Lexical Expressions Research Articles

Strategic use of English quantifiers in the reporting of quantitative information

ABSTRACT This study investigates how quantifiers are used strategically to serve different argumentative goals. We report two experiments on how English speakers describe the results of school exams when being instructed to frame their descriptions either as a good or bad outcome. Experiment 1 shows that participants have clear preferences for specific quantifier combinations in this task. Experiment 2 shows that, in situations where producing descriptions that meet one’s argumentative goals is difficult (i.e. framing very bad outcomes positively), participants tend to use quantifiers that are informationally weaker than other salient alternatives. Experiment 2 also shows that people have a bias to frame outcomes positively, even when the task asks them to frame them negatively. Put together, these results shed light on the question of how language users strategically explore different linguistic strategies to communicate quantity in pragmatically favorable ways, including how quantifiers are used vis-`a-vis other lexical expressions of quantity.

Lexical Expression of Presentiment in Mongolic Languages

This article considers a number of lexemes used to express premonition in Mongolic languages in order to identify, if possible, the motives of nomination and their connection with the psychophysiological state of a person who has a premonition of something, in most cases bad. The word ǰöng assumes the “voicing” of a feeling of anxiety comparable to an internal buzz. It indicates the syncretism of the semantics of linguistic units, semantic features, which motivate metaphorical and metonymic transfers to intermodal spheres. It demonstrates the phenomenon of synesthesia in the field of designating physical sensations. In the word iru-a, the leading role in the nomination is given to the trembling of the tongue at the moment of articulation of the sonant [r], which conveys disturbing sensations, mainly localized in the thoracic part. In the word belge, there was probably a metonymic transfer from the meaning of ‘sign as a material object’ to ‘sign, omen’. Research in this way allows deeper understanding the importance of the system of interpretation of sensory information transmitted through various sensations in the body.

İNGİLİS DİLİNDƏ LEKSİK İFADƏLƏRİN İŞLƏNMƏ XÜSUSİYYƏTLƏRİNƏ DAİR

About the Peculiarities of using Lexical Expressions in the English Language Summary The article discusses the lexical expressions used in the English language and their significance in various aspects of communication. It explores the semantic and structural aspects of these expressions, as well as their role and place in different languages and the possibilities of translating them. The article also examines the characteristics of national and international flavor, the analysis of their use in different contexts and functional areas. The author notes that lexical expressions enhance the capacity and depth of thought, enrich the emotional and stylistic quality of a piece of writing. The context in which the recipient encounters these expressions is crucial, as it determines the meaning and connotations of the words used. Lexical expressions play a significant role in personalizing and characterizing the speech of a character or figure in a text. Key words: English, vocabulary, cultural nuances, translation options, phrases, context

Emmanuel Macron: Anatomy of a Transgression

Among current Western heads of state, Emmanuel Macron is undoubtedly the most unique. Although he was only 39 years old when he was elected for the first time and 44 years old for the second time, he had never previously held an elective office. However, he shares with two of his predecessors, François Mitterrand and Jacques Chirac, the fact of having held two mandates. This path is in itself atypical, not to say ‘disruptive’ compared to that of all the presidents who preceded him. This term is also the communication marker not only of his victorious 2017 presidential campaign but above all a key element of his political orientation. However, if he did, at first, ‘disrupt’ the political landscape in France, this momentum very quickly died down to such an extent that the political character he embodies has crystallized hopes, disappointments and then anger and even hatred. Such reactions lead to question the real contribution of this disruption. Until now, these questions have only been partially addressed, leaving room for the implementation of an original approach which consists in postulating that this disruption actually masks a transgression. Through the prism of transgression, this paper aims to decipher this (false) disruption as his journey from 2016 as a candidate until his second term has been illustrated by a variety of behavioral forms and lexical expressions. I approach these aspects in the form of critical narrative writing, which is based on concrete details, spoken words, speeches, interviews, and other texts.

VERBAL AGGRESSION AND FALSE ARGUMENTS IN CRISIS POLITICAL COMMUNICATION

In this study we focus on political discourse and political communication in periods of crisis in order to characterize the speech of public figures from Bulgarian and Czech political life. The text examines political discourse in Bulgaria and the Czech Republic in the context of important crisis events in the political life of both countries - votes of no confidence in the governments. In the studied linguistic material analogical patterns of realization of communicative strategies are observed: linguistic aggression, use of false argumentation, expressed in accusing the opponent of incompetence and committing fraud, excessive use of lexemes with negative connotation, suggesting a sense of catastrophe and misfortune. The intensification of the message is also achieved through the use of a number of lexemes with a negative connotation, which is characteristic of aggression in political speech. As a means to achieve these goals, communication in political discourse usually uses expressive or other marked lexical expressions, as well as false argumentative strategies, aimed not at the content and nature of the problem, but at attacking the positive image of the communication partner. In the corpus of linguistic material studied, linguistic aggression based on the assertion of one's own personality, independently of the communication partner, was identified with high frequency. In the examples given, there is always a conscious linguistic strategy and intent that is clearly identifiable in a given communicative moment.

