Lexical Presupposition Research Articles

Contrastive Analysis of Presupposition Triggers in English and Chinese and a Review of Translation Strategies

The definition of presupposition is the fact and information accepted by mutual parties and the presupposition is usually conveyed with common sense or professional knowledge, which is a very common pragmatic phenomenon. For example: Please open the door. A simple request is likely to presuppose that the door is closed and the recipient is capable and willing to open the door. The factors to trigger the presupposition come from a certain phrase or word in a sentence, even the syntactic structure and context. Then these factors are called presupposition triggers. The presupposition triggers are divided into lexical presupposition triggers and syntactic presupposition triggers according to the existing form, vocabulary and sentence pattern of the language. Lexical presupposition triggers include proprietary descriptors, factual verbs, judgment verbs, state-changing verbs, meaning verbs, and repetitions. By contrast, syntactic presupposition triggers include non-restrictive relative clauses, splitting sentences, comparative sentences, time clauses, and subjunctive conditional sentences with opposite conditions. In both Chinese and English, presupposition triggers have similarities and differences. For example, when actual verbs are used as presupposition triggers in English, they are usually passive. Meanwhile, actual verbs are not converted into passive in Chinese. That is to say, when causative verbs are implemented, they are always written in active voice. However, factual verbs as presupposition triggers also indicate a certain state of mind no matter in English or Chinese. Through this paper, readers can have a deeper understanding of the presupposition triggers and the application in the translation process of people's daily English and Chinese in two different languages. Understanding presupposition triggers is very helpful in communicative life and the triggers can be used to summarize the the process of translation and the translation methods in English and Chinese.

Presupposition And Entailment In The Film “Beauty And The Beast” By Stephen Chbosky And Evan Spilotopoulos

ABSTARCTThis study aims to analyze presupposition and entailment found in the film “Beauty And The Beast” By Stephen Chbosky and Evan Spilotopoulos. The method that used in this study is descriptive qualitative research, which attempt identify and analyze based on theory of George Yule about the types of presupposition, the meaning of presupposition in the film “Beauty And The Beast”. According to Yule 1996, there are 6 types of presupposition, they are : Existensial presupposition, Factive presupposition, Lexical presupposition, Structural presupposition, Non-factive presupposition, and Counterfaction presupposition. The data was taken from the source of data, which is from script of beauty and the beast by stephen chbosky and evan spilotopoulos. The result of this study is the authors found that there are 2 Existensial presupposition, 2 Factive presupposition, 2 Lexical presupposition, 6 Structural presupposition, 2 Non-factive presupposition and authors didn’t find dialogue about Counterfactive presupposition and The Entailment. The dominant types of presupposition that authors found in script of beauty and the beast’s film is structural presupposition.KEYWORDS : Entailment, Film, Pragmatic, Presupposition

Presupposition in The Mystery and Thriller Film of “Escape from Pretoria"

Presupposition itself has been a cause of the diversity of interpretations since presupposition sticks to utterances, sometimes unsaid clearly, that will provide implied meanings based on the context that is being talked about. The purposes of the study are to investigate three major points: the kinds of presupposition, their functions, and the percentage of each presupposition in the mystery and thriller film script of “Escape from Pretoria” by Francis Annan. This research used a qualitative method to analyze the obtained data. The observation is also used to collect data in which data are obtained from film scripts. The writer applies Yule’s theory (1996) to analyze the presupposition kinds, Halliday’s theory (2003) to analyze presupposition functions, and Subana’s formula to gain the percentage of each presupposition. As a result, there were 177 presuppositions obtained in the film script, with 166 existential presuppositions (93.8%), six factive presuppositions (3.4%), four lexical presuppositions (2.2%,) and one counterfactual presupposition (0.6%). From 177 presuppositions, the data were classified into 23 regulatory functions (13.0%), 2 interactional functions (1.1%), 57 representational functions (32.2%), 79 personal functions (44.6%), 1 imaginative function (0.6%), 4 instrumental functions (2.3%) and 11 heuristic functions (6.2%). Therefore, the dominant presupposition is existential, and the dominant function of presupposition is personal. Keywords: film script of Escape from Pretoria, pragmatics, presupposition

