Lexical Devices Research Articles

Request for confirmation sequences in Egyptian Arabic

Abstract The article presents a description of request for confirmation (RfC) sequences in everyday conversation in Egyptian Arabic. Through a quantitative analysis of 200 sequences excerpted from telephone calls, the analysis is concerned to identify the main design features of RfC sequences and their context-sensitive distribution and use. Analysis reveals that RfCs in Egyptian Arabic often do not bear special syntactic or prosodic marking. Lexical devices, such as inference markers, tag questions, and modulation markers, make explicit the specific epistemic position of the requesters. RfCs mostly attract confirmations. These can be accomplished by minimal responses; however, in most cases, a more elaborate format is used. Greater epistemic independence is suggested in confirmations in which no token is used. Non-minimal responses seem to be normative in the case of disconfirmations. Responders can also employ dedicated means for declining to provide a dis/confirmation. The findings of this study support the view of RfC sequences as a complex site for the display and negotiation of knowledge and social positioning.

An Analysis of Lexical Cohesion in the Text “After Twenty Years”

Lexical cohesion plays an important role in forming a discourse, which effectively connects different part of the text and contributes to the main idea. In terms of short stories, lexical cohesion aims to linguistically enhance plot description, image building and theme expression. This study investigates the lexical devices in the short story After Twenty Years written by O. Henry. By means of discourse analysis, it turns out that O. Henry takes advantage of both reiteration and collocation. For one thing, four kinds of lexical cohesion, including repetition, synonym or near-synonym, superordinate, and general word, are all used in the text to form lexical cohesion. For another, multiple collocation chains manage to integrate the scene, the characters, and the plot from different dimensions. The overall result shows that the short story is highly cohesive, which largely makes it a great work around the world.

Cognitive Thinking Differences in E-C Translation Driven by Temporal/Spatial Preferences: A Case Study of the Translation of “The Proceedings of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East”

This study, grounded in the interdisciplinary integration of cognitive science and translation studies known as translation cognition, examines how differing temporal-spatial cognitive orientations in English and Chinese influence translation processes. English exhibits a temporality preference, explicitly linking semantic logic through grammatical and lexical devices, while Chinese demonstrates a spatiality preference with nonlinear, chunked, and discrete language encoding. During translation, translators must cognitively reconstruct the source language to align with the target language's cognitive and expressive conventions. Analyzing English-Chinese translation cases from "The Proceedings of the International Military Tribunal For the Far East," the research reveals cognitive strategies in semantic processing and sentence restructuring. It emphasizes the importance of understanding and applying temporal-spatial cognitive differences in cross-linguistic and cross-cultural communication.

Analisis Kohesi Leksikal dalam Cerita Pendek Karya Halima Khatun "No One Ever Asks Mum"

This study analyzed the types of lexical cohesion and measured the degree of cohesiveness in “No One Ever Asks Mum,” a short story by Halima Khatun. It used Brian Paltridge’s theory of lexical Cohesion within the framework of Discourse Grammar and Scinto’s Formula, employing a qualitative descriptive method. The data for this study were collected through a documentation-collecting technique involving browsing and selecting the short story from Google Books. The chosen story consists of 67 paragraphs and 670 sentences, which are classified based on the types of lexical cohesion. The findings reveal the presence of 15 repetitions, 7 synonymy, 12 antonymy, 18 meronymy, 16 hyponymy, and 6 collocations in the short story. Additionally, the research also assesses the degree of cohesiveness in the short story using Scinto’s Formula, resulting in a score of 110,44%. This high percentage indicates a strong level of cohesiveness, indicating that the cohesive lexical devices employed by the author effectively contribute to the overall flow and coherence of the narrative.

On Syntactic Complexity in English Language

English is a language of hypotaxis, which means the language depends on syntactic and lexical devices to form one sentence or sentences. The paper discusses the syntactic relations and illustrates the syntactic complexity with examples. The paper focuses on the ambiguities caused by different factors to highlight the syntactic complexity of English.

