Lexical Elements Research Articles

Simile in Abdullah Farea and Sameer Nassar Translations of Hemingway's Men Without Women Short Stories

This study investigates the translation of similes in two Arabic versions of Ernest Hemingway’s Men Without Women, translated by Abdullah Fadhel Farea (2007) and Sameer Izzat Nassar (2003). Focusing on the cultural and stylistic importance of similes in Hemingway’s work, it examines the translation techniques used by each translator and evaluates their success in bridging linguistic and cultural differences. Using Katharina Reiss’s functional model (2000), the analysis assesses how semantic, lexical, and stylistic elements affect the translation of similes. It examines strategies like figurative equivalence, literal translation, and adaptation, highlighting both successful and problematic examples. The study reveals that while both translators aim to preserve Hemingway’s vivid imagery, their approaches to cultural nuances differ. The findings emphasize the importance of considering cultural context and audience expectations when translating similes to ensure both fidelity to the original text and resonance with the target readership.

Code-switching in South Asian English CMC

Abstract This paper analyses the use of indigenous language elements including code-switching in two contrasting genres, i.e. group chats and Twitter memes along with tweets, in the English communication of South Asian (Bangladeshi, Indian, Pakistani, and Sri Lankan) internet users. The results from group chats show that one of the most common lexical indigenous elements are tags, for example, address forms like yaar, machan, and da which all can be translated to English as ‘dude’ or ‘buddy’. The analysis of Twitter memes along with tweets shows that despite the tweet text being in English, the South Asian users tend to employ memes with indigenous text more often as compared to English memes for political satire. Overall, the study finds that code-switching and indigenous resources are used to create a sense of localness in English communication, whether it is group chats or Twitter memes and tweets.

VulTR: Software vulnerability detection model based on multi-layer key feature enhancement

Software vulnerabilities pose a huge threat to current network security, which continues to lead to data leaks and system damage. In order to effectively identify and patch these vulnerabilities, researchers have proposed automated detection methods based on deep learning. However, most of the existing methods only rely on single-dimensional data representation and fail to fully explore the composite characteristics of the code. Among them, the sequence embedding method fails to effectively capture the structural characteristics of the code, while the graph embedding method focuses more on the global characteristics of the overall graph structure and is still insufficient in optimizing the representation of nodes. In view of this, this paper constructs the VulTR model, which incorporates an importance assessment mechanism to strengthen the key syntax levels of the source code (from lexical elements to nodes and graph-level structures), significantly improving the importance of key vulnerability features in classification decisions. At the same time, a relationship connection diagram is constructed to describe the spatial characteristics of the correlations between functions. Experimentally verified, VulTR's F1 scores on both synthetic and real data sets exceed those of the compared models (VulDeePecker, SySeVR, Devign, VulCNN, IVDetect, and mVulPreter).

Competing constructions in Kaqchikel focus contexts

Abstract This study provides new data on the use of agent focus (AF) versus transitive constructions in Kaqchikel. This work follows up on a study done by Heaton et al. (Heaton, Raina, Kamil Deen & William O’Grady. 2016. An investigation of relativization in Kaqchikel Maya. Lingua 170. 35–46) which found that while questioning the subject of a transitive verb regularly requires the use of AF or an antipassive, relativizing the subject of a transitive verb does not. Present findings show that AF is only common in half of the six primary syntactic contexts that allow it, which is unexpected under the assumption that AF is a last resort strategy. I suggest that the differences between these syntactic contexts in Kaqchikel are related to the presence of a preverbal lexical NP element which is available to be interpreted as the agent. Comparative descriptive evidence is also compiled demonstrating that transitive verbs are possible in syntactic contexts that traditionally have been considered to require AF across Eastern Mayan languages.