PRESUPPOSITION ANALYSIS OF CHARACTER’S UTTERANCES IN CAMP ROCK MOVIE

This descriptive qualitative research aimed to discover different types of presupposition occurred in the Camp Rock movie. To sort the data into categories according to the types of presupposition, the theory of Yule (1996) was applied. Existential presupposition, factive presupposition, lexical presupposition, structural presupposition, non-factive presupposition, and counterfactual presupposition are the six types of presupposition. Observational and non-participatory techniques were used to obtain the data. Additionally, the data was analyzed using the pragmatic identity technique and pragmatic competence-in-equalizing data. To get data from the source, a number of procedures are taken. The researchers started by downloading the movie’s script. The researchers next watched the movie on the internet while highlighting the utterances that had the occurrence of presupposition. The result of this research revealed that there were 15 utterances of presupposition in Camp Rock movie. There were existential presupposition with 4 data, factive presupposition with 1 data, lexical presupposition with 5 data, structural presupposition with 4 data, and counterfactual presupposition with 1 data. The most dominant presupposition type appeared in the movie was lexical presupposition, because most of the characters declared meanings which were customarily interpreted with presumptive statement and had another meaning was recognized.

An Analysis of Presupposition on The Main Characters of Frozen Movie Script

This study was conducted to investigate kind and the meaning of presupposition that occur in Frozen Movie Script by using pragmatics approach. The objectives of this study are 1) To find the types of the presupposition that used in the main characters in frozen movie script. 2) To describe the interpretation meaning of the presuppositions that found in Frozen movie script. This study is qualitative research applying content analysis. The data analysis was conducted by watching the movie from beginning until the end. In this research, the writer used distributional method to select utterance in the movie script to classify the data into kinds of presupposition and writer also used distributional method to analyze the data. The findings of this research are 50 utterance were found, there are 15 existential presupposition, 4 factive presupposition, 2 non factive presupposition,9 lexical presupposition, 17 structural presupposition, and 3 counterfactual presupposition. To know the interpretation meaning of presupposition the writer watching the movie from the beginning until the end of the movie, she read and analyze the script of the movie, then she relates to the situation and context that occurs in the storyline. Therefor she concluded that every presupposition produce it has meaning that want to send by speaker to listener, every presupposition it can depends on the condition or the situation when the speaker said the utterance.

Implikasi dan Pranggapan proses Negosiasi di Pasar Setonobetek Kota Kediri serta Penerapanya menurut Teks Negosiasi sebagai Bahan Ajar di SMAN 7 Kota Kediri

As social humans, we cannot do without communication activities. The purpose of this study is to find out how presumptions and verbal cues are used in community negotiations in the Setonobetek market, Kediri City for high school textbooks. The research method used is descriptive and qualitative. data collection and observation, interviews, recording and independent listening skills, engaging in dialogue and note-taking skills, and data analysis methods Myers and Huberman. The results of this study are (1) Speech presuppositions in the Setonobetek market negotiations, Kediri City, namely. Latent presuppositions inform the existence of a person, factual presuppositions inform an event, structural presuppositions of the unmentioned recipient are understandable, and lexical presuppositions indicate sentences. It refers to certain elements after the verb and the question mark. Presets and Non-factual Presets No counterfactuals were found in the negotiations at the Setonobetek market in Kediri, and (2) verbal implications in the negotiations at the Setonobetek market in Kediri. The Setonobetek Market of Kediri City is a traditional meaning that is universal so it is easy to understand. conversational meaning Provide temporary meaning, (3) use the results of presuppositions and analysis of meaning as teaching materials. The text in the form of handouts is based on core competencies and basic competencies in the 2013 syllabus. Conclusion There are Verbal Presumptions and Suggestions in Negotiations in the Setonobetek Market Community, Kediri City as a Textbook High School Student

The Presupposition “Dinar Candy Arrested!? My Country Is So Funny Anyway!!” In Deddy Corbuzier Podcast Edition On August 6, 2021

This study aims to identify and describe the forms of presuppositions in Deddy Corbuzier's YouTube channel podcast. The method used in this study is qualitative descriptive. The author uses the descriptive method because all the data obtained is analyzed, interpreted and explained as it is to describe as accurately as possible all forms of presuppositions contained in the speeches of the presenters and source persons on the podcast Deddy Corbuzier's YouTube channel. The instrument used in this research is the researcher himself (human instrument). The validity of this research is by data triangulation. The data analysis technique of this research uses the pragmatic equivalent method. Based on the data analysis, it can be concluded that there are forms of presuppositions, namely existential presuppositions, factive presuppositions, lexical presuppositions, non-factive presuppositions, structural presuppositions and counterfactual presuppositions in Deddy Corbuzier's YouTube channel podcast.

