Loanwords Research Articles

LANGUAGE OF TOTALITARIANISM: NATIONAL LINGUISTIC POLICY IN FASCIST ITALY AND MILITARIST JAPAN

When it comes to creating a notorious ideology, in the hands of those in power, language becomes a tool for consolidating a nation. Fascist Italy and militarist Japan are prime examples of the use of language as a means of uniting people in the name of proclaimed “new” values and ideals. In the present article the authors provide a detailed analysis of language policy in both countries: from the initial desire to unite the inhabitants of the country with the proclaimed order under the aegis of a single nation by means of language, to open hostility to any manifestations of heterogeneity, in particular to regional dialects or dialectal variants of the literary national language, to an open struggle against loan words, even those that had already been firmly established or consolidated in the domestic language. The study attempts to trace what changes happened to Italian and Japanese languages when intransigent parties had come to power with their ideologies; to analyze to what extent the language policies of Italy and Japan in the 1st half of the 20th century are similar and to what extent they differ; and we also summarise the results of such restrictive language policies after the World War II resulted in the said politicians’ defeat.

Exploring Translation Strategies of Thesis Abstract Written by Non-English Department Students in The University of Mataram

This study investigates the translation problems, strategies, and the most frequently used strategy in translating Indonesian thesis abstracts into English. The subjects of this research comprised eight thesis abstracts written by non-English department students at the University of Mataram during the 2023 academic year. Utilizing Baker’s theory on translation problems and strategies, which encompasses eleven aspects, this study employed a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative and qualitative analyses. The findings reveal a total of 78 translation problems across the eight Indonesian thesis abstracts. Among Baker's identified problems, only eight were observed, including: culture-specific concepts (31 instances), source language concepts not lexicalized in the target language (4 instances), semantically complex source language words (14 instances), a lack of specific terms in the target language (1 instance), differences in expressive meaning (8 instances), differences in form (2 instances), differences in frequency and purpose of specific forms (6 instances), and the use of loan words in the source text (12 instances). To address these challenges, seven out of eight translation strategies from Baker’s theory were employed in the English thesis abstracts. The most utilized strategy was translation using loan words (35 instances, 45%), followed by translation using a more general word (12 instances, 16%), translation using a neutral word (10 instances, 13%), translation by omission (10 instances, 13%), translation by paraphrase using a related word (4 instances, 5%), and the least employed strategies were translation using cultural substitution (3 instances, 4%) and paraphrase using unrelated words (3 instances, 4%). Of the 78 translation problems identified, 77 were resolved using the seven strategies, while one problem remained unsolved due to an unacceptable translation. This thesis aims to serve as a valuable reference for translators, English department students, and researchers in the field of translation. The findings indicate a significant need for enhanced support and resources in the translation process for non-English department students at the University of Mataram.

Children’s Multilectal Repertoires: Diglossic Style-Shifting by Palestinian Children and Adolescents in Syria

Arabic diglossia, whereby Standard Arabic (SA) exists alongside numerous vernaculars, often leads to diglossic style-shifting based on context or topic changes and is marked in the vernacular by shifting to standard linguistic features. While this phenomenon has been widely studied in the speech of educated adults, research on diglossic style-shifting by children and adolescents has been rather limited. This paper investigates how it operates amongst 3–17-year-olds from a Bedouin speech community of Palestinian refugees in Syria. It examines context effects on realizations of the variables (θ) and (ð), which overlap with local realizations and (q), which has a standard realization ([q]) that is independent of dialectal variation in the community. Participants were recorded during sociolinguistic interviews and a picture-naming task, the latter being expected to evoke a school setting and prompt the use of more standard realizations, signaling diglossic style-shifting in their speech. Style-shifting was influenced by age, context, and the linguistic variables under examination. While picture-naming prompted greater use of standard realizations of all variables, shifting to [q] also appeared during the interview in lexical borrowings from SA, revealing topic effects on diglossic style-shifting. Children aged 6–14 exhibited more style-shifting in picture-naming, likely reflecting the central role of school in their lives, while the speech of 15–17-year-olds contained more lexical borrowing with [q]. This likely reflects their larger linguistic repertoires and longer exposure to SA than their younger peers. These findings indicate that SA plays a key role in participants’ linguistic practices and reflect their awareness of how to employ it appropriately in their speech.

