Lexical Components Research Articles

The conceptual pair “Life” and “Death” in the Chinese linguistic picture of the world: an explanation of the meanings of precedent texts for representatives of Russian linguistic culture

This article is devoted to the analysis of the conceptual pair “Life” and “Death” in the Chinese linguistic picture of the world. The relevance of this study is due to the growing need for successful intercultural cooperation between Chinese and Russian cultures. Due to objective extralinguistic factors, there is an intensive exchange of knowledge between China and Russia. The flow of Chinese students to Russia is increasing; In the learning process, they are interested not so much in mastering the functioning of the Russian language system, but in understanding the “Russian world.” This process can be difficult due to the discrepancy between the original and the target cultures. The purpose of this work is to study the conceptual complex “Life – Death”, implemented in the Chinese linguistic picture of the world, on the basis of precedent texts widely known to recipients. The subject of the study is the differential characteristics of the conceptual dyad, identified in the process of analysis. The material for the work is precedent texts, in particular, poetic and paremiological units containing the lexical component “Life” and “Death” in the Chinese language. Research methods: descriptive method, conceptual analysis, linguocultural commentary method, contextual analysis, questionnaire. The analysis showed that in the system of social relations the role of each person is determined from birth. Death in the Chinese linguistic picture of the world is the other side of life; It becomes grief and loss only if the individual fails to realize his best qualities. In a certain sense, life for speakers of Chinese language consciousness is a moral achievement. The parameters of the Chinese linguistic picture of the world that we have considered constitute the fund of knowledge that will allow us to begin to comprehend the Russian linguistic picture of the world either by “comparing” mental spaces or by eliminating gaps.

ENHANCING ACCULTURATION VIA PHRASEOLOGY

The article deals with the topic of the common European heritage in the English phraseology. When speaking about the European heritage, we speak about culture, history, traditions, ceremonies shared in the European continent. Subject to analysis in phraseology are quotations of well-known persons, books, works, myths and traditions of international origin that we share in Europe. Acculturation of people is related with the concept of native culture of each person. To know the culture of the homeland is enevitable for understanding the culture of other nations. Moreover, the article deals with connections between culture and the language because they influence each other. After analysing proverbs and sayings of the Slovak and English language, it can be postulated that in most cases their target language for the Slovak as well as the English was Latin language. The existence of cross-linguistic absolute equivalents can result from the fact that idioms or in general, phraseologisms, including paremiological units, come from the same source and are cross-linguistically or even internationally shared, usually as translation loans or calques, which is also a case of some English and Slovak phraseologisms. Absolute equivalents are based on the identical imagery, symbolisms, and literally or almost literally corresponding lexical components of their basic forms.

Kısasü’l-Enbiyā’da Oğuz Diyalekti Unsurları Üzerine

The Khwarazmian Turkish dialect occupies a significant position in the history of the Turkish language, offering insights into linguistic transformations and influences that took place during the 12th century. Through our comprehensive analysis, our objective is to illuminate the linguistic characteristics and discernible Oghuz influences evident in Qiṣaṣ al-Anbiyāʾ, thereby advancing a more profound comprehension of the work’s historical and cultural backdrop. This research entailed meticulous scrutiny and juxtaposition of phonological structures, morphological patterns, and lexical components, accentuating the distinct attributes linked with the Oghuz branch of the Turkish language. By delving into the intricate linguistic nuances and distinctive facets of Qiṣaṣ al-Anbiyāʾ, our aim is to enhance our grasp of the historical evolution of the Turkish language and literature, particularly the role assumed by the Oghuz dialect within this specific literary opus. This inquiry makes a valuable contribution to the broader realms of linguistics and cultural studies, augmenting our comprehension of the ever-evolving nature of language.

PECULIARITIES OF THE UKRAINIAN TRANSLATION OF METAPHORS IN THE FANTASY NOVEL GENRE

The article is devoted to the analysis of the peculiarities of metaphor translation in fiction, in particular in a fantasy novel. Characteristic features of metaphor are considered, namely universality, conceptuality, systematicity. The classification of metaphor types according to the time and space indicator is analyzed, namely ontological metaphor, orientational metaphor, and structural metaphor. The main methods of metaphor translation are given – full translation, addition / omission, replacement, structural transformation, traditional accordance, parallel naming of metaphoricality. Hypothesesconditions for the translation of metaphors are listed on the example of English and Ukrainian languages: 1) metaphors in the attributive function are more characteristic for English than for Ukrainian; 2) phrasal metaphors are more numerous in Ukrainian than in English; 3) conceptual metaphors can be represented in English and Ukrainian by structurally different equivalents and 4) syntactic-functional and lexical-structural differences of metaphorical equivalents in different languages can prompt the translator to resort to semantic modulation or, in particular, descriptive translation. In the next part of the article, examples of metaphors from Stephen King's novel are presented, and metaphors are highlighted, then divided according to the principle of otological, orientational and structural. For each type, translation methods are analyzed and a comment is provided. Thus, ontological metaphors were translated using substitution, omission, addition, full translation, traditional accordance, and structural transformation. To reproduce structural metaphors, the translator chose to use substitution, omission, addition, full translation, the method of traditional accordance, structural transformation, replacement of a lexical component. Orientation metaphors were reproduction by replacing a lexical component, addition and omission, full translation, structural transformation, traditional accordance.