Hashtag Black Lives Matter’s Tweets as Education Media Messages

TThe objectives of this study are to discover the various types of and the most frequently presuppositions used in the hashtag black lives matter's tweets as the education media messages on Twitter anchoring in Yule's theory of presupposition. This research employs a descriptive qualitative approach to elucidate and comprehend the meaning of utterance words in individuals or groups associated with a social or human problem. The analysis of the data used both qualitative and quantitative methods. The researcher discovered that existential presuppositions are the most frequently used type of presupposition in hashtag black lives matter's tweets, accounting for 41%. The factive presupposition is the second most frequently used type, accounting for 26 %. The lexical presupposition is the third most frequently used type of presupposition, accounting for 24%. The fourth position is occupied by the structural presupposition, which contains 11 data points out of 100 (8%), and the final position is occupied by the counterfactual presupposition, which contains one data 0,75%. This hashtag teaches law enforcement officers to investigate legal cases before imposing punishment.

THE ANALYSIS OF PRESUPPOSITION IN “MALEFICENT” MOVIE

The aim of this study is to identify the type and the meaning of presupposition found in Maleficent movie. The writer used qualitative research method to analyze this movie. The data was taken from the characters utterance in the movie and English script for supporting data. The writer applied the theory of presupposition and context that was developed by Yule (1996) to do the analysis of presupposition from the characters in Maleficent movie. This research tried to classify the utterance based on the six types of presupposition and the implied meaning behind it. The writer discovered that there were six types of presupposition found in Maleficent movie which are 67 existential presupposition, 22 structural presupposition, 8 factive presupposition, 6 lexical presupposition, 3 counterfactual presupposition, 2 non-factive presupposition. Existential become the most used presupposition because the characters in the Maleficent movie often talk about the existence of something, such as person, thing, and place. The writer also discovered that the utterance that consist presupposition have implied meaning that is not stated by the speaker.

Analisis Praanggapan Pada Channel Youtobe Podcast Deddy Corbuzier Bersama Novel Baswedan

Presuppositions have an important role in the ongoing communication process, because a communication can be well established if the speaker and the interlocutor have the same presuppositions or assumptions about what they are talking about. The similarity of assumptions can be influenced by contexts outside the language, such as cultural, social, age, and other backgrounds. This is the background for the researcher entitled Presupposition Analysis on the YouTube Podcast Channel Deddy Corbuzier with Novel Baswedan. The problem in this study is how the types of presuppositions contained in Deddy Corbuzier's podcast with Novel Baswedan. This study aims to identify and describe the types of presuppositions contained in Deddy Corbuzier's podcast with Novel Baswedan. The approach used in this research is a qualitative approach using content analysis method. The data collection techniques used by researchers in this study were documentation techniques, listening techniques, and note-taking techniques. The results of this study indicate that there are 66 utterances containing presuppositions in the conversation between Deddy Corbuzier and Novel Baswedan. The 66 utterances are then grouped according to the type of presupposition according to the theory put forward by Yule. Found 16 utterances belonging to existential presuppositions, 9 lexical presuppositions, 25 structural presuppositions, 6 factive presuppositions, 9 non-factual presuppositions, and 1 counterfactual presupposition. Structural presuppositions are most often found because the object of research is in the form of speeches in podcasts that are seeking information and classifying things by asking questions.

Presuppositions in Retno Marsudi’s Speech at the UN General Assembly in New York

Abstrak Assumption toward something that has happened early before an utterance is called presupposition. Studying presupposition helps people clarify a conversation. According to Yule’s theory, presupposition is categorized into six types, which are existential, factive, non-factive, lexical, structural, and counter-factual presuppositions. In this research, the writer attempts to identify and analyze presuppositions found Retno Marsudi’s Speech at the UN General Assembly in New York, on Thursday, 25th May 2021. Descriptive qualitative method is applied since the data is in the form of sentences. The result shows that there are four types of presupposition. Based on the analysis, there are 33 presuppositions, namely 18 existential presuppositions, 1 factive presupposition, 13 lexical presuppositions, and 1 structural presupposition.Keywords: presuppositions, Retno Marsudi, Yule’s Theory

The interpretations of scalar implicatures, presuppositions, and implicated presupposition by Thai children with autism

Using the negated universal quantifiernot every, the study investigates the interpretations of scalar implicatures, lexical presuppositions, and implicated presuppositions by Thai children with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs; n= 32), comparedto their typically-developing (TD) peers (n= 70) and adults (n= 40). The results provide further empirical evidence to the literature (Chevallier et al. 2010, Hochstein et al. 2017, Pijnacker et al. 2009) that not only do adolescents with ASD perform on par with TD adolescents,children with ASD are also age-appropriate in their performance on deriving scalar implicatures. Despite the children with ASD's ability to compute scalar implicature, they still tend to give more logical, literal responses, compared to their peers. Compared to adults, both children with ASD and TD children still have a higher tendency to rely on the logical meaning rather than pragmatically inferred meaning. They are also less likely than adults to derive scalar implicatures, but equally likely to derive lexical presuppositions. No additive effects of implicated presuppositions are found in any group of the participants.