Le mot carien pour ‘chef’, une nouvelle racine anatolienne et un changement phonétique carien-grec

Abstract In this paper, I analyse the Carian gloss σουαγγελα, attested in Stephen of Byzantium. I propose that possible cognates of γελα ‘king’, the second element of the gloss, may be identified in Hittite, Hieroglyphic Luwian, Lycian, and possibly cuneiform Luwian. This analysis incidentally provides viable etymologies for certain Armenian lexemes, which can now be considered as loanwords from Anatolian languages (specifically Luwian). The new Carian etymology enables the reconstruction of an Anatolian root meaning ‘head’ (vel sim.), accounting for most Anatolian lexical material through conservation or trivial semantic shifts. Additionally, it offers evidence for a sound change that likely occurred during borrowing of words from Carian into Greek. In the final section, I tentatively propose that the first element of the compound σουαγγελα also reflects an authentic Carian word. Through this contribution, I aim to demonstrate that even a seemingly uncertain item like a gloss can prompt a reevaluation of a set of words and uncover previously unnoticed etymological connections.

An Extended Pattern Based Comprehensive Stemmer for the Urdu Language

The Urdu language is used by approximately 200 million people for spoken and written communications on a daily basis. There is a substantial amount of unstructured Urdu textual data that is available worldwide. Data mining techniques can be used to extract meaningful knowledge from such a large, potentially informative source of data. There are many text processing systems available to process unstructured textual data. However, these systems are mostly language specific and developed for a variety of languages such as English, Spanish, Chinese, etc. Unfortunately, there are not as many language processing resources available for Urdu. Stemming is one of the most important preprocessing steps in the text mining process and its goal is to reduce grammatical words form, e.g., parts of speech, gender, tense, and so on, to their root form. In this work, we have extended the stemming capabilities of our existing pattern-based comprehensive stemming system for Urdu text. In addition to the existing stemming rules in previous work, we introduce novel stemming rules for prefix, and infix stemming. We also optimize the existing suffix removal rules and extend the add character lists for word normalization. These stemming rules are generic and have the ability to generate the stem of Urdu words as well as loan words (words belonging to other languages i.e. Arabic, Persian, Turkish, etc). In the experimental evaluation, we have observed a significant improvement in the overall stemming accuracy of our proposed pattern-based Urud stemmer, which demonstrates the adoptability of the proposed stemming approach for a variety of text-processing applications.

Phonetic assimilation of Russian borrowed words in the Tajik language: Diachronic aspect

Phonetic assimilation of Russian borrowed words in the Tajik language: Diachronic aspect

Noun classes, variation, and creativity in youth language practices in Zimbabwe and Tanzania

Abstract While classical accounts of Bantu linguistics often depict noun classes as an inherent feature of nouns, more recent studies show there is greater variation in the use of noun classes, especially in terms of their discursive and pragmatic context. Youth language practices, often characterized by creativity and conscious changes, are of particular interest in this regard. This paper explores whether Bantu youth language practices exhibit conscious variation in their noun class systems and agreement. I discuss data from Bantu-based youth language practices in Southern and Eastern Africa, especially Lugha ya mtaani (Tanzania) and S’ncamtho (Zimbabwe), looking at noun classes and agreement. The paper features a short discussion of variation in noun class usage in Bantu languages in general, including insights into relevant aspects such as information structure, the use of loan words, noun classes in multilingual or translanguaging situations, and semantics. The latter is particularly important, as speakers can make conscious use of noun classes as part of contextualized meaning making processes that reflect semantic nuances and stylistic choices. The objective of this contribution is to highlight the role of semantics and conscious meaning making in the choice of grammatical devices and the manifestations of microvariation in youth language practices.

