. The findings reveal the gradual shifts from the government’s strong ideological vigilance, concerns over Western imperialism, and the advocacy for strict law enforcement and draconian punishment to the people-oriented and public health approach.

Highly cultural significant edible and toxic mushrooms among the Tseltal from the Highlands of Chiapas, Mexico

The concept of cultural significance and its quantitative evaluation are useful to recognize which species (both edible and toxic) are the most relevant within a specific community. This work lists the most culturally significant edible and toxic species for the Tseltal groups in the Highlands of Chiapas. It also evaluates whether the composition and significance of these is different between the different Tseltal communities, proving the hypothesis that the edible and toxic species are not the same nor do they have the same level of significance in different settlements. One hundred and ninety-three interviews were carried out with Tseltal participants regarding edible and toxic mushrooms. The information was analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively, using multivariate methods. People recognized 25 edible taxa whose names differ across the seven communities. The most frequently mentioned and consumed taxa are Amanita complex. caesarea, Cantharellus complex. cibarius and Agaricus spp. The classification analysis based on the relative frequency of mention for edible species, shows a variation pattern explained by the geographic, cultural and linguistic variation between Tseltal groups. For toxic mushrooms, people recognized and assigned names to 17 taxa. Only 17% of the interviewees assign at least one name to these species. The results show that Tseltal peoples from the Highlands of Chiapas are highly mycophilic. Furthermore, clear differences within the seven Tseltal groups are clear, not only with regards to lexical variations, but also regarding the number of known species, the species that are known and their degree of significance.

Quilting Muslims: A diachronic study of ideological representations around the master signifiers for Muslims in the TIME Magazine Corpus (1923–1992)

This paper reports on the findings of a diachronic investigation into ideological patterns of representation around the master signifier Muslim (and its lexical variants) during 70 years of TIME Magazine journalism. Manual analysis, of 1,573 concordance lines, showed that across the twentieth century the dominant master signifier transmuted, in both content and form. Three signifiers were used across the twentieth century to refer to Muslims. The signifier Mohammedan/Muhammadan was used in neutral constructions to reference religious and cultural themes. The signifier Moslem was predominantly used in neutral constructions but displayed a greater propensity to reference negatively constructed political. The signifier Muslim was largely used to negatively reference the narrow issue of conflict. We conclude by suggesting directions for future research.

Bocconotto, fruttone e pasticciotto in Terra d’Otranto tra storia, onomasiologia e semasiologia

The paper analyses the geographical, lexical and semantic variation of three words belonging to the language of gastronomy: bocconotto , pasticciotto and fruttone . These three gastronymes are widespread (at least, the first two) mainly in the central-southern area where, in many of the variants, they can be considered geosynonyms (and, sometimes, geohomonyms). However, they develop a singular lexical and semantic evolution in Puglia, in the Salento micro-area, which is the privileged object of investigation of this study. The geolinguistic variation leads to a situation of pseudo-geosynonymy that in this work we will try to examine by following the diachronic evolution of the three words characterized by lexical, onomasiological and semasiological variants. The lexical investigation, while not excluding other aspects considered important for the purposes of the survey (that is popular legends, newspaper articles, blogs, specialized websites), concerns above all the attestations that can be taken from ancient culinary literature and from lexicographic repertoires. Furthermore, a clarification is required: when we speak about the language of gastronomy, the reconstruction of the origin and diffusion of the entries is always a difficult task.

LEXICAL PHRASEOLOGICAL VARIANTS AS COMPONENTS OF USUAL PHRASEOLOGY

The problem of variability in the field of phraseology is a debatable issue. The purpose of the research is to clarify the productive methods of semantic expression of substitutes and their morphological affiliation. For realization of the purpose, the following tasks were solved: the concept of lexical phraseological variant was interpreted; they are arranged according to two criteria (semantic and morphological); the specifics of each group are characterized. The object of research is usual phraseologisms and the subject – lexical phraseological variants in paradigmatic and grammatical aspects as components of usual phraseology. The source base was 156 usual phraseologisms with two or more lexical variants. Within the lexical phraseological variants the following groups are distinguished: substitution pair – synonyms; substitution pair – hypero-hyponyms; substitution pair – thematically homogeneous lexical items; substitution pair – assonant lexical items. The center and periphery of lexical phraseological variants was singled out. The constituents of the central zone are substitutes expressed by nouns and verbs. In the central zone two spheres are singled out: noun sphere (48%) and verb sphere (37%). The peripheral zone is represented by the substitutes of six unproductive spheres: conjunction sphere (5%), adjective sphere (4%), pronoun sphere (2%), numeral adjective sphere (2%), adverbial sphere (1%), and particle sphere (1%). There is a rather wide lexical amplitude is represented in the field of usual phraseology, it covers four productive semantic phraseological variants. Morphological varieties constitute a certain system. In the central zone there are nouns-substitutes and verbs-substitutes. Substitutes of other parts of speech belong to the periphery.