The Indicators of Potential Presuppositions in Malala’s Speeches as the Nobel Peace Laureate

Presupposition means that people have their own beliefs before communicating with others (Yule, 1996). He defined the types of presuppositions into six; existential, factive, lexical, structural, counterfactual, and non-factive presuppositions. The study examined the existence of the indicators of potential presuppositions in Malala’s speeches after winning the Nobel and its relation toward the educational field. This study employed a qualitative approach. Four of Malala’s speeches were the data. The researcher used an instrument based on the theory of the indicators of potential presuppositions proposed by Yule (1996). As a result, the researcher found 34 potential presuppositions in Malala’s four speeches; 14 existential, six factual, four lexical, six structural, two non-factive, and two potential counterfactual presuppositions. Being aware of presuppositions will help both students and teachers be good communicators and create a communicative and effective teaching-learning process to achieve the goal. Theoretically, it expounds on the potential presupposition indicators as one of the linguistic expressions by considering the users of those forms in a communication. Pedagogically, it may contribute to the enrichment of educational material. Practically, it could give more ideas and references for further researchers.

A Pragmatic Study of Presupposition in Masoud Barzani’s Speech ahead of the Referendum

The lexical presupposition is one of the primary concepts of pragmatics, and it is used to include a general class of pragmatic and semantic phenomena that have a fundamental impact on the apprehension of utterances. The study aims at presenting a Pragmatic analysis of the former leader’s speech Mr. Masoud Barzani about the event of referendum by detecting the lexical presuppositions and presupposition triggers and detecting the most frequent type usage. A mixed approach is used to analyze the speech where the speech is analyzed qualitatively according to Yule’s (2010) and Levinsons’ (1983) classification of presupposition and triggers. Besides, quantitative method is used to detect the most frequent use of the presupposition type. The findings of the study show that factive presupposition has been used most frequently (64%) throughout the excerpt utilized in this study with Counterfactual and non-Factive presupposition being used the least (4% ). Using  factive presupposition  as the most frequently shows the speaker’s intention for being direct in conveying messages and presenting facts to avoid any kind of misunderstanding or misinterpretation of his intentions in such an important event such as Referendum .

Presupposition on Barack Obama’s Speech at Islamic Society of Baltimore

This research aimed to find out the kinds of presupposition on Barrack Obama’s speech at Islamic Society of Baltimore. In this research, the researchers used a descriptive qualitative method. The object of this research is the script in the Barrack Obama speech. Instrument of this research is observational checklist. It means that the researcher watches the video of Barrack Obama’s speech at Islamic Society of Baltimore. The video can be function to see context the utterances. The researcher finds the data on the script of Barrack Obama’s speech. The researcher provides the table of presupposition for analyzing data. Table of potential presupposition is the instrument used by researcher to put the data, to classify and to identify the data. The mostly types of presupposition found in Barrack Obama’s speech at Islamic society of Baltimore is existential presupposition and the less is lexical presupposition. The existential presupposition was the most dominant on this speech because the speeches contain more define descriptive, real fact and real information to stimulate the audience’s attention and emphasize his idea and promises to keep Muslim American feeling safe in minority. Lexical in this research is the lowest number of type’s presupposition on speeches of Barack Obama. This means that in the Barack Obama's speech there was no implied expression to confirm his opinion.

PRESUPPOSITION AND IDEOLOGY: A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF JOE BIDEN’S INAUGURAL SPEECH

The 2020 U.S presidential election came with the result of Joe Biden’s victory. This research is aimed at investigating Biden’s ideology manifested in his inaugural speech which was delivered on January 20, 2021. The analysis in this research was conducted under the theory of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA). In finding the ideology, the researcher worked on the microstructure level by studying the presupposition as proposed by Dijk. The result of this research shows that there are three types of presupposition present in Biden’s inaugural speech i.e. lexical, existential, and factive in which lexical presupposition appear to be the most frequent one. The analysis of the presupposition also result to the finding of Biden’s ideology manifestation towards the issue of immigrants, healthcare, racism, democracy, and climate change.

