Lexical Semantic Classes Research Articles

Lexical-Semantic Classification of Neologisms in Media Discourse

Lexical-Semantic Classification of Neologisms in Media Discourse

About Lexicon, Stylistics, and Semantics of Water in the Novel Most by Jasmina Musabegović

The main subject of this paper is the lexical-semantic classification of water-related lexicon in the novel Most (Bridge) by Jasmina Musabegović. We will explain the stylistic expressiveness of selected water-related lexemes, as well as the way the author constructs her identity and the identities of her characters through the conceptualization of the experience of water. The water lexics are analysed as dominant in relation to other types of words and classified into eleven lexical-semantic fields. Total of 79 water nouns have been registered. As expected, the most common water-related lexemes are ‘voda’ and ‘most’. Three water nouns are described: voda, most and tihanj, and it is concluded that lexeme ‘water’ has an associative and symbolic role; lexeme ‘most’, as a strong position of the text, since it is also a title of the novel, represents change, a path and growing up. The nonce word tihanj has a specific cultural and linguistic meaning in the context of the novel.

Микротопонимия смоленско-белорусского приграничья (Руднянский район)

The features of toponymy in the Smolensk-Belarusian borderland are examined based on microtoponyms and unofficial toponyms in the Rudnya district of the Smolensk region. The material obtained through a survey of local residents is analyzed from various perspectives using selected classifications (based on nomination objects, lexical-semantic classes, structu­ral and word-formation types). Names with dialectical foundations are singled out separately. Emphasis is placed on the role of unofficial names for geographical objects in the speech of the region's residents. Common Russian traits and specific characteristics of borderland topony­my are identified.

СТРУКТУРНІ ТИПИ МУЗИКОНІМІВ У ТВОРЧОСТІ АМЕРИКАНСЬКОЇ СПІВАЧКИ ЛАНИ ДЕЛЬ РЕЙ

The article is devoted to the study of structural types of musiconyms in the works of an American singer and songwriter Lana del Rey. The branch of linguistics that deals with the study of proper names, their origin, structure and usage is known as onomastics. Onomastics serves to reveal and understand these phenomena as well as their influence on language and culture. There exist such concept as musiconym in onomastics. Musiconyms are a class of artionyms. They are proper names of musical compositions, which include onyms to designate proper names of songs, proper names of instrumental musical works, proper names of collections of songs or instrumental music. In this article, the research focuses on identifying the structural types of musiconyms in Lana Del Rey’s works and distinguishing their role in the perception of the author’s songs. To achieve this goal, the following will be analyzed: the concept of «musiconym», its structural types and musiconyms of an American songwriter Lana del Rey. The elements of the structural method (component analysis) were used in the research, which made it possible to define a structural classification of musiconyms. The main method of the study was one of the methods of structural analysis (component analysis), which made it possible to develop a structural classification of musiconyms, which was divided into three groups: proper names of songs, proper names of instrumental works, proper names of collections of musical works. In terms of structure, proper names of songs (musiconyms) were classified into the following structural types: a) one-component simple non-derivative and derivative onymes: Love, Cherry, Carmen; b) composites per se: Ultraviolence, Honeymoon, Westbound; c) two-component and multi-component word combinations: Lust for Life, Young and Beautiful, Born to Die, Dark Paradise. We see the prospect of the study in analyzing English musiconyms in other singers’ works and also distinguishing structural and lexical-semantic classification of musical works in lingua-cultural aspect.

LEXICAL MEANS OF EXPRESSION OF TEMPORALITY IN THE VERSION OF THE MODERN UKRAINIAN LANGUAGE AT THE END OF THE XIX CENTURY (BASED ON LETTERS FROM VASYL STEFANYK)