A terminologia do domínio do ciclismo no Brasil: casos de variação entre os termos que denominam as partes principais da bicicleta de estrada

O objetivo principal deste trabalho consiste em analisar a terminologia do domínio do ciclismo de estrada veiculada por manuais desse tipo de veículo difundidos no Brasil, refletindo, especificamente, sobre as variantes dos termos denominativos das partes principais da bicicleta de estrada encontradas nesse tipo de documento. Para tanto, adotamos os princípios teóricos e metodológicos da Teoria Comunicativa da Terminologia (CABRÉ, 1999) e também nos baseamos nos critérios propostos por Faulstich (1997, 2001) para estabelecer as variantes terminológicas. Dentre os principais resultados obtidos, destacamos a presença de 7 casos de variantes lexicais e 22 de variantes geográficas. Com base nesses dados, verificamos que muitos manuais divulgados no Brasil por empresas europeias foram traduzidos para o português de Portugal, o que nos levou a encontrar um grande número de variantes geográficas em nossas análises, uma vez que partimos do português do Brasil. Com este estudo, esperamos, então, que possamos contribuir com uma melhor comunicação nessa área, sobretudo, no contexto brasileiro.

THE CONCEPT OF «WOMAN» IN RUSSIAN APHORISMS

Language is a key element of communication. It was created by human and aimed at human, reflecting all aspects of person’s life and the life of the society in which a person socializes and lives. The fact of gender roles in a language and their influence on different languages’ dictionaries is lingual universal. The purpose of this study is to focus Russian aphorisms with the concept of «Woman» on the essence of their linguistic and cultural value in the tradition of the Russian people. The object of this study is aphorisms and winged words with the component woman and lexical variants synonymous with it. The subject of the study is the peculiarities of the perception and interpretation of the concept of «Woman» by the authors of aphorisms – authoritative representatives of the intelligentsia. As a result of using the methods of conceptual, semantic, associative analysis in the language, the procedures of the descriptive and the translation methods, the following conclusions were made. Basically, the Russian language masters as aphorisms the statements of poets and writers with a negative, ironic, functionally restrictive and even demeaning view of female behavior, which is evidence of the stability of patriarchal consciousness in Russian society. As a rule, the maternal function and the external beauty of a woman are positively perceived. The results of this study may be useful to those who study Russian as a foreign language, and to those who engage in gender studies.

Текстовая скрепа «Теперь о...»: лексические модификации и специфика функционирования

The paper aims to reveal specificity of functioning of the textual connector “And now about …” and to identify its lexical variants. The article briefly describes the existing linguistic terms designating connectors, such as a “textual connector” and a “connecting phrase”. Relying on the conducted analysis, the authors differentiate predicative and non-predicative connectors and show that the connector under study is more frequent in comparison with its lexical variants. Scientific originality of the research lies in the fact that the authors justify the existence of lexical variants of the textual connector “And now about …” and identify differences in their contextual usage. The conclusion is made that non-predicative connectors link isolated text fragments, whereas predicative connectors can be used to link adjacent text fragments.

A clustering framework for lexical normalization of Roman Urdu

AbstractRoman Urdu is an informal form of the Urdu language written in Roman script, which is widely used in South Asia for online textual content. It lacks standard spelling and hence poses several normalization challenges during automatic language processing. In this article, we present a feature-based clustering framework for the lexical normalization of Roman Urdu corpora, which includes a phonetic algorithm UrduPhone, a string matching component, a feature-based similarity function, and a clustering algorithm Lex-Var. UrduPhone encodes Roman Urdu strings to their pronunciation-based representations. The string matching component handles character-level variations that occur when writing Urdu using Roman script. The similarity function incorporates various phonetic-based, string-based, and contextual features of words. The Lex-Var algorithm is a variant of the k-medoids clustering algorithm that groups lexical variations of words. It contains a similarity threshold to balance the number of clusters and their maximum similarity. The framework allows feature learning and optimization in addition to the use of predefined features and weights. We evaluate our framework extensively on four real-world datasets and show an F-measure gain of up to 15% from baseline methods. We also demonstrate the superiority of UrduPhone and Lex-Var in comparison to respective alternate algorithms in our clustering framework for the lexical normalization of Roman Urdu.

Лексическая вариантность фразеологических единиц с общим значением оценки

The article deals with the issue of lexical variation of phraseological units. The study aims to identify and analyse lexical variants of phraseological units with the general meaning of evaluation in the Russian language. The research is novel in that it studies the variation phenomenon by the material of predicative-evaluative phraseological units, which represent the evaluation category in the language and correspond to prepositional-nominal phrases with one content word. The attained results have shown that in the lexical-grammatical class of predicative-evaluative phraseological units there can be found cases of lexical variation characterised by sameness.