MATHEMATICS THROUGH LANGUAGE AND LANGUAGE THROUGH MATHEMATICS: CONDENSATION TRANSCRIPTION AS A POINT OF SYMBIOSIS

This paper explores the idea of condensation transcription—which is defined as the reduction of lengthy collections of lexical elements or mathematical descriptions into short forms—as the point where mathematics and language learning cross-influence one another notably. To elaborate, condensation transcription is defined as the linguistic ability and procedure that permits the reconstruction and compacting of larger lexical sets into more manageable forms while maintaining the basic meanings of those sets. Such a phenomenon occurs when mathematical concepts are rewritten from page-long descriptions to figures and numerical entities, and when literary passages are compressed into their main ideas. Formulation of the problem. Word problems, main idea identifications, and essay writing are some of the most dreaded topics of study in mathematics and language. In order to suggest improvements in these challenging areas within the education of both disciplines, this paper’s research emphasizes the significance of condensation transcription and makes readers aware of it by examining lexical elements in language and mathematical entities, pinning their origins, and explaining what learning strategies can be extracted from language that could be useful in mathematics learning, and vice versa. Materials and methods. The resources used in this investigation include a comprehensive dictionary entry, a word problem, literary text passages, and written explorations of mathematical concepts, all of which are dissected through the implementation of condensation transcription’s conventional procedures, which are termed ‘analysis,’ ‘coding,’ and ‘decoding.’ This procedure is necessary to show, first-hand, how condensation transcription works and how it is applied, as well as what can be gleaned from its functions and applications. Results. The results point to condensation transcription being a basic concept in mathematics and language that powers mathematical learning through comprehension of language, and reversely. Conclusions. As a whole, this paper underscores the importance of having the knowledge of condensation transcription in language and mathematics. By recognizing the role of condensation transcription as a foundational language process, practitioners in both language and mathematics could make some of the most difficult concepts in both disciplines easier for students to grasp.

LINGUISTIC ERRORS IN LEGAL TEXTS

The language of the law encompasses lexical, syntactic, and stylistic elements that shape the text of a law or other normative legal act. Requirements for the language of the law are considered during the drafting of a bill. However, in the process of legislative work, complete elimination of linguistic errors from the text is not always achievable. Such errors often include lexical and stylistic inaccuracies. The subject of the article is certain legal texts analyzed from a linguistic standpoint as part of fundamental and applied research on the topic "Monitoring Compliance with Content and Style Requirements in the Laws of the Republic of Kazakhstan." The relevance of the article lies in identifying and rectifying errors in the text of current legislation, determining gaps that lead to a distortion of the meaning of the main legal norms, and exploring ways to prevent such distortions. The author presents specific examples of typical linguistic errors of lexical, grammatical, and stylistic nature, as well as others found in the texts of current legislation. An analysis is conducted of regulatory proposals and legal norms to assess their conformity with the norms and rules of modern Kazakh literary language. While examining the texts of current laws, the author believes it is necessary to conduct comprehensive monitoring of current legislation to ensure high-quality content of legal acts; to develop a compendium of rules for the use of legal terminology to standardize terms; to create conditions for the development of research on legal technology across various legal domains; and to introduce into the educational process of universities the study of relevant legal and linguistic disciplines such as "Language and Law" and "Legislative Technique" in the form of courses or specialized courses.

