Lexical Patterns Research Articles

Textual Representation and Intertextuality of Graphene in Swedish Newspapers

Textual representation of graphene in Sweden’s most circulated newspapers is analyzed in 229 articles from 2004 to 2018. What is and is not said about graphene is explored through systematically identifying the lexical and grammatical patterns of sentences using the word “graphene.” Graphene is said to be a super material with certain properties, to be an object of research, commercialization, and application, and to have societal significance. Given frequent classifications of graphene as a nanomaterial in scientific discourse, there is notably limited reference to graphene as “nano” in the newspapers and only marginal reference to risk. This paper discusses the findings regarding this Swedish newspaper discourse on graphene in relation to its intertextuality, i.e., how texts draw upon and recontextualize other texts: the Swedish newspaper discourse on graphene echoes discourses of promise formulated elsewhere in society; it is not very diversified in terms of themes; it is dominated by positive and neutral representations rather than by risk; and it makes limited reference to the nano-discourse, even though, according to most definitions, graphene is a nanomaterial.

Lexical Patterns in Adolescents’ Online Writing: The Impact of Age, Gender, and Education

This article examines the impact of the sociodemographic profile (including age, gender, and educational track) of Flemish adolescents (aged 13–20) on lexical aspects of their informal online discourse. The focus on lexical and more “traditional,” print-based aspects of literacy is meant to complement previous research on sociolinguistic variation with respect to the use of prototypical features of social media writing. Drawing on a corpus of 434,537 social media posts written by 1,384 teenagers, a variety of lexical features and related parameters is examined, including lexical richness, top favorite words, and word length. The analyses reveal a strong common ground among the adolescents with respect to some features but divergent writing practices by different groups of teenagers with regard to other parameters. Furthermore, this study analyzes both standardized versions of social media messages and the original utterances (including nonstandard markers of online writing). Strikingly, different results emerge with respect to adolescents’ exploitation of more traditional versus digital literacy skills in relation to their sociodemographic profile, especially with respect to sentiment expression (verbal versus typographic/pictorial). The study suggests that the inclusion of nonverbal communicative strategies, for instance in language teaching, might be a pedagogical asset, since these strategies are eagerly adopted by teenagers who show proof of less developed traditional writing skills.

Building WordNet for Afaan Oromoo

WordNet is a lexical database which has many relations to disambiguate the sense of words for natural languages. From the WordNet relations synonyms and hyponym has major role for natural language processing and artificial intelligence applications. In this paper, word embedding (Word2Vec) and lexico-syntactic pattern (LSP) are developed to extract automatically synonyms and hyponyms respectively. For this study, the word embedding is evaluated on two specialized domain algorithms such as a continuous bag of words and Skip Gram algorithms and show superior results. Applying word embedding (Word2Vec) algorithms for Afaan Oromo texts has been registered 80.09% and 85.04% for the continuous bag of words and Skip Gram respectively. According to the result achieved in this study, the skip-gram algorithm does a better job for frequent pairs of words than a continuous bag of words. But, a continuous bag of words algorithm is faster while skip-gram is slower. A lexical syntactic pattern with the combination of Word2Vec and without Word2Vec is also evaluated using information retrieval evaluation metrics such as precision, recall and F-measure to extract hyponym relation from Afaan Oromoo texts. The precision, recall and F-measure have been registered by lexical syntactic patterns without the combination of Word2Vec is 66.73%, 72%, and 69.26% respectively and with the combination of Word2Vec 81.14%, 80.8%, and 81.1% have been registered for precision, recall and F-measure respectively. There are factors that could affect the accuracy of results: 1) the style of writer of Afaan Oromoo i.e. they write a noun phrase with many adjective to express the noun for the reader; and, 2) it is possible that some instances of the LSP are missed due to misspellings and other typographical errors. Keywords: Afaan Oromoo WordNet, Word embedding, Lexico syntactic patterns, Extraction of WordNet relations. DOI: 10.7176/CEIS/11-3-01 Publication date: May 31 st 2020