Aim. The article is devoted to the analysis of the means that represented lexical temporality in the modern Ukrainian language (in its western version) in the last decades of the XIX century. The purpose of the article is to determine the peculiarities of the functioning of the means of expression of lexical temporality, to classify words with temporal semantics on the material of the epistolary of Vasyl Stefanyk for 1888 – 1898. Methods. The paper uses a systematic approach using the lexical-semantic method of research of language units, the method of continuous sampling. Results. The article presents the lexical-semantic classification of words for the designation of time by two lexical-grammatical parts – nouns and adverbs, and features of functioning of temporal lexemes in the texts of Vasily Stefanyk's letters are revealed. The analysis has shown that all lexical means of temporality expressing can be classified within three microclusters: lexical means with a clear indication on the time of year or day, a specific date, hour and religious holiday; lexical specifiers with chronological semantics without a clear indication of the exact time; a combination of the words of the language different independent parts employed by the author of the letters to point the approximate time or more detailed description of the event time. Scientific novelty. The article for the first time analyzes the specifics of Vasyl Stefanyk's use of words with temporal semantics in letters, lexical-semantic classification of such words through the prism of the Western version of the modern Ukrainian language in the last decades of the XIX century. Practical meaning. The material of the article can be used in further study of the category of lexical temporality in the modern Ukrainian language, as well as in the study of the Galician language at the turn of the XIX - XX centuries.

Representation of the concept “money” in phraseological units of the Finnish and Erzia languages

Introduction. The article examines the ways of representing the concept of “money” on the material of phraseological units of the Finnish and Erzia languages in a comparative aspect. It employs the model of conceptual analysis, which is based on the comparison of phraseological units of two distant languages. The purpose of the article is to identify the linguistic means of expression of the concept “money” on the material of phraseological units of each of the required language, and find out how the concept of “money” is represented in the linguistic, cognitive and cultural space of the nations. The study of phraseological fund of languages from the point of view of the representation of a concept is of great importance in linguistics. Materials and Methods. To achieve this goal, the article uses descriptive and comparative methods, a method of conceptual analysis developed independently in the course of the study, as well as techniques of component and etymological analysis. The actual material is obtained as a result of using the method of continuous sampling from phraseological dictionaries of the Finnish and Erzia languages. Results and Discussion. This study has allowed to identify the phraseological units that most accurately reflects the concept “money” in the Finnish and Erzia languages; select the frequency of duplicate tokens and spend a lexical analysis of their dictionary definitions; to make their own model of concept analysis to explore the identified language material taking into account semantic basis, and to submit to the lexical-semantic classification of phraseological units based on the material of the Finnish and Erzia languages. Conclusion. During the study, 62 Finnish and 35 Erzya phraseological units were identified and analyzed, 17 most frequently occurring nuclear lexemes were identified, which allowed us to conclude that the concept of “money” is similar in the minds of the Finnish and Erzia peoples. As a result of the analysis, a classification was made based on the lexical and semantic feature, including 7 groups of phraseological units.

Verbs of Light in Russian and French: Lexical-Semantic Classification and Grammatical Characteristics

This article deals with the lexical-semantic group of verbs that denote light in Russian and French. The authors compared their lexical-semantic classifications, characteristics, and grammatical parameters. The research involved the method of continuous sampling, lexical systematization, and component analysis. The paper introduces lexical-semantic subgroups of Russian and French verbs of light with their nucleus and periphery. A comparative analysis revealed some aspectual differences: Russian and French demonstrated different means of expressing some meanings and modes of action. The Russian language is synthetic and expresses these meanings lexematically. In the French language, which is analytical, these grammatical meanings do not always find their expression at the level of a single lexeme. The context and tense forms appeared to play an important role, and the verbs of light proved to be more numerous in Russian than in French. Despite the differences, the proposed classification of verbs of light turned out to be universal for both languages.

THE MODELLING OF THE DOMAINS OF THE EXPRESSION OF THE CONCEPT OF LANGUAGE IN THE BRITISH PUBLICISTIC DISCOURSE ON THE BASIS OF THE CHI-SQUARE CRITERION