LINGUISTIC ERRORS IN LEGAL TEXTSNurkiz Arysbekovna Nurbayeva

The language of the law encompasses lexical, syntactic, and stylistic elements that shape the text of a law or other normative legal act. Requirements for the language of the law are considered during the drafting of a bill. However, in the process of legislative work, complete elimination of linguistic errors from the text is not always achievable. Such errors often include lexical and stylistic inaccuracies. The subject of the article is certain legal texts analyzed from a linguistic standpoint as part of fundamental and applied research on the topic "Monitoring Compliance with Content and Style Requirements in the Laws of the Republic of Kazakhstan." The relevance of the article lies in identifying and rectifying errors in the text of current legislation, determining gaps that lead to a distortion of the meaning of the main legal norms, and exploring ways to prevent such distortions. The author presents specific examples of typical linguistic errors of lexical, grammatical, and stylistic nature, as well as others found in the texts of current legislation. An analysis is conducted of regulatory proposals and legal norms to assess their conformity with the norms and rules of modern Kazakh literary language. While examining the texts of current laws, the author believes it is necessary to conduct comprehensive monitoring of current legislation to ensure high-quality content of legal acts; to develop a compendium of rules for the use of legal terminology to standardize terms; to create conditions for the development of research on legal technology across various legal domains; and to introduce into the educational process of universities the study of relevant legal and linguistic disciplines such as "Language and Law" and "Legislative Technique" in the form of courses or specialized courses.

Between turkic and slavic. Materials for the investigation of slavic loanwords in the earliest west Karaim sources

This paper offers an overview of the oldest West Karaim written sources with a special focus on the Slavic lexical elements they contain. The main goal of the article is to present the phonetic adaptation processes these loanwords underwent and to answer the question from which Slavic languages they were borrowed. The Slavic linguistic material presented in this article was collected from manuscripts created in the first 100 years of the written history of West Karaim, i.e. in the period between 1671 and 1772. The year 1772, i.e. the year in which the First Partition of Poland took place, has been chosen as the closing time limit mainly because the second half of the 18th century was the time when Slavic–West Karaim bilingualism became a widespread phenomenon which, in turn, resulted in markedly different adaptation processes than in the early decades of these contacts.

Komponensial dan Sintagmatik untuk Mengidentifikasi Struktur Kalimat Dalam Surah Luqman

Surah Luqman, the 31st chapter of the Quran, is situated in the 21st juz and comprises 34 verses. This Meccan surah is the focus of our research, which employs a semantic approach (ilm adh-dilalah) to analyze syntagmatic components, particularly in verses 12-15. The study utilizes a literature review methodology, concentrating on componential analysis and syntagmatic relationships between lexical elements. Our objective is to gain a profound understanding of sentence structures, explore meaning relationships among syntagmatic components, and analyze semantic field implications. The research findings demonstrate that applying componential and syntagmatic analyses provides enhanced comprehension of sentence structures and their inherent meaning relationships. The examined verses offer deep insights into the moral messages and practical guidance in Surah Luqman, especially concerning gratitude to Allah, avoiding polytheism, kindness to parents, and performing prayers. This study contributes to the linguistic understanding of sentence structures within a religious context and enriches the interpretation of these verses from a linguistic perspective. By bridging linguistic analysis with Quranic exegesis, this research opens new avenues for interdisciplinary studies in Islamic linguistics and hermeneutics, potentially informing both scholarly discourse and practical application of Quranic teachings.

Bakron’s Linguistic View on “Jahon-Name”

The article dwells on the issue concerned with the study of Bakron’s linguistic view on “Jahon-Name”. It is underscored that the relevant geographical production is considered to be one of the most important works. It is determined that the word stock of “Jahon-Name” includes the following lexicons denoting: locality, natural phenomena, elements, social areas, notions of quantity, period and seasons, person, occupation, profession, skill, animals, somatisms, scientifico-professional terms, minerals, agricultural, food and beverage, notions dealing with religion and various objects. Adducing the result of an analysis beset with the theme explored one can come to the conclusion that “Jahan-Name” refers to geographical literature and its author makes an endeavor to edit the language; to use public vocabulary; to indicate correct pronunciation and spelling of words; to fix the meaning of various lexical elements; to determine linguistic belonging of words; to make obvious and hidden errors; to state hypotheses concerning the origin of names; to point out differences in the names of localities in written and colloquial form – all this is considered to be peculiarities of the language of the relevant work.