Lexical Expressions of Motion in Physical Environments a Cognitive Linguistics Perspective

This study aims to delve into the interaction between motion verbs, manners, and paths in the Vietnamese language to look at the lexicalization of motion occurrences. Utilizing Talmy's lexicalization patterns for cognitive linguistics, the study seeks to understand how Vietnamese encodes and conceptualizes motion events in a variety of physical contexts, such as the air, water, and land. A mixed-methods approach is used in this work, integrating qualitative analysis of annotated textual data with quantitative frequency analysis. Vietnamese has a rich system of motion verbs that may be paired with manner and path expressions to produce complex and subtle descriptions of movement, according to the research. The language displays intricate differences when describing the direction, velocity, and kind of vehicle of motion, in addition to various linear, curved, vertical, circular, and multidirectional routes. The complex interplay between language, cognition, and the embodied experience of motion is highlighted by this linguistic variety, which is a reflection of Vietnamese speakers' astute observation and interpretation of the physical world. The work adds to our knowledge of how language organizes and expresses the basic idea of motion and provides insights into the cognitive and cultural bases of language expression.

The lexical expression of CIRCUMSTANCE and DEGREE in old English

This paper explores the distribution of the affixal material and lexical meaning within the semantic categories ‘circumstance’ and ‘degree’. The analysis is confined to the predicates belonging to the four major lexical categories, namely verbs, nouns, adjectives, and adverbs, that have been formed either prefixally or suffixally. Special attention has been paid to affixal polysemy, which applies when a given form can be bound to more than one semantic rule. In this regard, it must be noted that both categories present a significant degree of affixal overlapping that is confirmed in the polysemous character of a group of affixes, which include for-, fore-, forð-, mid-, ofer-, on-, sin-, ūp- and ūt-. The analysis has also revealed that ‘circumstance’ is mainly characterized by affixes conveying location, whereas ‘degree’ is mainly defined in terms of affixes expressing intensity. On the whole, the study casts lights on the degree of compatibility among affixes and functions and on the patterns of recategorization that arise as a result of affixal processes.

Percentage of using formulaic language in media discourseA comparison between the visual media and the written press

the language we use daily; A product of society, but each of us embodies it in his way. Therefore, the speaker produces the language, but there is another aspect of the language, which is ready-made linguistic pieces, used directly by the individual owned by the linguistic group. Formulaic language is a general term for ready-made phrases in the language that have previously been produced and stored in human memory. This language usually has a fixed grammatical formula and a special meaning according to the situation and context in which it is presented. The use of this language leads to the coordination of sentences in the process of writing and communication, as well as adopting the eloquence of the sender and can influence the recipient more and convince him of his ideas, as well as help in logical intentions, automatic translation, and smart answers. This research, titled "Percentage of using formulaic language in media discourse: A comparison between the visual media and the written press", sheds light on the intensity of the formal language in the visual media and the written press. In the beginning, the formulaic language was explained, and then its use in the Kurdish media was explained. The importance of research in linking the media discourse with formal language, the purpose of which is to know the percentage of using this language on the one hand, and on the other hand, to know the percentage of its use between the two types. To conduct the research, (18) interviews and articles were taken from the visual media and the written press. After that, six components of the grammatical language were extracted, which are (linguistic accompaniment, coins (expressions), metaphor, proverbs, phrasal verbs, and lexical expressions) according to (Wadi), and the use of each one of them was indicated in a table.

LINGUACULTURAL PECULIARITIES OF THE CONCEPT “HAPPINESS” IN ENGLISH AND UZBEK LANGUAGES

In modern linguistics, there are no cases of comprehensive study of concepts, that is, the study of both theoretical and practical aspects. Thus, it is not an easy task to determine the ways of lexical expression of a certain concept. The purpose of this article is to identify stereotypes related to the concept of happiness in the linguistic culture of the Uzbek and English languages, to study the linguistic space, as well as to analyze some literary sources. This article is devoted to the linguacultural aspects of concept “happiness” in modern English and Uzbek languages. Furthermore, it is analyzed both as common value of humankind as well as cultural specify of some nation. Attitude to happiness allows revealing the existential characteristics, norms, traditions of different social groups, since a different interpretation of happiness within the framework of different cultures reveals their ethnos cultural specificity and perception of the world and people.