The article is devoted to the modelling of domains which express the concept of LANGUAGE in the British publicistic discourse on the basis of the χ2 criterion. A domain is a cognitive model that contains a set of features that are revealed when the concept name is combined with accompanying words. To determine the domains of the expression of the concept under study, the adjoining words (nouns, verbs, adjectives) are analyzed in one syntactic frame together with the nominative lexeme „language". Accompanying nouns, verbs and adjectives to the concept name of LANGUAGE are grouped by common thematic features and divided into lexical-semantic classes (LSCs), representing the spheres of concept expression: nouns constitute forty LSCs, verbs account for thirty-five LSCs, adjectives amount to twenty-six LSCs. The statistic-linguistic method of the χ²-test was employed to determine the lexical-semantic classes (LSCs) of adjoining lexemes associated with the name of the concept that are predominantly used in publicistic discourse and thus establish the most relevant areas of expression of the concept in the articles of the British publicistic discourse. On the basis of the dominant LSCs in accordance with the χ2 criterion, domains of the expression of the concept of LANGUAGE were identified. Fourteen domains („linguistic features of language”, „purity of speech”, „origin and territorial functioning of language”, „the existence of language and attitude to it”, „people as native speakers”, „education / science”, „communication / emphatics in relation to language”, „political and military spheres”, „modern technologies”, „religion”, „social spheres (Economics, Law, Sports) ”, „art / mass media”, „time”, „body language”) were determined.The broadest domain is the domain of „linguistic features of language”, which contains eight lexical-semantic classes. Such domains as „body language”, „the origin and territorial functioning of the language”, „purity of speech”, „people as native speakers”, „social spheres (Economics, Law, Sports)”, „education / science”, „modern technologies” are quite numerous in the discourse under study, since they make up six LSCs. The least used are the domains of „art / mass media”, „time”, „religion” (only two LSCs).

METAPHOR AS A WAY OF TERMS COINAGE IN MEDICINE

The article is is focused on metaphorical terms of the medical sphere. The aim of the article is to research the existing theories on the cognitive theory of metaphor and metaphors as ways of term coinage. The following research methods are exploited: continuous sampling method, descriptive method, systematization and classification method, statistical method. The method of continuous sampling was used to identify English-language metaphorical terms from thematic dictionaries on medicine and general engineering. The method of systematization and classification was used to describe the morphological and lexical-semantic characteristics of metaphorical terms. The descriptive method was used to describe the metaphorical transfer of the meanings of common words into terms. The statistical method was used to calculate the terms of different categories and their ratios.The study was carried out in 2 stages. During the first stage, the metaphor as a way of term formation and the basic principle of the cognitive theory of the metaphor were studied. As a result, we found out that metaphorization is a productive way of term formation. According to the lexical-semantic classification terms are divided into anthropomorphisms (those that are related to humans) and non-anthropomorphisms (those that surround humans). During the second stage, 250 metaphorical terms of the medical sphere were analyzed and classified according to morphological and lexical-semantic approaches. Dictionaries of professional language medicine were the material of the research. According to lexico-semantic classification, the majority of the metaphorical terms belong to the class of non-anthropomorphisms. From the morphological point of view, the majority of the metaphorical terms are phrases. Most of them are created with the help of such models as N+N or Adj+N. On the other hand, metaphorical term can be divided into 2 models according to the nature of metaphorization. There are “metaphor+term” and “term+metaphor”. The majority of the analyzed metaphorical terms are created using the model “metaphor+term”.

SEMANTICS AND STRUCTURE OF COMPLEX WORD COMBINATIONS IN THE CONTEMPORARY KARAKALPAK LANGUAGE

The article deals with semantics and structure of complex and composite words appearing nowadays in the modern Karakalpak language. Complex words are formed from two or more words and denote a broad concept. Combination of their components are combined by meaning as fixed combinations and they perform a function of one member of a sentence. KEY WORDS: Composite terms, thematic classification, lexical-semantic classification, structure, paired words, abbreviated words, borrowed composite words, tracing.

РІЗНОРІВНЕВІ ВЕРБАЛЬНІ МАРКЕРИ СУГЕСТІЇ У ВСТУПНИХ ПРОМОВАХ АДВОКАТІВ ОБВИНУВАЧЕННЯ (НА МАТЕРІАЛІ СУЧАСНИХ АМЕРИКАНСЬКИХ ЮРИДИЧНИХ ТРИЛЕРІВ)

The article sets out to justify the author’s opinion on the fact that the main peculiarity of the prosecution attorneys’ opening statements is their power of suggestion, i.e. exerting emotional and psychological influence on the jury with the purpose of changing their emotions, feelings and train of thoughts in favour of the attorney and their client. A lexical-semantic classification of multi-level verbal markers of suggestion has been worked out in the article under consideration to show which language units prosecution attorneys give preference to in order to exert the influence of suggestion on the jury. The classification in question shows that the notion of suggestion exists on all speech levels: phonetic, morphological, lexical-semantic and syntactic, with lexical-semantic being the most abundant in prosecution attorneys’ opening statements. Verbal markers of suggestion on lexical-semantic level were divided into those of direct and indirect nomination. Verbal markers of suggestion on phonetic, morphological and syntactic levels perform only supplementary function in exerting the influence of suggestion on the jury members. The article concludes that the prosecution attorneys purposely use a great amount of multi-level verbal markers of suggestion at the same time to have the massive impact on the jury’s thoughts, emotions, feelings, attitudes. The classification under consideration has been worked out in the scope of modern American legal thrillers, written by professional attorneys who depict the slightest details of real American legal proceedings.