Turkic-Chinese lexical parallels within the framework of the phonological model SASYS

Relevance. Considering the constant development of global language contacts and cultural interactions, examining the mechanisms of interaction between the Turkic and Chinese languages is of great importance for identifying the mechanisms of borrowing words and analysing cultural and historical ties between these language groups. Purpose. The purpose of the study was to examine and identify the features of the processes of mutual influence, assimilation, and development of lexical elements of the Turkic and Chinese languages. Methodology. The study uses linguistic, comparative, and lexical-semantic methods to analyse etymological pairs and phonological adaptation between the Kyrgyz and Chinese languages. Results. The study identifies both similarities and differences in the phonetic implementation of single-root lexemes between Chinese and Turkic languages within the SASYS phonetic model. Attention is paid to sound combinations, accents, and phonetic features, establishing patterns in their structure and evolution. The phenomena of phonetic borrowing and adaptation in both languages are identified, and influenced by cultural and historical contexts. Additionally, the study confirms a tendency to simplify sound structures in some Turkic languages compared to more persistent phonetic forms in Chinese. Conclusions. The analysis determines the origin of various interlanguage and intercultural words. Single-root lexemes passing between Chinese and Turkic languages undergo systematic phonetic changes, adapting sound combinations and accents to conform to the phonetic rules of the recipient language. The results highlight the SASYS phonetic model's importance for understanding phonetic evolution and adaptation between these languages, emphasizing their deep historical and cultural ties. Keywords: interaction of languages; nostratics; etymological identity; sound changes

A critical discourse analysis of Jayland Walker's demise in digital journalism

This research investigates the shooting incident involving Jayland Walker, an African American citizen, on June 27, 2022, resulting from a traffic violation in Akron, United States, and its subsequent coverage across major online media outlets such as CNN News, NBC News, and The Washington Post. Utilizing qualitative methods and drawing on Van Dijk's (1985) Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) model, the study focuses on analysing the ideologies embedded in ten online news stories from June 2022 to August 2022. The findings highlight a discernible trend in the representation of Jayland Walker by CNN News and The Washington Post, where he is predominantly portrayed as a victim, with the police depicted negatively through strategic use of lexical elements and metaphors, underscoring the influence of media ownership ideologies in shaping news content. In contrast, NBC News maintains a more neutral stance, attributed to frequent changes in ownership. The research contributes theoretically to CDA, providing a conceptual framework for students engaged in critical discourse analysis studies, and offers insights into the complexities of media representation in incidents involving discrimination and police violence.

EAST PODILLYA DIALECT IN THE COLLECTIONS OF OLHA PAVLENKO "MALVY NA PRYCHELKU" AND "WHOM GOD LOVES"

The article analyses the typical East Podillya dialect features represented in the collections of the contemporary Ukrainian writer Olha Pavlenko "Malvy na prychelku" and "Whom God Loves". It is noted that, unlike other writers who mainly use only lexical dialectal elements in their works, Olha Pavlenko does not limit herself to the lexical level, but also introduces words that demonstrate phonetic and morphological features of the Eastern Podillya dialects into the canvas of the literary text. In particular, the disappearance of the correlation |р| : |р'| correlation, dislocation of [т'] in verb forms, prototic consonants [г], [й] before vowels [о], [и], epenthetic consonants, compounds [мн'], [вл'] instead of [мй], [вй], realisation of the phoneme |ф| by the sound combination [хв], truncation of word bases or engthening of foreign language bases, etc. The accentuation peculiarities of the Eastern Podillya dialects are traced in the rhyming texts included in the stories of the collections. Among the morphological features of the East Podillya dialects are the remnants of the dual number forms in nouns, the lack of differentiation of feminine and masculine nouns of the first and second cases in the singular ablative into hard, soft and mixed groups, the formation of degrees of comparison of adjectives with the help of suffixes -енн-, -езн-, -ч-, -ецьк-, adverbs of adjectival origin - with the suffix -ч-, the absence of consonant alternation in verbal personal forms, the formation of passive participles and impersonal verbs with the suffix -ян-, the use of numerals єден and штири, etc. The article emphasises that the author uses dialect words only in the speech of the characters. It is concluded that the lexemes that demonstrate the East Podillya dialect features are a linguistic means of creating a special colour of the stories from Olha Pavlenko's collections, convey the expression of the characters' speech and are stylistically motivated.