Communicative development inventory in type 1 and presymptomatic infants with spinal muscular atrophy: a cohort study

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to assess early language acquisitions in treated individuals with spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) type 1 and in infants identified by newborn screening (NBS).MethodsParents of...

Exploring the Underlying Ways of Enhancing Critical Thinking Skills

Critical thinking skills in the present dynamic and rapidly changing world are crucial skills that enable individuals to engage in rational and independent thinking to make decent and consistent decisions. This article aims at exploring multifarious underlying ways of enhancing critical thinking skills. It provides readers with definitions of critical thinking and critical thinking skills. It pinpoints key components of critical thinking, barriers to critical thinking, and the major strategies for enhancing these skills. Qualitative data related to critical thinking skills were gathered in the forms of lexes and lexical expressions through a scrupulous review of journal articles, website documents and relevant books published between 1984 and 2023. They served as secondary sources of qualitative data that were explored and analyzed through instances that led to broader concepts regarding critical thinking skills. It is concluded that both acquisition and application of these skills were imperative for individuals to adeptly formulate their fair decisions. Teachers, students, researchers and critics will find this article highly valuable as it equips them with the necessary skills to think critically and make well-versed decisions about a given subject matter.

დეონტური მოდალური სემანტიკის მქონე ზმნური ფორმების გადმოცემისათვის „ვეფხისტყაოსნის“ ინგლისურ თარგმანებში (მარჯორი უორდროპის, ლინ კოფინისა და დოდონა კიზირიას თარგმანების მიხედვით)

დეონტური მოდალური სემანტიკის მქონე ზმნური ფორმების გადმოცემისათვის „ვეფხისტყაოსნის“ ინგლისურ თარგმანებში (მარჯორი უორდროპის, ლინ კოფინისა და დოდონა კიზირიას თარგმანების მიხედვით)

Les stratégies de la construction du discours sur la Seconde Guerre mondiale dans deux manuels d’histoire européens. Une perspective comparative

This paper identifies strategies for the construction of discourse on the Second World War in two history textbooks published in the framework of two European projects. The main objective is to observe how different stratagems such as the semiotic device, lexical expressions, syntactic constructions, participate in the construction of a coherent narrative that shapes the collective memory on the discursive object of the Second World War. The dialogical character of the history textbook and its pedagogical aim, the essential and constitutive elements of the discursive strategy towards the readership conveying soft historical skills, are also questioned in the present paper.

Narrative strategy formation in the bilinguals’ stories in Russian: corpus study

The lexical parameters of oral stories of two generations of Russian-German bilinguals and the function of lexical means in the narrative strategy implementation are describes. Through addressing the oral narrative this study is included in the range of modern works considering the features of text generation by bilinguals. The relevance of the study lies both in the material and in the chosen methods of analysis. The aim of the study is to identify the degree of the narrative strategy formation at the lexical level among representatives of two generations of Russian-German bilinguals in comparison with monolingual Russian native speakers. The research material is a corpus of experimentally collected oral stories (47 texts) of German-Russian bilinguals. M. Mayer’s book “Frog, where are you?” was used as a stimulus for subjects. The test subjects were representatives of 22 families: children - 26 people aged 8 to 19 years, parents - 21 people aged 30 to 55 years. To compare the characteristics of the corpora, the similar corpus of oral stories of monolinguals (42 stories) was involved. Quantitative and statistical analysis, corpus analysis, thematic and semantic analysis of vocabulary, elements of structural analysis of narrative were used. The novelty of the study is the corpus analysis identification of lexical parameters of narrative strategies used by two generations of bilinguals. The analysis showed that the degree of lexical skills development in the implementation of narrative strategies in bilinguals is lower than in monolinguals in both age groups, despite the statistical similarity of the texts of both corpora. This concerns, first of all, the completeness and uniformity of the lexical expression of the mandatory components of the narrative stimulated by the material, and the relations between them in the text. At the same time, the general trend of narrative creation was in line with expectations. The identified parameters can be further methodically interpreted in order to prepare educational materials for bilinguals.

The Rot of the Bones: A New Analysis of קנאה (“Envy/Jealousy”) in the Hebrew Bible

Abstract This article reassesses the expression of jealousy and envy in the Hebrew Bible as well as their ethical status. Through a systematic analysis of the Hebrew root קנא, I argue that קנאה arises exclusively in scenarios involving a relative loss in status to a rival and that its closest English counterparts are therefore envy and jealousy. While some sort of link between קנאה and envy/jealousy is widely acknowledged, communis opinio has it that קנאה in the Bible regularly refers to other emotions and states, from anger and fury, to devotion and love, to vaguer feelings of passion, emotional excitement, zeal, or the desire for vengeance. Likewise, קנאה is widely considered to be ethically neutral—an emotion that might be positive or negative, good or bad. I challenge these views through new readings of several passages (esp. Song 8:6, Prov 14:30, Num 11:29, 2 Sam 21:1–2) and close with a brief discussion of the significance of these findings for biblical theology, religious zealotry, and the lexical expression of jealousy in cultures that evolved in contact with the Hebrew Bible and its translations.