Devices of Textual Illusion: Victimization in Romance Scam E-Letters

Virtual communication transcends national boundaries and allows establishing and maintaining contacts efficiently. However, it also poses threats to integrity and ethical online conduct. In particular, dating sites and unsolicited e-messages often prey on vulnerable unsuspecting people with an intention to extort financial means. The internet is a medium where anonymity, disguise and fraud are widespread. Scammers use linguopsychological devices to lure potential victims into the scam scenario. Devices were screened and categorized from seven letter-sets (each set containing 18–23 letters) including correspondence with scammers. The sets revealed similar lexical and macrostructural patterns common in e-romance scam. Frequently employed devices appeared to signal scammers’ malicious intents often potentially detrimental to a victim. Persuasion, flattering, appeal to trust, core human drives such as bonding, greed, altruism are among the most popular scammers’ devices. The method of structural reduction allowed establishing functional stages in the macrostructure of letter-sets.

A STYLISTIC ANALYSIS OF PERSUASIONIN WONDERFUL INDONESIA’S ADVERTISEMENT

Widely language is interconnected, language, for example, as a means of expression in advertising. Wonderful Indonesia conducted with the aim to analyze the linguistic aspects of the narrator's danger style in persuading from the public or the public about the greatness of Indonesia. The main purpose of this research is to remove the kind of language style features including lexical patterns and lexicon-syntax options that can be metaphorical and prosodic features in the movements of audiences or listeners that are implemented in the advertising of Wonderful Indonesia choice. This research uses a content analysis research design with stilistika approach. The findings show the narrator in the advertisement Wonderful Indonesia applies two types of stylistics with lexical patterns that become: repetition, parallelism, and numbers. The second type is the lexico-syntactic option (figurative language) which is: antithesis and personification.

A Comparative Study of Semantic Component and Lexicalization Pattern of English and Chinese Verb Category “Drink”

Verb category “drink” is frequently used in people’s daily life. In this essay, the author analyses the semantic component and lexicalization pattern of English and Chinese verb category “drink”, in which the author finds there are semantic universals and particulars. It is found that the lexicalization pattern of this verb category in English and Chinese should be “motion + manner (cause) + X”.

Lexical Syntactic Patterns and Novel Statistical Measures based Bootstrapping Approach for Evolution of Biomedical Ontologies

Lexical Syntactic Patterns and Novel Statistical Measures based Bootstrapping Approach for Evolution of Biomedical Ontologies

Hacia una clasificación de grano fino de los verbos de movimiento. El caso de los verbos intransitivos del español

Based on the lexicalization patterns presented in Talmy’s pioneering work (1985), motion verbs classifications for Spanish mainly recognize two groups: verbs of manner and verbs of direction (Lamiroy, 1991; Cifuentes Honrubia, 1988-1989; Crego García, 2000; Morimoto, 2001, among others). This research offers a much more detailed classification, by means of the use of a finer set of features and semantic participants that may be lexicalized by motion verbs in any language of the world, namely: the aspectual features of punctuality and telicity; the participants theme, source, path, goal, point of reference, location-path and trajectory; and the parametric features of displacement, movement, manner, change of place and direction. The result is a classification of eight different verb groups that account for the lexical and syntactic mechanisms present in the encoding of the Spanish motion events.

Risk Identification: A Corpus‐Assisted Study of Websites of Government Agencies

Government agencies have a key role in the regulation, management, and communication of risk. This paper explores how seven Swedish government agencies in the policy fields of (i) chemicals, (ii) civil contingencies, (iii) energy, (iv) environmental protection, (v) food, (vi) housing and buildings, and (vii) traffic identify risks on their websites. The relational theory of risk is used as an analytical tool to unpack risk identification. An analytical distinction is made between “risk objects,” that is, potentially harmful objects, and “objects at risk,” that is values at stake. The articulation of risk objects and objects at risk on government agencies’ websites is explored by using corpus linguistic techniques that reveal lexical and grammatical patterns of the word “risk.” The agencies identify an extensive assembly of risk objects of various kinds. The sets of risks identified are rather idiosyncratic and there is limited overlap between agencies. The identification of objects at risk is less varied and idiosyncratic than the identification of risk objects, were the agencies appear to be more in agreement. The findings are discussed in relation to the scope of risk identification; institutional explanations, and in terms of conditions for inter‐agency collaboration, identified as a key feature of effective risk governance.