A Critical Discourse Analysis of News Reports on Covid-19 from The New York Times and China Daily

Abstract A multimodal critical discourse analysis of The New York Times and China Daily’s news reports of Covid-19 was conducted to identify the ideologies in Covid-19 news reports. The Covid-19 pandemic was divided into three phases: China’s anti-pandemic phase, first global outbreak, and second global outbreak. The nyt and cd’s Covid-19 news reports not only conveyed facts but also served different ideologies which shifted over each phase. Both the nyt and cd news media employed lexical devices, images, and metaphors to convey different ideologies, shaping people’s perceptions of the pandemic and government measures to control it. The nyt’s Covid-19 reporting implied that China’s pandemic measures were irrational and extreme, and that the Trump administration’s policies during the outbreak were ineffective, while feminism and racism also appeared. cd’s news reports of the pandemic portrayed efficiency by the Chinese government’s in controlling Covid-19 and a positive attitude toward government officials.

Translations of overtones in classical Arabic poetry: Optimality theory as a quality assessment framework

Languages possess different tools to intensify speech overtones. While the resulting effect is semantic, grammatical, phonological, or lexical devices may be used. Words can be motivated in three ways: phonetically, morphologically, and semantically. Phonological motivation is part of the fabric of classical poetry. This study is concerned with the language used in Arabic poetry, which is made sufficiently sonorant to reflect the psyche and emotional status of the poet through the intensification of speech overtones. When translated into Western languages, the speech overtones of this poetry are not always evident. This study adopts the mechanisms of optimality theory, a cognitive linguistic approach. The mechanisms of this theory are adapted into assessment tools that can be used to evaluate the acoustic overtones of translations from classical Arabic poetry into English and French. The study uses a comparative strategy to assess a corpus of 13 French and English translations of a sample verse from classical Arabic poetry.

Linguistic picture of the world on the example of the diplomatic discourse of the Russian and Arabic languages

Cultural differences are exacerbated when relations between ethnic groups are not uniform and ideal. In today's uncertain political environment, especially taking into account the Middle East, it is usual to use various methods and strategies to create clarity and confidence to exit the "emergency" in communication processes, regardless of specific political events and circumstances. The author notes that the genre of political discourse has its own vocabulary, which includes certain routine lexical devices and clichés. However, in modern languages (including Arabic), words lose their uniqueness and become polysemic, given the globalized environment and the world in which modern man lives. The study of some languages used in political discourse and the identification of linguistic features in this area are important for linguistics due to the small number of scientific studies in the field of political discourse in Arabic and Russian. It is also noted that today there are few scientific works devoted to some aspects of modern diplomatic issues. The study notes that some linguistic activities aimed at studying and clarifying the meaning of the form of political discourse are important, especially those related to the linguistic picture of the world, Arabic and Russian languages and methods of studying political discourse.

A Religious Language Discourse: An Analysis of the Graphological Features and Cohesive Devices of Proverbs Chapter 9

Aim: This paper discusses the language of religion as a discourse with the application of proverbs chapter. The paper examines the graphological features, the semantic features and the discourse cohesive devices in the text, proverbs chapter nine.
 Methods: The graphological features analyzed are the punctuation marks, indentation and capitalization. The cohesive relations examined are the lexical devices and the grammatical devices: the lexical devices include synonym; collocational converse; antonym and repetition. The grammatical devices are anaphora, cataphora, substitutions and conjunctions. The analysis is in this paper is done using the systemic grammar approach.
 Results: The semantic interpretation in the text is achieved through the use of proverbs and figures of speech.
 Conclusion: The analysis portrays and demonstrates language use in religion in general and proverbs chapter nine in particular.
 Recommendation: The authors recommend that researchers in linguistics and discourse analysis should conduct further researches in other areas of the language of religion to create awareness in religious language discourse.