PRESUPPOSITION IN KIM NAMJOON’S SPEECH AT UNITED NATION GENERAL ASSEMBLY

This research entitled ”Presupposition in Kim Nam Joon’s Speech at United Nation General Assembly. It is a descriptive analysis of speech that used types of presuppositions”. The objectives of this research are to know the types of presupposition and to find out the most dominant type of presupposition in the speech of Kim Namjun. The research method used qualitative descriptive and it is used to analyse the speech as a sample based on Guswita & Widodo's theory. They mention that six types of presupposition, there are; existential presupposition, factive presupposition, lexical presupposition, structural presupposition, non-factive presupposition, and counterfactual presupposition. In analyzing, the research watched the speech which lasts about six minutes, then transcribed, and analysed based on Guswita & Widodo's theory (2019). The result of this study shows that there are four types of presupposition in the speech; existential presuppositions, lexical presupposition, non-factive presupposition, and structural presupposition. With the percentage of existential is 20 or 62.05%, lexical are 9 or 28, 12%, structural are 2 or 6.25 %, and the last non-factive is just 1 or 3,12%. So, the most dominant type is commonly used in the Kim Namjun’s Speech at UNs General Assembly is existential presuppositions. Keywords: Presupposition, UN’ General Assembly, Kim Namjoon’s Speech

IDEOLOGI PRANGGAPAN PAMFLET SOSIALISASI PELESTARIAN LINGKUNGAN DI KABUPATEN BURU

ABSTARCT 
 This research reveals the presumptive ideology of the socialization of environmental conservation pamphlets in Buru Regency. This research is a qualitative descriptive study. This means that in this study the researcher observed and analyzed the sentences in the Socialization Pamphlet for Environmental Conservation in Buru Regency through a pragmatic approach. The data source used for this study was the Environmental Conservation Socialization Pamphlet in Buru Regency, while the type of data in this study was written data, in the form of sentences in pamphlets containing presuppositions. This research reveals the types of presuppositions in the environmental preservation socialization pamphlet, namely: (1) existential presuppositions, (2) factive presuppositions, (3) lexical presuppositions, (4) structural presuppositions, and (5) counterfactual presuppositions while non-active presuppositions are not found. menemenyekuruh Government and LSM are trying to socialize environmental preservation in real terms in Buru Regency. This means that the pamphlet publisher does not use inactive presuppositions which in fact are presuppositions that are assumed to be incorrect or allow wrong understanding due to the use of uncertain or ambiguous words.
 Keywords: ideology; Presumption; Flyer; Buru Regency

PRESUPPOSITION IN BEAUTY AND THE BEAST MOVIE SCRIPT

This research was intended to find out the types of presupposition in the character’s utterances of Beauty and the Beast movie script and describe the meaning of presupposition that are represented in the movie script. This research used a descriptive qualitative method, which was carried out by collecting, grouping, analyzing and interpreting the research data. The data in this research were the utterances of the characters in movie script containing presupposition. The data were collected through four steps: observation, taking note, data validation and setting them in tables. Based on the data analysis, it was found that 6 types of presupposition were used in the character’s utterances of the movie script. The most frequent type of presupposition used by the characters was existential presupposition with 26 data of 58 data found in this movie script. The second type of presupposition often used was factive presupposition with 9 data found in the data. Then, the third was lexical presupposition consisting of 8 data and the fourth was structural presupposition with the same number. The fifth type of presupposition used was non-factive presupposition with 4 data found in this research. The last type of presupposition used in this research was counter-factual presupposition with 3 data found in the movie script.

Pragmatics Analysis of Presupposition as Found in The Tagline of Horror Movie Posters

This research is about pragmatics analysis of presupposition as found in the tagline of horror movie posters. This research aimed to discover presupposition triggers and type of presupposition in the tagline of horror movie posters. In this research, the data were collected by downloading 14 taglines in horror movie posters. Then, the data downloaded were divided according to the presupposition triggers and the types of presuppositions. The data were analyzed using two theories, presupposition triggers by Kartunnen (1973) and Yule’s presupposition types (1996). The result of the analysis shows an argument and a table. The results show that from 42 presupposition triggers found in the tagline of horror movie posters, definite descriptions are the most dominant presupposition triggers. Other presupposition triggers are the change of state verbs, factive verb, and counterfactual conditional. Meanwhile, out of 6 types of presuppositions, there are only four types of presuppositions found in the tagline of horror movie posters: existential presupposition, lexical presupposition, factive presupposition, and counterfactual presupposition.