Лексико-семантическая классификация синонимов со значением «жена» в корейском языке

Лексико-семантическая классификация синонимов со значением «жена» в корейском языке

Lexical-semantic classification of euphemisms of the feminine gender in the Uzbek language

The two sexes - men and women - are not only biologically diverse, but also have their differences in language use. This article presents a lexical-semantic classification of euphemisms of female sexuality in Uzbek, and analyzes each of the euphemic agents in each group.

Degree Resultatives as Second-Order Constructions

Resultatives in English and Dutch have developed special degree readings. These readings stem from a reinterpretation of the resultative predicate as indicating a high degree rather than an actual result. For example, when a parent saysI love youtodeath, one need not call the cops, since the sentence is not about love turning lethal, but merely indicative of a high degree of affection. Such cases have often been noted in the literature as idiomatic, but this view ignores the fact that these are not isolated cases but productive constructions that can be used with a variety of verbs. We explore various resultative constructions in English and Dutch, and give a classification of the subtypes involved as well as their diachronic development from ordinary to degree interpretation. We link these subtypes to lexical semantic classes of verbs. Both English and Dutch show a steady growth in the lexical and structural diversity of degree resultatives throughout the early modern and contemporary periods (1600-2000). We focus in our paper on the period 1800-2000, for which we did an extensive corpus study using the Corpus of Historical American English (COHA) and Delpher (a collection of digitized Dutch newspapers, journals, magazines, and other resources). One of our findings is that, similar to other types of expressive language, such as degree modification and emphatic negation, taboo expressions play a role in degree resultatives; in fact, their role is excessive. We outline a number of the commonalities among the semantic domains of expressive language used in resultatives.

On the topic of lexical-semantic classification of verbs of the Ukrainian language

On the topic of lexical-semantic classification of verbs of the Ukrainian language

ПРИКМЕТНИКИ НА ПОЗНАЧЕННЯ РИС ХАРАКТЕРУ В ДАВНЬОГРЕЦЬКОМУ РОМАНІ

The article examines adjectives that are used in the novels Aethiopica by Heliodorus and Leucippe and Clitophon by Achilles Tatius to describe character traits. With the help of lexicographic sources and contextual analysis, the lexical-semantic group of these adjectives has been determined, and they have been divided into four lexical-semantic classes: adjectives that contain the seme «intelligence», adjectives that contain the seme «emotion», adjectives that contain the seme «will», and adjectives that contain the seme «morality» and express compliance/non-compliance with the standard. The analyzed lexemes are combined with different thematic groups of nouns and are used to denote beings and objects. All lexemes from the lexical-semantic group are characterized by different breadth and intensity of connectivity. The group of adjectives which denote moral traits is the most numerous and productive. There are 27 of them, and they are combined with 42 nouns. Among them, the highest coeffi cient of connectivity has the adjective αγαθός, which is combined with 28 nouns, and in the analyzed novels it also has seven shades of meaning, which are united by a common notion of positive appraisal. Adjectives with the seme «will» are used less frequently – 16 lexemes. Groups of adjectives denoting emotional and intellectual character traits are the least used, seven and four respectively. By examining the language used by Heliodorus and Achilles Tatius, we were able to identify active use of adjectives that describe character traits as a means of expressing specifi city of the mental world.