Indigenization of Pakistani English in Kanza Javed’s Ashes, Wine and Dust

This article explores the indigenization of English in Pakistan in Kanza Javed’s English novel ‘Ashes, Wine and Dust’. This exploratory and interpretative research employed a close reading of the novel to analyse lexical borrowing in Pakistani English, utilising a note-taking technique to identify incorporated Urdu words, examining linguistic features such as semantic fields. The analysis following established frameworks that focus on lexical borrowing and variation as reflections of socio-linguistic practices. The research aimed to explore two key questions regarding lexical variation in this novel. First, the study examined how Javed incorporates various lexical borrowing in her novel. These include words related to food, living styles, clothing, forms of address and titles, religious terms, Indo-Pak history, traditional wedding events, ethnic identity, languages representing cultural identity, and places symbolizing cultural heritage. Each of these categories reflects the rich cultural and historical context of Pakistan. Second, the study analysed how these lexical variations reflect socio-linguistic practices in Pakistani English. The novel shows the use of code-switching and compounding, two prominent features of Pakistani English that highlight the engaging language use between Urdu and English, blending them to create a distinct linguistic identity. By integrating these cultural-specific words, the writer aims to enhance the authenticity of the story and connect with a broader audience. This shows how language variation reflects the socio-linguistic norms of Pakistani society.

Subtitling of Jordanian Culture-Specific Expressions in “The Alley” Movie

This study investigates and describes the subtitling strategies used in subtitling Jordanian culture-bound expressions in the Jordanian Movie The Alley. In addition, it examines whether the subtitling was Source text oriented or target text oriented, i.e. if the subtitler sacrificed the cultural meanings at the expense of conveying the message to the target audience. The study relied on subtitling strategies of culture-bound expressions suggested by Baker (1992). The sample of the study consisted of 120 authentic examples that are extracted from the movie, only 26 examples were used to avoid repetition. The subtitling was appropriate in most cases and in a few cases, it was not. The most applied strategy in subtitling the movie was translation by paraphrase using a related word with 43.3%, and the least was translation by omission with 1.6%. Translation using a loan word or loan word plus explanation was not used by Netflix subtitler. In addition, the analysis showed that the translation was target-oriented rather than source-oriented. The study concluded that the subtitling was appropriate and served the target audience.

Tracing the Indian Influences on Lexical Borrowing in Malaysian Standard English

Tracing the Indian Influences on Lexical Borrowing in Malaysian Standard English

Language Patterns on Music Festival Posters from the 80s Era to the 2020s Era

Differences in eras can affect language patterns in naming posters at music festivals. This study aimed to discover the differences in language patterns in music festival posters from the 80s to the 2020s. At the morphological level, we used Yule's theory (2010) to analyze word formation. Then, at the syntactic level, we used Morley's theory (2000) to examine phrases. We also used a content analysis to examine data collected from newspapers and social media. The results of the study showed that at the morphological level, the most commonly used in naming music festival titles from the 80s to the 2020s is the type of word borrowing and clipping. The borrowing word formation type is used up to 18 times, while the clipping word formation type is used 6 times. In addition, at the syntactic level, the results found are included in the category of noun phrase types from the 80s to the 2020s.

The Origin of North Mesopotamian Arabic

This research paper explores the origin and distinct characteristics of the Noarth Mesopotamian Arabic dialect, specifically the Moslawi dialect spoken in Mosul, northern Iraq. The study begins with tracing the roots of the Arabic language within the Semitic language family tree and examines the emergence of Modern Arabic Dialects. It highlights Ferguson's theory that these dialects originated from a asimplified Koine as the most plausible explanation. The paper then delves into the Mesopotamian dialect group, detailing the division into qeltu and gelet varieties through bedouinization. The phonological and lexical uniqueness of Moslawi is analyzed, emphasizing the persistent use of the phoneme /q/ by Moslawi speakers and the systematic vowel-raising rule that differentiates it from other dialects. Extensive language contact, with Persian, Turkish, Hindi, Kurdish, and English, is also discussed, which explains the numerous borrowed words in Moslawi. This research underscores the complex historical and sociolinguistic factors contributing to the distinctiveness of the Moslawi dialect within the broader context of Arabic dialects.