On the translation of boundary-crossing events: Evidence from an experiment with German and Spanish translation students

This paper deals with the translation of motion events between typologically similar and different languages, a research field which has been generally approached from the Thinking-for-translating hypothesis. Here we present a student-based experiment focused on the translation of boundary-crossing events (specifically: ‘manner verb + into + a bounded space’) from English (a satellite-framed language) into German (a satellite-framed language) and Spanish (a verb-framed language). The aim is to investigate whether translation students interpret correctly and translate both the boundary-crossing and the Manner information. For this purpose, a group of German and Spanish translation students were asked to translate a series of excerpts from English narrative texts into their respective mother tongues. The results suggest that the way translation students deal with these phenomena is mainly influenced by the lexicalization patterns of their mother tongues, but the nature of the event itself and the context also seem to be key in some cases.

SOCIOLINGUISTIC COMPETENCE AND INTERPRETING VARIABLE STRUCTURES IN A SECOND LANGUAGE

AbstractLearners must develop the ability to vary language according to linguistic and situational factors to produce context-appropriate utterances. Likewise, interpreting the additional meaning conveyed through language variation is essential for successful communication. Nevertheless, research on the interpretation of the variable copulas in Spanish is scarce and we do not know how individual lexical items and patterns of co-occurrence of adjectives with particular copulas influence interpretation. Addressing this void, we compare interpretation of the copulas by native speakers and highly advanced, advanced, and intermediate learners. Participants completed an interpretation task containing the copulas paired with one of nine adjectives, categorized as typically co-occurring withser,estar, or both copulas. The current study contributes to the body of work on communicative competence and advanced L2 proficiency by exploring the development of interpretative abilities of English-speaking learners of Spanish and the extent to which interpretation differs across adjective classes and individual adjectives.

Editions, translations, transformations: refashioning the Arabic Aristotle in Egypt and metropolitan Europe, 1940\u20131980

Like translations, critical editions can play an important role in the language-mediated evolution of political concepts. This paper offers a case-study of a modern edition of Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics by the famous twentieth-century Egyptian philosopher and father of ‘Arab existentialism’ Abd al-Rahman Badawi (d. 2002). It draws on ancient Greek and medieval Arabic corpora developed by the Genealogies of Knowledge project and a modern Arabic corpus accessible through Sketch Engine to examine the lexical patterning of key political items relating to the concept of citizen in the Arabic and Greek versions of Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics. This corpus-based analysis of lexical patterns is contextualised against discursive and disciplinary parameters that shaped Badawi’s edition. Supplementing this collocational analysis of relevant lexical items with a more traditional analysis of Badawi’s paratexts, I argue that the editing process produces a hybrid ‘third text’ that is neither a transcription of the original manuscript nor a reconstruction of the manuscript’s archetype. The paper concludes that, like translations, editions transform the texts they are based on.

Lexical Stress Patterns in High-Frequency Words of Spoken English

Lexical stress patterns exhibited by the most frequent English words are significant for teaching practice as well as for SLA research, although they have received much less attention than frequency effects in other segments of language structure. This paper describes and ranks lexical stress patterns according to their share in the most frequent lexis in general and academic registers. The patterns identified in the corpus consisting of 2- to 6- syllable words in the Longman Communication 3000 frequency list (that provides data on the most frequent words in general English) are compared to previous researchers’ data obtained from the corpus based on the Hoosier Mental Lexicon (that provides data on native speakers’ familiarity ratings and response time for high-frequency words) and the corpus based on the Academic Word List (consisting of the most frequent words in academic discourse). Although the three corpora vary in size and domain, in the two general English corpora there are strong correspondences reagarding 2- and 3-syllable words; with 4-syllable words correspondences are noted in all the three corpora. This validates dominant lexical stress patterns, to which the learners are most often exposed. Insight into the representation of lexical stress patterns in high-frequency lexis facilitates the selection of items for vocabulary exercises in language learning (intended not only for pronunciation practice but also for learners’ vocabulary development), as well as the selection of stimuli for experiments regarding L1 and L2 effects in interlanguage development.