ЛЕКСИКО-СЕМАНТИЧНА КЛАСИФІКАЦІЯ ДІЄСЛІВ ГНОСТИЧНОГО ПСИХІЧНОГО СТАНУ В УКРАЇНСЬКІЙ, НІМЕЦЬКІЙ ТА АНГЛІЙСЬКІЙ МОВАХ

The article deals with the concept and lexical-semantic classification of the gnostic mental state verbs on the material of modern Ukrainian, German and English languages. Particular attention is given to determination of common and distinctive features in the semantics of the gnostic mental state verbs in Ukrainian, German and English. The theoretical significance of the research lies in the definition of the concept and lexical-semantic features of the gnostic mental state verbs as a separate lexical-semantic class in each of the researched languages, which might lead to the further development of the study of lexics denoting mental states. The lexical-semantic classification of the gnostic mental verbs in Ukrainian, German and English, identification of common and distinctive features in the researched languages was made basing on the body of the authoritative dictionaries of modern Ukrainian, German and English languages. The results of the statistical processing of the dictionary samples helped to establish the degree of productivity of lexical-semantic groups in each of the above mentioned languages. The analysis of already made attempts to create some classifications of gnostic mental states in psychology and verbal lexicon, which denotes gnostic mental states in linguistics, revealed the absence of an adequate classification and description of these notions – ” gnostic mental state” and ” gnostic mental verbs”. Systematic analysis of the scientific data provided an opportunity to define the gnostic mental verbs in the research and describe the features of this verbal class on the lexical-semantic level within the framework of comparative research on the material of Ukrainian, German and English.

LEXICAL-SEMANTIC CLASSIFICATION OF THE EXPRESSIONS WITH COLOR TERMS IN THE NOVEL N. HAWTHORNE "THE SCARLET LETTER"

Article is devoted to lexical-semantic classification of word-combinations with the color names in fiction. aim of the article is a lexical characteristic of the language and speech means with the color names in the novel N. Hawthorne The Scarlet Letter. In particular, in article the analysis of color symbols, emotionally expressive and grammatical features of expression of color is carried out. It is known that the functions of color terms in prose and color symbolism are connected with national specifics of the language, language is closely connected with culture. Feature of the lexical filling of N. Hawthorne's novel is a huge variety of words and expressions, representing generally adjectives in combination with nouns (a black shadow); separate adjectives (so black and dense); compound nouns, expressing the shades of the color names ( this rose-bush); tint color terms, which are represented by two adjectives (dark and abundant hair); tone color terms presented in the form of a combination with pronouns (other darksome) ; tint color terms expressed by a noun (the darker); color terms expressed by two nouns (the Scarlet Letter); color terms in combination with a participial phrase. Color naming in the novel mainly contain red, white and black colors and their shades. semantic contrast of the color names gives an indication of the opposites: love and hate, passion and indifference, life and death. Along with the metaphors the author uses comparisons between phenomena. With the help of conjunctions like and as the author manages to create visual images that allow a better understanding of a certain shade of the compared colors. As a result of the analysis it was revealed that the lexical filling of colors is represented in the novel mainly by adjectives in combination with nouns or separate adjectives, compound nouns, two adjectives, combined with pronouns, nouns, two nouns, combined with a participial phrase, idiomatic and metaphorical expressions.

Frames, polarity and causation

A polarity-sensitive item (PSI), as traditionally defined, is an expression that is restricted to either an affirmative or negative context. PSIs like ‘lift a finger’ and ‘all the time in the world’ sub-serve discourse routines like understatement and emphasis. Lexical–semantic classes are increasingly invoked in descriptions of the properties of PSIs. Here, we use English corpus data and the tools of Frame Semantics ( Fillmore, 1982 , 1985 ) to explore Israel's (2011) observation that the semantic role of a PSI determines how the expression fits into a contextually constructed scalar model. We focus on a class of exceptions implied by Israel's model: cases in which a given PSI displays two countervailing patterns of polarity sensitivity, with attendant differences in scalar entailments. We offer a set of case studies of polarity-sensitive expressions – including verbs of attraction and aversion like ‘can live without’, monetary units like ‘a red cent’, comparative adjectives and time-span adverbials – that demonstrate that the interpretation of a given PSI in a given polar context is based on multiple factors. These factors include the speaker's perspective on and affective stance towards the described event, available inferences about causality and, perhaps most critically, particulars of the predication, including the verb or adjective's frame membership, the presence or absence of an ability modal like can, the grammatical construction used and the range of contingencies evoked by the utterance.

APPELLATIVE NAMES OF PLAIN IN DIALEKTIC LEXIS OF IVANO-FRANKIVSK REGION

The article is devoted to the investigation of semantics and structure of thefolk geographical names in Ivano-Frankivsk region. The folk appellativevocabulary for denotation "the plain" in Ivano-Frankivsk region dialects hasbeen considered in the article. Synchronic review has resulted in analysis oflexis used to name geographical of plain. On the basis of local dialecticalnames the lexical-semantic classification of geographical rank on differentfeatures has been done. Those defining characteristics are general characteristicof the geographical object, size.