'Her dreadful plight': A corpus-assisted analysis of the indexical and stance properties of <em>poor thing</em>

Curiously, the English multiword expression poor thing (henceforth PT) often refers to entities that are neither economically impoverished nor inanimate objects. By using a mixed-methods corpus linguistics and critical discourse analysis approach, we demonstrate that PT functions as an expression of affective stance based on evidence from two American English corpora. In cases where the social identities of speakers and referents can be determined, PT is frequently used by women and in reference to women, children, or animals. Additionally, the expression may refer to entities of low vitality due to illness or death. Our results indicate that PT conveys a complex social meaning by indexing a speaker’s compassionate stance alongside a referent’s misfortune, bundling together a set of (stereo)typically ‘disempowered’ personae. This analysis demonstrates the potential of corpus-based CDA investigations which analyze relatively infrequent lexical expressions that, nonetheless, have recognizable social meaning for speakers.

Comparing zero and referential choice in eight languages with a focus on Mandarin Chinese

Abstract Mandarin has a low rate of overtly expressed arguments in all syntactic functions without agreement marking on the verb. It has been claimed that Mandarin exhibits higher rates of zero arguments than other languages. Most previous work has compared Mandarin with English, while comparison with other languages remains a desideratum. This study compares Mandarin with seven languages (Cypriot Greek, English, Northern Kurdish, Sanzhi, Teop, Tondano, Vera’a) taken from Multi-CAST (Haig & Schnell 2019). Results suggest that while Mandarin exhibits more zero arguments than pronouns, this is not unique, with e.g. Cypriot Greek having a higher rate of zero arguments. In addition, a relatively stable rate of lexical expressions can be found across languages, relativising Mandarin’s unique position with regard to referential choice even further.

Лингвокультурные особенности гимнов федеральных земель Германии

The aim of the study is to determine the differentiating and integrating semantic features of the texts of the anthems of Germany’s states and their connection with the national anthem of Germany. Linguistic studies of hymn groups linked by a common criterion are dominated by the products of the collapse of the Soviet Union and colonial empires. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the fact that the connecting feature of the group under consideration is not the historical past, but the common present and future as a part of a single nation state. In each of the sixteen anthems of the states, the speech means of implementing the identifying, unifying and ideological functions of the anthem are highlighted. It is established that the range of lexical expressions for the basic patriotic concepts HOMELAND and THE PEOPLE is not limited to “small motherland”. The semantic connection of the songs of the states with Germany’s anthem is realized in one or another extent by an appeal to the basic values of the nation state, which are unity, the rule of law, freedom, and only a few old texts contain the morpheme ‘deutsch’. As a result of the study, the linguocultural equivalence of the official and unofficial anthems of the states was proved and the complementary semantic relations between the national and federal anthems were determined.

Framing Covid-19 reporting in the Macau Daily News using metaphors and gain/loss prospects: a war for collective gains

This study investigates the use of metaphors and the prospect of gain/loss conveyed in the coverage of the pandemic in a leading conventional news outlet in Macau. We discovered that war metaphors have predominantly been used in reports in the Macau Daily News, and have identified three sets of lexical expressions used in these metaphors. The main themes conveyed by the war metaphors include describing the gravity of the situation, communicating anti-pandemic measures, and urging the public to participate in anti-pandemic efforts. In addition, the persuasive messages contained in the appeals for joint action are examined in terms of gain/loss frames and collectivistic versus individualistic appeals. We argue for an analytical framework that encompasses both conceptual metaphors and gain/loss framing in subsequent studies on persuasive messaging.

Assessing the effectiveness of machine translation in the Chinese EFL writing context: A replication of Lee (2020)

AbstractWith the dramatic improvement in quality, machine translation has emerged as a tool widely adopted by language learners. Its use, however, has been a divisive issue in language education. We conducted an approximate replication of Lee (2020) about the impact of machine translation on EFL writing. This study used a mixed-methods approach with automatic text analyzer Coh-Metrix and human ratings, supplemented with questionnaires, interviews, and screen recordings. The findings obtained support most of the original work, suggesting that machine translation can help language learners improve their EFL writing proficiency, specifically in strengthening lexical expressions. Students generally hold positive attitudes towards machine translation, despite some skeptical views regarding the values of machine translation. Most students express a strong wish to learn how to effectively use machine translation. Machine translation literacy instruction is therefore suggested for incorporation into the curriculum for language students.