A study of easy-to-read adaptations in climate communication: a corpus analysis

AbstractAccess to clear and scientifically verified information is crucial to understand the scale of the challenge of the climate crisis, allowing policymakers, governments, and individuals to better respond to it. However, for some, including people with cognitive disabilities as well as individuals who have difficulty reading, climate science can be difficult to understand with complex sentence structures and jargon obscuring important environmental information. The aim of this paper is to assess the main linguistic barriers to information about the climate crisis for people with cognitive disabilities and reading difficulties. Using the examples of the Greater London Authority’s Environment Strategy Executive Report and the Northern Ireland Executive Discussion Document on a Northern Ireland Climate Change Bill, and their adaptations into Easy-to-Read as our corpus, we will examine the different morphosyntactic and lexical elements of each text to determine their overall level of complexity, such as sentence structure or vocabulary. Our results show that both Easy-to-Read versions were generally easier to understand than the standard versions. However, the Northern Ireland Easy-to-Read text was more syntactically complex with longer and more complicated sentence structures, owing to its function as a consultation document. We conclude that the main access barriers in the Northern Ireland Easy-to-Read text are related to its morphosyntactic elements, a conclusion supported by our manual analysis of the standard text. More generally, the lexical aspects of both Easy-to-Read texts showed positive results, which suggests that they may be more easily simplified compared to morphosyntactic aspects. However, more systemic and contrastive research is required to confirm our findings, in addition to user testing with people with cognitive disabilities and individuals who have difficulty reading.

A corpus-based discourse analysis of reparations inertia

The movement for reparations for those enslaved on the North American continent from 1450 to 1866 has a long history fraught with debate, criticized by individuals on both the right and left sides of the political spectrum. Specific points of contention include how much money should be allocated, who the recipients and potential liable parties should be, and what specific form reparations should take. Accounting for this historical opposition, this paper employs a corpus-based discourse analysis to examine the communicative barriers to implementing reparations. The corpora consisted of YouTube comments posted to news reports of six cities’ reparations proposals. I utilized Sketch Engine to examine frequency of keywords, collocations, and concordance, followed by a close-reading discourse analysis of lexical, grammatical, and tonal elements. The analysis revealed myriad constructions of reparations resulting in inertia, the institutional tendency to preserve the status quo. This discursive formation is consequential not only for its implications for reparations, but for broader structural reform efforts.

The discursive formation of British national identity: the lexical aspect

British national identity has been in the zone of constant study by scientists for a long period of time, but after Brexit, interest in this topic has increased significantly. The British nation, especially the part of it that was on the side of the Eurosceptics, after Brexit was aimed at strengthening the British identity and completely destroying any influence of globalization on the British nation. But despite the expectations of the British, many scientists agree that the national British identity is still in crisis. Thus, the object of this research is the culture-bound lexical elements of the English-language political discourse of online mass media, and the purpose is to identify the current state of British national identity through the analysis of the words-realities of the British political discourse. Current works (not older than five years) by Russian and foreign scientists in the fields of political discourse and national British identity form the methodological basis of the research. The analysis of the culture-bound lexical elements of English-language political discourse is carried out on the basis of online media texts for the period January–April 2024, which makes the study innovative and reflects the trends of modern linguistic science. As a result of the study, it was revealed that the national British identity is in a state of crisis. Brexit and subsequent events gave the British nation hope for the ascent of national identity and the return of its former imperial greatness, but analyzing the current articles of British online publications on political topics, it becomes evident that international processes still prevail over the British identity. The further perspective of the research lies in the field of studying the discursive formation of British identity from the point of view of syntactic, grammatical, and social aspects.