Strategies of Translating Euphemistic Expressions from Arabic into English: A Comparative Study of Artificial Intelligence Models with Human Translation

Euphemism is used to soften rude expressions or words. Translating euphemisms is a very challenging task for human translators and will be more difficult for AI applications. Almost all previous studies have clustered around studying the efficiency, accuracy, coherence and cohesion of AI translation in comparison to human translation. However, these studies have not tackled the strategies used in both types of translations. Consequently, this study aims to identify the strategies utilized by AI Models with human translation when translating euphemistic expressions from Arabic into English. Additionally, it aims to evaluate how these methods influence the translation accuracy of both human translators and AI models in both directions of translation (Arabic to English and English to Arabic). The researchers have utilized some euphemistic expressions taken from the Holy Quran, Prophetic Hadiths, and some previous studies. These expressions have been inputted into AI models. The outcomes of these AI models are compared to Human translation, using Baker’s (2013) translation strategies. Researchers have analysed the collected data quantitatively. The results revealed that translation by a more general word and translation by cultural substitution strategies were mostly used by human translation whereas translation using a loan word strategy is mostly used by AI models. The findings also showed that human translators outperform AI models regarding cultural substitution. It has been found that the direction of language plays a crucial role in AI outcomes, as they perform better when translating from English into Arabic.

DIFFERENCES AND CLASSIFICATION OF BORROWED AND LOAN WORDS: ANGLISICMS

This article discusses the typology and differences of borrowed and loan words, particularly discussing the role of Anglicisms in linguistic context. These are English-language terms that have been borrowed and used in other languages; they are frequently used in relation to globalization and the growth of English as a universal language. During the adaptations, they have to change their morphological, semantic, and phonological features of the language they are borrowing.

English and Kiswahili Lexical Localization in Kibena

This paper has examined how English and Kiswahili borrowed expressions have been localized in Kibena. The study was guided by Kachru theory of language dominance and deficit, which deals with language contact and lexical borrowing between donor and recipient languages. In this study English and Kiswahili were the donor language and Kibena was the recipient language whereby the Kibena speakers consciously or unconsciously localized English and Kibena words in Kibena during communication process. The study employed a mixed approach and a descriptive research design in data collection, presentation, and discussion. Data were collected from fourteen written texts and fifty respondents through a questionnaire, interview, and documentary review. The data were analyzed using conceptual and rational content analysis methods. The findings underscore the significance of language contact in developing Kibena lexical knowledge through new lexical creation, borrowing, or localization in order to fill the lexical gap and for prestige attainment. The study realized that English and Kiswahili lexical which were localization in Kibena influenced the development of new words in Kibena through loan blend words formation, neologism creation and word to word translation techniques. The language contact was found to be among of the language’s vocabularies enrichment through words borrowing, naturalization, and adaptation. It is recommended that other research be done on the role of the phonological adaptation process of English and Kiswahili words into Kibena during lexical localization.

Особенности функционирования англоязычного заимствования to go в современном немецком языке

The purpose of the study is to identify the features of the functioning of the English-language loan word “to go” in the German language. The article examines the processes of adaptation of the Anglicism “to go” to the lexical and semantic system of the recipient language at different language levels, defines the areas of use of the Anglicism, and establishes the functional potential of loan word. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that the functioning of the English-language loan word “to go” in German is studied from the perspective of a structural and semantic description of new nominations that arose as a result of word and phrase formation. It is established that the Anglicism “to go” is a semantic pseudo-loan word that has retained its form from the source language, but has a different content in the German language. Using the examples of consideration of standard and non-standard cases of borrowing, it is shown that loan word is a productive component in (hybrid) word and phrase formation. The spheres of use of loan word are considered, as well as the mechanisms of its further adaptation to the new lexical and semantic system. As a result of the study, it was found that the functional potential of borrowing varies depending on the use of Anglicism in phrases or in composite words. The cases of the influence of the English language on the word-formation system of the German language are revealed.