Text Classification Using Machine Learning and Deep Learning Models

In all applications where data plays an important role such as universities, business, research institutions, technology intensive companies and government funding agencies, maintaining irregular data is a big challenge. For an entity (object, place, thing), most of the data is in irregular form. Till now data analytics or text mining examine the entity relationships in a dataset to obtain significant patterns that reflects the information that is there in the dataset. This information is used in making decisions. “Text analytics translates text into numbers and numbers” in order makes up the data and assists to detect patterns. If the data is more organized, the better is the analysis, and eventually the decisions would be better. Manual processing of every bit of data is difficult and also to classify the data. This causes intelligent text processing tools to emerge in the area of NLP, to analyze linguistic and lexical patterns. Before mining it is significant to revise and be familiar with the nature of data. With the expanding measure of information and requirement for precision or accuracy automation process is required for the text classification. Another attractive research opportunity is constructing complex “text data models using Deep learning systems” which have the capability to carry out intricate NLP tasks with semantic requirements. Data analytics forms the basis of text classification and it can act as the engine behind information exploration. These results could be used for emergent applications that support decision making processes. These decisions assist human beings to improve resources and give the majority of benefits. Future research includes improved methods for parameter optimization that reflects effective knowledge discovery.

Beyond Fact-Checking: Lexical Patterns as Lie Detectors in Donald Trump’s Tweets

Journalists often debate whether to call Donald Trump’s falsehoods “lies” or stop short of implying intent. This article proposes an empirical tool to supplement traditional fact-checking methods and address the practical challenge of identifying lies. Analyzing Trump’s tweets with a regression function designed to predict true and false claims based on their language and composition, it finds significant evidence of intent underlying most of Trump’s false claims, and makes the case for calling them lies when that outcome agrees with the results of traditional fact-checking procedures.

Constructing the image of Islam in contemporary Russian print media: the language strategies and politics of misrepresentation

ABSTRACTThis article examines Russian print media coverage from 2010 to 2016, specifically newspaper articles, addressing topics related to Islam. It seeks to identify the main linguistic strategies employed to construct a negative image of Islam within a broader discursive strategy of differentiation between ‘radical’ and ‘traditional’ Islam. The research is based on critical discourse analysis and corpus linguistics, and draws on a corpus containing 18,308 articles from six national newspapers: Nezavisimaia Gazeta, Kommersant, Komsomolskaia Pravda, Moskovskii Komsomolets, Rossiiskaia Gazeta, and Novaia Gazeta. Through an analysis of the lexical compatibility patterns of the lexeme ‘Islam’ (e.g. ‘Islam + verb’, ‘Muslim/Islamic + noun’), the article identifies the four most obvious discursive strategies aimed at creating a negative image of Islam: 1) defining ‘correct’ Islam; 2) homogenising Muslims via ‘big numbers’; 3) criminalising neutral connotations (e.g. ‘Muslim celebration’); 4) misunderstanding specific Islamic terms.

Mapping Linguistic Variations in Colloquial Arabic through Twitter

The recent years have witnessed the development of different computational approaches to the study of linguistic variations and regional dialectology in different languages including English, German, Spanish and Chinese. These approaches have proved effective in dealing with large corpora and making reliable generalizations about the data. In Arabic, however, much of the work on regional dialectology is so far based on traditional methods; therefore, it is difficult to provide a comprehensive mapping of the dialectal variations of all the colloquial dialects of Arabic. As thus, this study is concerned with proposing a computational statistical model for mapping the linguistic variation and regional dialectology in Colloquial Arabic through Twitter based on the lexical choices of speakers. The aim is to explore the lexical patterns for generating regional dialect maps as derived from Twitter users. The study is based on a corpus of 1597348 geolocated Twitter posts. Using principal component analysis (PCA), data were classified into distinct classes and the lexical features of each class were identified. Results indicate that lexical choices of Twitter users can be usefully used for mapping the regional dialect variation in Colloquial Arabic.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ РЕПРЕЗЕНТАЦИИ ОБРАЗА КАЗАНИ (НА МАТЕРИАЛЕ РУССКОЯЗЫЧНЫХ И АНГЛОЯЗЫЧНЫХ ИСТОЧНИКОВ КОРПУСА GOOGLE BOOKS)