What Fires Together, Wires Together: The Effect of Idiomatic Co-Occurrence on Lexical Networks

This study investigated the processing of lexical elements of idioms in isolation. Using visual word priming, spreading activation for idiomatically related word pairs (e.g., pop–question) was compared to that for semantically related (e.g., answer–question) and unrelated word pairs (e.g., trim–question) in two experiments varying in SOA (500 ms and 350 ms). In line with hybrid theories of idiom representation and processing, facilitatory priming was found in both experiments for idiomatic primes, suggesting a tight link between the words of an idiom that is mediated by a common idiom representation. While idiomatic priming was stable across SOAs, semantic priming was stronger for the short SOA, implying fast and early activation. In conclusion, one lexical element of an idiom can facilitate the processing of another, even if the elements are not presented within a phrasal context (i.e., within an idiom), and without the words being semantically related. We discuss our findings in light of theories about idiom processing, as well as current findings in the field of semantic priming.

DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF MISS UNIVERSE 2018—2023’s WINNING ANSWERS

This article aims to describe Miss Universe 2018—2023’s winning answers textually and contextually with qualitative descriptive research to see the use of language functions in a Miss Universe Competition. The data for this research are words, phrases, clauses, and sentences from Miss Universe 2018—2023’s winning answers that are collected using listening and note-taking techniques. This research step includes determining the type of discourse, the unit of analysis, and describing data units. This research found that there are 126 grammatical and lexical elements. In the grammatical aspect, there are 54 references, 2 substitutions, 14 ellipsis, and 33 conjunctions. In the lexical aspect, there are 3 synonyms, 2 antonyms, 2 hyponyms, 6 repetitions, 8 collocations, and 2 equivalences. In the contextual aspect, the discourse is discussed in social cognition and social analysis using Teun Van Dijk's theory. As a result, the discourse was influenced by negative events occurring in society, so the content of the discourse focused on Miss Universe 2018—2023's efforts to influence the target audience to be brave in facing that inequality. This discourse also emerged due to two social factors, the power factor with the prestigious status of Miss Universe and the broad international access factor.

Lexical and Grammatical Aspects of English Translation

The research presents a syllabus for the elective course “Lexical and Grammatical Characteristics of Translation from English,” designed for fourth-year students at the undergraduate level in the field of education/pedagogy. This course specializes in secondary education with a focus on “Languages and Foreign Literature.” The syllabus includes an overview of the course, defines its objectives and tasks, and outlines the knowledge, skills, and abilities students should acquire upon completion. The primary aim is to equip students with a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental theoretical and practical principles governing translation of lexical and grammatical elements from English to Ukrainian. Additionally, the course aims to facilitate students' proficiency in applying translation techniques effectively, thereby preparing them for translating various types of texts.

An Exploration of Space and Time Metaphorical Expressions in Chinese and Italian

The research constitutes an initial examination of metaphorical expressions associated with temporal and spatial concepts in both the Chinese and Italian languages. Recognizing the profound influence of metaphor on cognitive constructs and linguistic representation, the study adopts a comparative analytical approach to uncover the metaphorical dimensions inherent in expressions related to time and space within these distinct linguistic frameworks. Through the examination of lexical and syntactic elements in both languages, the research aims to elucidate the subtle nuances and cultural variations that characterize the metaphorical richness of temporal and spatial discourse. By comparing Chinese and Italian linguistic structures, the study seeks to reveal commonalities and divergences in the metaphorical strategies used to express concepts related to space and time in these two languages. This comparative exploration not only contributes to a deeper understanding of the metaphorical nature embedded in Chinese and Italian discourse but also sheds light on the cultural and cognitive dimensions that shape these linguistic expressions. The findings of the study serve as a foundational exploration, paving the way for future in-depth investigations into the intricate interplay between language, metaphor, and cognition within the realms of temporal and spatial concepts in both the Chinese and Italian linguistic contexts.