VARIATION OF THE DNIEPER BASIN HYDRONYMY
 ON THE TERRITORY OF THE SMOLENSK REGION

The article is devoted to the analysis of the Dnieper water bodies nominations on the territory of the Smolensk region. The research is aimed at consideration of the most important onomastic problem at present – variation in the sphere of the proper names, particularly in the hydronymy. Amidst the regional onomastic development, the research in the sphere
 of toponymy and hydronymy is being actively carried out, toponymic dictionaries are being published. In these dictionaries the variants of the geographical objects are often only marked down. However, more focused attention to the revealing
 and describing the reasons and methods of their variation allows the researchers to carry out more detailed diachronic analysis of the onyms existence in the different historical periods and define the invariants formation. The most interesting field of research is the toponymy and hydronymy study of the Smolensk region – western border region of Russia. The material of
 the research is based on the military-topographical map of Smolensk Governorate, large scale maps and an atlas of the Smolensk region, as well as written information sources. The author has analyzed the examples of the orthographical,
 phonetical, morphological and lexical variants of hydronyms and has tried to reveal the linguistic and extralinguistic reasons of the water bodies nominations variation in this region.
 It is proved that the hydronyms variants origin is typical for small water currents; it is linked with their shallowing and the loss of their significance in the economic life of the population. The predominance of the phonetical variants is explained by the influence of the general-linguistic process, a local dialect lect, a living colloquial language. The variation on the word formation level is widely represented by diminutive forms as a result of the changes in the water currents physico-geographical parameters.
 Lexical variation of the hydronyms in the region depends on the nominations de-etymologisation. Moreover, in the analyzed region the author has found out a lot of variants of hydronyms with changes at different language levels. Linguistic
 and extralinguistic reasons of variation in hydronymy are closely linked. This fact can make it more difficult to determine the method of the new variant creation. The analyzed factual material will be practically used in the «Hydronym’s Dictionary of the Smolensk Region», which will be published soon.

Variantes lexicais para cigarro de palha no português falado por indígenas na Amazônia brasileira

Este artigo tem como objetivo apresentar as variantes lexicais do português, referentes ao item cigarro de palha, faladas por indígenas na Amazônia brasileira. Para alcançar tal propósito, foram consultados trabalhos de natureza geolinguística realizados em área indígena como Rodrigues (2017), Costa (2018), Alves (2018), Félix (2019) e Sanches (no prelo). Esses estudos tinham como escopo investigar a variação lexical do português falado em Terras Indígenas. Os resultados apontam a ocorrência de 13 variantes lexicais usadas por indígenas para denominar cigarro de palha no Norte do Brasil: porronca, cigarro de fumo, cigarro de tabaco, cigarro de palha, tauarí (tavarí), fumo de corda, coringa, barurí, maratá, cigarro de abade, casca de árvore, arapiraca e charuto.

Assessing Lexical Variations: The Case of Afan Oromo and Literature's Department Research Course at the 3 Public Universities

Assessing Lexical Variations: The Case of Afan Oromo and Literature's Department Research Course at the 3 Public Universities

«Воскресение» и «воскрешение» в романе Ф. М. Достоевского «Преступление и наказание»

<p>The article deals with the history of studying Christian images and motifs in the novel of Fedor Dostoevsky <em>Crime and Punishment</em>. The novel’s conflict and the image of the main character for a long time have had different, often directly opposite, interpretations — first of all, in the matter of Raskolnikov’s repentance and his spiritual rebirth. The subject of the research is the resurrection as the central theme of the novel <em>Crime and Punishment</em>. Special attention is paid to the analysis of lexical variants “voskresenie” and “voskreshenie”, the first of which belongs to Dostoevsky, and the second, one applicable to Raskolnikov, is traced in scientific literature on the novel. The overview of various research points of view is accompanied by an analysis of the novel’s draft and printed texts. This review allows carrying out a detailed textual comparison with the biblical sources of the theme of the resurrection and identifying the author’s position in this work. The text of the novel indicates that its author is focused on the key ideas of Russian Orthodox culture and the “Easter” plot of the gospel narrative.</p>

Igbo dialects and the citation-form: the possibility of a standard Igbo dictionary

It is the norm in lexicography to have dictionary headwords in the standard variety of the language. But up to date, no Igbo dictionary exists in this variety. Most Igbo lexicographers have adopted the dialectal or multidialectal approach in their choice of a citation-form. The multiplicity of Igbo dialects accounts for this situation. This paper examines both sound and lexical variations in the language; describes the lexicographic problems of choice and arrangement of headwords, and discusses the suitability of the Igbo dictionary as a tool for standardizing the language. Two major sources of data were employed: the modified Ibadan 400 wordlist of basic items - used for a survey of the seven dialect zones identified by Manfredi (1989), and the dictionaries of Welmers and Welmers (1968), Williamson (1972), Igwe (1999) and Echeruo (2001). The paper demonstrated that sound and lexical variants in Igbo can be harnessed by Igbo lexicographers to produce an Igbo dictionary in the standard variety. Considering the optimal benefits derivable from a standard dictionary, the following suggestions for future Igbo lexicographers are proffered: words from different dialects of the language should be included in the dictionary; the standard forms be selected and consistently entered as headwords. Words with sound variation should be treated as sub-entries and lexical variants be cited as main-entries in their right alphabetical positions. The paper argued that, for the Igbo dictionary to fulfil its indispensable role as a language standardizing tool, the production of a Standard Igbo dictionary is imperative in Igbo lexicography and Igbo language studies.