UNVEILING COHERENCE: ANALYZING GRAMMATICAL DEVICES IN RECOUNT TEXT

The purpose of this study is to examine the grammatical cohesive devices used in the recount text writing of bilingual students. The cohesive device is crucial because it consists of grammatical and lexical devices that contribute to the writing’s strength and accuracy, as well as its contextual understanding. Twenty bilingual ninth-grade students of a junior high school participated in this study. The students’ recount text writings were used as the main data in this research. The qualitative descriptive method employed in this study to thoroughly assess and describe students’ writing and its’ cohesive device used. The result shows that the bilingual ninth-grade students were able to use grammatical cohesion in their recount text writing. The result revealed the reference is most dominated in 68.42% and the second device is in conjunction with 29.97%. Meanwhile, substitution showed the low rank with 1.61% and the last was ellipsis with 0%. Furthermore, in the reference device category, personal reference becomes the most highly used at 85%, meanwhile in the conjunction category, additive category becomes the most frequent one at 46% as well as nominal substitution at 50% in the substitution device. It was also found that the ninth-grade students of bilingual class can write well using numbers of grammatical cohesive devices even though there was still some monotonous repetition in their writing. he findings of this study have pedagogical implicature as the need to enhance students’ knowledge of grammatical cohesion device because understanding of cohesiveness is necessary for pertaining to the text’s cohesion and coherence particularly in writing ability.

Przeklestwa w gwarach kujawskich. Rekonesans

We relate our reconnaissance on folk acts of verbal aggression to the dialectal material from Kujawy. Examples, mainly lexical devices, idioms with characteristic marked elements, formulas of the wishful mood, are taken from the first volume of the Dictionary of the Kujawy Dialect and Culture and its files. Components of curses and insults in the Kuyavian dialectal material include such components as the devil, dog, crayfish, pig. Among the acts of verbal aggression, there are numerous curses / spells, especially those that bring disease. In terms of the number of curses, the ones with the components morwka, bodaj / bodej / a bodej, id do laka.

Conversation Analysis of Jo Chale to Jaan Se Guzar Gaey: A Drama Serial from Pakistan Electronic Media

This investigation aimed to analyze the use of turn-takings, the organization of adjacency pairs that are practised in Pakistani drama. Drawing on the framework presented by Young (2011), this research has provided insight into the relationship between the conversational organization and situational features in which the conversations were performed, and to figure out the purpose of operating a conversation in a specific situation, especially in the entertainment genre. For this research, video samples were taken from Pakistani dramas, and the conversations between participants, specifically between main characters, were transcribed. The transcribed data was then organized and divided into chunks and manually coded in Adjacency pairs, turns, lexical devices, linguistic and paralinguistic features, semantic and pragmatic elements, and contextual features. Based on the frequencies and patterns of turn-takings, lexical and linguistic choices, semantic, and conversational devices, the attitudes and variations in the behaviours of the participants of conversation in different settings and contexts were analyzed.

AN ANALYSIS OF THE COHESION OF THE STUDENTS’ DESCRIPTIVE TEXT WRITING IN SMP NEGERI 01 TAYU IN THE ACADEMIC YEAR 2021/2022

This final project studied the analysis of the cohesion found on the students’ descriptive test writing in SMP N 01 Tayu. The design of the research was descriptive qualitative research. The objectives of the study were (1) To find out the type analysis of cohesion competence by the eight grade SMP 01 Tayu in producing descriptive text, (2) To show the dominant in producing cohesion at their descriptive text at eight grade SMP 01 Tayu, (3) to describe the students’ cohesion competence in producing descriptive text. The object of the research were eight grade SMP N 1 Tayu. The instruments of the study were the data from the students descriptive text. This discussions from prior chapters are to be summarized to achieve the purpose of the study. The first one is the grammatical cohesion device, and the second one is the lexical cohesion devices. The grammatical cohesion device are the reference, substitution, ellipsis, and conjunction. Meanwhile, the lexical cohesion devices are the reiteration and the collocation. Then the are 5 types of the reiteration lexical devices. There were repetition, synonymy, hyponymy. Meronymy, and antonymy. And then, the last part is the collocation.