Class Identity Signaling through the Strategic Rebranding of Traditional Egyptian Food-Related Terms on Digital Platforms

This study investigates the way re-branding traditional Egyptian food-related terms is strategically used by an emerging socio-economic class to assert their class identity in digital milieus. Specifically, it analyzes the strategies employed for the Englishization and hybridization of culinary culture and examines the underlying socio-cultural motivations and dynamics driving such an innovative linguistic practice. Drawing on insights from sociolinguistics and sociology, we analyzed two data sets collected by means of an online survey and semi-structured interviews. Findings revealed that there is an emerging exclusive socio-economic class that manifests itself through specific lexical preferences based on diverse types of lexical borrowings. Additionally, the Englishization of traditional Egyptian food-related terms partially drove the emerging class’s rejection of social equality and solidarity with collective socio-cultural Egyptian identity. Such a class division, primarily initiated on digital platforms, was found to be motivated by complex factors at play, including age, gender, educational level, lifestyle, technology usage, etc. The findings of this study have implications for understanding the intersection of language, class identity, and technology in contemporary Egyptian society.

On the mining vocabulary functioning in Perm 18th c. written records

Based on the Perm written monuments from the mid- and late 18th c., this article traces the dynamics of changes in the lexical composition of Perm business documents, studies the phenomenon of parallel use of borrowed and original terms in monuments, and describes the previously unrecorded vocabulary. The author analyzes extralinguistic reasons for the appearance of doublet names, as well as the process of partial displacement of borrowed words by their original analogues. Special attention is paid to the degree of morphological and word-formation development of German borrowing terms within the framework of mining vocabulary. The article attempts to clarify the picture of the functioning and the correlation between the original and borrowed mining industry vocabulary. In comparison with the 18th–19th c. Pyskor written records, the author tracks the usage dynamics of the corresponding layers of vocabulary using a previously unexplored writtеn record, Stolp prikhodnoy… 1741 goda [Column of the Incoming ... 1741] and traditional methods of linguistic source studies. The results include establishing parallel names types (borrowed/native term); introducing new lexemes into scientific circulation; new evidence of decreased rate of borrowing and changing some of the borrowed vocabulary with native names in the 18th c.

Austronautic Registers: Translation Strategies and Acceptability

<span>This study aims to investigate the translation strategies to translate the astronautic registers as well as the acceptability aspect of the translation. The data comprise 74 astronautic registers in the source text and translated version of <em>The Martian</em> novel. A questionnaire with inputs from the respondents is also put into consideration. The results show that 6 translation strategies consist of translation by a more general word (12%), translation by a more neutral or less expressive word (22%), translation by loan word and loan word plus explanation (17%), translation by paraphrase using related words (31%), translation by paraphrase using unrelated words (15%), translation by omission (3%). This implied most of the registers actually has a similar equivalent in the TL, but the form has to be modified in the TL to capture the main message. Furthermore, in terms of acceptability, 58% data are acceptable, 35% data are less acceptable, and 7% data are unacceptable. It indicates there are still a high number of translations that fail to capture the intended meaning of the registers, bear no nuance as a technical term, and sound unnatural in the TL.</span>

English Loanwords in Urdu Language: A Study of Borrowing

When a new object or activity or idea enters in a culture, the word or words which express it may be borrowed. The most basic function of a loanword is communicating the new object or idea. A culture may elect to use its own resources (as ‘horsepower’ for a steam locomotive engine) for the new item Hoffer, (2002). The present research aims at examining the English borrowed words into Urdu language. It begins with Introduction to the borrowing in general and English with reference to Urdu in particular. It also discusses various forms of borrowing. English language has been in contact with Urdu during the British colonization in India. This has resulted into borrowing so many lexicons into Urdu which must be studied linguistically. It is argued that borrowing has enhanced the communicative range of Urdu lexicons. This is the qualitative study in its nature. Loanwords have been categorized in different domains. Then, the historical background of Urdu and English language interaction until now, and the processes, reasons that are involved in the borrowing of loanwords in Urdu from English language has been discussed.