The article presents a cross-lingual diachronic analysis of the linguistic image of Kazan recorded in Russian and English Corpora of Google Books within the period between years 1800 and 2019. The material of the research comprises 6236 texts in the Russian subcorpus and 9858 texts in the English subcorpus compiled for the study. The frequency of onym ‘Казань’ was the highest in early 19th and 20th centuries, while that of ‘Kazan’ – in late 20th century. The range of lexical patterns of both Russian English contexts of the studied words is wide with predominantly neutral and, in rare cases, negative connotations in the past, while modern contexts are most notably positive and neutral. In both languages subcorpora, the highest context frequency is registered for the words belonging to the following thematic groups: “City”, “Historical personality”, “Landscape”, “Religion”, as well as verbs denoting acquisition of an object and adjectives denoting time. The range of typical semantic roles of the onyms ‘Казань’ and ‘Kazan’ during the period studied, 1800–2019, widens from Locative and Patient in the texts of the 19th century to Agent, Posessor, Experiencer in the 20th and 21st centuries. The latter is caused by changes in the national and global arena and the role of Kazan in the country and the world. The research shows that, in the modern discourse, the word collocates with the verbs denoting activity, verbal behavior, physical action, and struggle. The article also provides the authors’ insights into the limitations of the corpus used as the source of research.

On the typology of motion events in Aymara

This paper investigates the lexicalization pattern of motion events in Aymara, an Andean language spoken in Bolivia, Peru, and Chile. After providing a description of the morphosyntax of translational motion events, this study aims at a preliminary typological classification of Aymara within the framework of Talmy’s typology (Talmy 2000). With this purpose, three diagnostic tests have been used to determine the basic framing-typology of motion events. These tests consider i) the size of manner-of-motion lexicon and, more broadly, the degree of manner salience, ii) the complex-path constructions and the use of ‘plus-ground’ clauses, iii) the expression of boundary-crossing. The results of this analysis are in line with predictions of expected values according to Talmian typology, and suggest that Aymara is a predominantly satellite-framed language.

Semantic and Word-Formation Features of Horse Names in the History of the Russian Language (Based on the Inventory Books of Vologda Monasteries in the 16th — Early 18th Centuries)

The paper considers a historical aspect of zoonymic studies which has not been sufficiently developed. The history of Russian horse names (hipponyms) is explored using zoonymic data from the inventories of the Vologda monasteries in the 16th — early 18th centuries, the materials from Listings of horses (Moscow, 1665), and archival documents of the Soviet farms of Sevmaslotrest from 1930s. The author identifies the lexical structure of Early Modern Russian hipponymy, delves into the meaning of names and appellatives they derive from, analyses the structure of horses’ names, and describes the name formation techniques. The studied sources bring the picture of the general development of lexical patterns in the Russian hipponymy. As it turns out, the vocabulary of Early Modern Russian hyponymy is almost identical with the Old Russian anthroponomy, which attests to their genetic unity. At the same time, the use of Christian names is noted, with these becoming more popular in the given period. The article also deals with structural types of Early Modern Russian hipponyms: zoonyms having a substantive form (nicknames formed from onomastic, agential, zoological, and object nouns; zoonymic compounds; suffixal compounds); adjective-based zoonyms; mixed names. In monastic scripts of the 16th — early 18th centuries, the vast majority of units used as hipponyms are “prefabricated” traditional names, the cases of creating original animal names are rare. In the latter case, zoonyms are usually formed using suffixal patterns peculiar for agentive and anthroponomic vocabulary. The word-building patterns include the onymisation of appellatives (sometimes by metaphoric transfer), substantivisation (nominalization) of adjectives, transonymisation of personal and place names. Due to the semantic, structural, and word-formation proximities between Early Modern Russian zoonymy and Old Russian anthroponomy, zoonymic vocabulary of the 16th–18th centuries provides a reliable source on Old Russian onomasticon, as well as explains the “anthroponymic” nature of modern Russian zoonymy and the active use of personal names for animals at present. This practice turns out to have deep historical roots.