LEKSIČKA SREDSTVA ZA ISKAZIVANjE NESLAGANjA SA SAGOVORNIKOM U DRUŠTVENIM MEDIJIMA

The aim of this paper was to analyze the arguments in debates on the top- ic of popular science in Serbian language. More precisely, we intended to focus on popular science approach to linguistic topics by investigating comments on social media platforms and discussions on a very popular website. The corpus encompasses numerous messages posted on Instagram (account: Dnevna doza pravopisa [A daily dose of orthography]) and Facebook (group: Jezičke nedoumice [Linguistic dilemmas]), as well as discussions on the website Krstarica (forum: Jezik [Language]). A lexical analysis of a specific type of com- ments was performed; namely, those expressing a broad spectrum of negative attitudes, from disagreement to abuse. Both competent and incompetent participants take part in the discussions on Serbian language, with the aim of promoting linguistic knowledge and its application, as well as of expressing dilemmas and personal opinions about linguistic issues. With regard to lexical devices, the most frequent are English loanwords, obscenities and jargonisms, as well as insulting words, mostly in the form of a lexical metaphor.

A pragma-linguistic Analysis of hyperbolic Constructions in book Blurbs

The main purpose of this paper is to investigate hyperbole inbook blurbs. Back cover blurbs, brief texts displayed on book covers,provide information about a book to potential readers. They aremainly evaluative- persuasive texts which summarize the mainfeatures of the book and provide a mostly subjective evaluation usinglexical, pragmatic and textual devices. One of these devices ishyperbole. Hyperbole (also referred to as exaggeration oroverstatement) has been studied in rhetoric and literary contexts, butonly relatively recently in book blurbs. This paper aims to analyze andclassify hyperbolic constructions in back cover blurbs of selectedbooks in order to identify their pragmatic functions as evaluation andpersuasion.
 In order to achieve the aim of the present study, thirty book blurbsof linguistics and literary books were analyzed through adopting alinguistic and pragmatic model. The findings reveal that hyperbolicconstructions are realized widely via lexical devices especiallyadjectives. Moreover, most of the hyperbolic constructions used in theselected texts fulfill certain pragmatic functions among whichevaluation and emphasis are highly frequent. Based on this, hyperboleis primarily evaluative rather than a descriptive or explanatory device.Key words: hyperbole, book blurbs, pragmatic functions

Grammatical and lexical cohesion devices found in Coldplay's song lyrics in the Ghost Stories album

This study aims to analyze the used of grammatical devices and lexical device in 9 (nine) Coldplay’s song lyrics in the Ghost Stories album. The songs are titled Always in My Head, Magic, Ink, True Love, Midnight, Another’s Arms, Oceans, A Sky Full of Stars, and O. The source of the data were collected from the lyrics of Coldplay’s song lyrics and taken from Coldplay’s official website. In this study, the writer used theory by Halliday and Hasan (1976) about lexical cohesive devices and grammatical cohesive devices. This study applied qualitative method. The data in this study is in the form of words, phrases, and sentences which contains grammatical and lexical cohesive devices.
 The result of this study shows that grammatical cohesive devices and lexical cohesive devices were found in Coldplay’s song lyrics in the Ghost Stories album. For the grammatical cohesive devices found are reference, substitution, ellipsis, and conjunction where the dominant types of grammatical cohesive devices used is reference, specifically personal reference. Meanwhile, the lexical cohesive devices found are repetition, synonym, and antonym. Repetition is the dominant type of lexical cohesive device used. The function of the usage of the lexical cohesive devices is to express and emphasize the writer’s idea that the lyricist puts into the lyrics of the songs he writes.
 Keywords: Song lyric, grammatical devices, cohesive devices.

Fascism and the classics: ideological manipulation and targeted translations of the Aeneid

Abstract A major aspect of Fascist manipulation of classical culture is the tendentious practice of translating texts in order to emphasize the points apparently consistent with the regime’s ideology: this process goes so far as to distort the meaning of the texts, which are used as means of political propaganda. This happened to the Aeneid, the most translated and probably the most misinterpreted poem in Italy during the Fascist period. I outline an overview of the translations made by Giuseppe Albini (1921), Francesco Vivona (1926), Giuseppe Lipparini (1928), Emilio Pratellesi (1930), and Guido Vitali (1930). I describe and illustrate with some examples the criteria followed by each author, with respect to lexical choice, sentence structure, and stylistic devices. Thus, I show how these translations (with the sole exception of that by Albini) are enslaved to their political purpose and betray the deep and complex message of the poem.

Lexico-Semantic Analysis of Anthems of Selected Universities in Ekiti State, Nigeria

Anthems often encode institutional values, hence, useful in constructing identities for such institutions. The university community is one of such organisations that are usually identified by their commonality in goals. One means by which universities showcase what they stand for is through the use of anthems. Several studies have explored the linguistic analysis of national anthems, with little attention paid to the analysis of language used in anthems of universities in Nigeria. This study, therefore, examines the use of language and their meanings in the anthems of selected universities in Ekiti State, Nigeria. This study adopts Halliday’s Systemic Functional Linguistics for its emphasis on language use in relation to context. Anthems of three universities in Ekiti State, namely- Bamidele Olumilua University of Education, Science and Technology (BOUESTI), Federal University, Oye-Ekiti (FUOYE) and Afe Babalola University (ABUAD) were purposively selected representing state, federal and private universities, respectively. The study reveals that rich but simple lexical items help in the basic comprehension and memorization of the lyrics in the anthem. Lexical devices such as repetition, synonymy, tactical deployment of nouns, verbs, adjectives and metaphors also foreground important ideas in the anthems.

Transitivity Analysis of Newspapers’ Headlines Depicting the Russian Attack on Ukraine

The current study analyzes international newspapers headlines depicting Russia attack on Ukraine. Different newspapers worldwide were chosen to highlight the embedded ideologies by applying Halliday’s transitivity system as a research instrument. The researcher analyzed the lexical choices and the linguistic devices used in headlines to represent Putin and Russia in the war between Russia and Ukraine. He investigated the way language is used in newspapers’ headline to create emotional impacts on the part of the readers and to influence the common public opinion about the crisis. The study highlights the hidden ideologies conveyed through the choice of lexical devices and the way the same event can be represented differently.
 Key words: transitivity, lexical choice, ideology, representation, public opinion making.

Synonymy as a Cohesive Device in Students' English Essay Writing

English writing as a productive skill, is the most challenging skill for EFL students. Nowadays, writing cohesive texts is of great importance especially the essay writing. Consequently, this study is concerned with the use of synonymy as one of the lexical cohesive devices in EFL students' essay writing. This study aims at identifying the most frequently used synonyms in Iraqi university students' essay writing. It also aims at investigating the way in which the use of synonyms as a lexical device contributes in building-up a well-built cohesive essay. Twenty male and female/ third-year students in the English Department, College of Education for Humanities, University of Anbar-Iraq were purposively chosen to participate in writing twenty descriptive essays. A qualitative research design was used in data collection using writing task instrument. Thus, data were analyzed qualitatively using content qualitative analysis procedure. Findings revealed that the frequency of synonymy occurrence in the students' essays was more than that of near-synonymy type. It was also indicated that the students used different synonyms and near-synonyms in their essays to achieve the goal of logical cohesion though they have a little knowledge of this type, synonymy, of lexical cohesive devices. It was also revealed that they have problems in the selection of the appropriate synonyms in their writings due to the lack of sufficient vocabulary knowledge.