THE SPECIFICITY OF THE IMAGE OF THE CITY IN THE LINGUISTIC CONSCIOUSNESS OF ITS RESIDENTS AS A BASIS FOR SOLIDING SUSTAINABLEREGIONAL COMPONENTS

The article presents an analysis of the associative responses of residents of Chelyabinsk and guests of the city, associated with the perception of the urban environment, urban objects, well-known places, famous personalities, the image of the city and its residents in general. It is important to find out the associative core and peripheral meanings of the city image because it can be used to solve the problems of socio-cultural adaptation when introduced into the school educational system. Acquaintance with famous places and people, knowledge of historical facts and unique features of the city and region can have a positive impact on the formation of the image of a Russian citizen in the linguistic consciousness of the younger generation. The material presented in this study shows a complex, contrasting attitude towards the city, primarily due to the fact that current generations do not perceive Chelyabinsk as a city of labour merit, as one of the key elements of the stronghold of the country, but note serious environmental problems and an unfavorable external environment for human life (two sides of the same coin). This study can form the basis for identifying specific unique regional lexical components associated with Chelyabinsk and the Chelyabinsk Region, which can contribute to the formation of a positive image of this location.

Лексический компонент «серебро» как символ женской красоты во фразеологических единицах дагестанских языков

Лексический компонент «серебро» как символ женской красоты во фразеологических единицах дагестанских языков

Structural and semantic features and national specificity of English and Russian proverbs with the meaning "foresight", "caution".

The subject of this study is the structural and semantic features of English and Russian proverbs with the meanings of "foresight", "caution". Proverbs with the meanings "foresight", "caution" have not been sufficiently studied in terms of revealing their meaning and describing their structural and semantic characteristics. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that for the first time the general and unique meanings of English and Russian proverbs of this thematic group were considered in a comparative aspect, as well as an analysis of syntactic structures and a semantic analysis of the lexical components of proverbs and an analysis of figurative and expressive means reflecting their national and cultural identity were made. The results of the study can be used in the process of teaching English, as well as the basis for a deeper comparative study of the proverbs of the two languages of this thematic group. The study used descriptive and comparative methods, functional-stylistic analysis, structural and syntactic analysis. In the course of the analysis, we revealed the following pattern: in most of the presented thematic groups there are proverbs close in meaning that are not equivalents. They use the same syntactic structures (imperative sentences, complex sentences with subordinate conditions, time clause, subordinate concessions and subordinate attributive clauses, syntactic compression: ellipsis, incompleteness of sentences, non-conjunction, as well as complex sentences with an adversative meaning) and similar expressive techniques (antithesis, comparison, oxymoron, tautology, allegory, metaphor, including personifying metaphor), while differing in lexical content (emotional and expressive, evaluative vocabulary, vocabulary associated with the realities of everyday life, zoonyms, somatisms, archaisms). These differences are due to the peculiarities of climate, life, traditions, as well as the environment of their occurrence, which, on the one hand, indicates the universality of human experience, and on the other hand, indicates the national specificity of the thinking of the two peoples.

Comparative Analysis of Stylistic, Lexical and Grammatical Features of English and Russian Technical Texts

Translation of scientific and technical literature has always been recognized as a highly challenging job. On the one hand, for making a competent translation, a person who is going to do it should have knowledge in the relevant field, and on the other hand, he or she should be familiar with the features of the scientific style and the lexical and grammatical components, which are different in different languages. The aim of this study was to generalize the stylistic, lexical and grammatical features of a scientific and technical text taking the English and Russian languages as an example. The generally adopted structure of technical texts is analyzed, and a collection of the most frequently encountered phrases and expressions for particular sections of the text both in Russian and English is given. Scientific texts are considered from the syntactic, grammatical and lexical points of view. It has been concluded that from the syntax point of view, the sentences are mostly complex in nature and contain subordinate constructions and verbal clauses. Signs of compression are often encountered, which are expressed by impersonal sentences in Russian and elliptical constructions in English. The predominance of passive constructions in both languages is noted. The lexical component is governed by commonly used, general scientific vocabulary and terms. In the texts there are metaphors and imagery that help more lively convey the essence of the term on the one hand, and on the other hand they add difficulty to translating the information. An important linguistic feature of terms in technical and scientific languages is the use of complex word combinations that allow information to be set out in brief and compact form. For brevity, some of them are transformed into abbreviations. In modern scientific literature, there is a tendency toward outlining information in the maximally compact form by using certain and grammatical tools.

The Effects of Linguistic Coordination on Perceived Quality of Consumer Reviews: A Dual Process Perspective

Online consumer reviews, as a major source of information and influence, are of great interest to marketing researchers and practitioners. This study investigates the effects of linguistic coordination on perceived review quality. Drawing on the elaboration likelihood model, the authors theorize that two types of linguistic coordination—topic matching (semantic component) and language style matching (lexical component)—have profound effects on perceived review quality. Utilizing natural language processing tools and a novel clustering technique to measure matching, empirical analyses based on an IMDb data set support the positive direct effects of both types of matching. Moreover, the authors find that there is a negative interaction between topic matching and language style matching in affecting perceived review quality. The findings contribute to the understanding of online review quality, and the application of natural language processing enriches the methodological tool kit available to researchers.

NEGATION AND ITS MEANS OF EXPRESSION IN ENGLISH

This article is aimed at studying one of the phenomena of such a grammatical section as syntax, which considers words in a sentence, the sentence itself, its structure, signs and types. Considerable attention is also paid to the morphological and lexical component.

Expert reviews uncorked: Contrasting the differences in the language used in online reviews of white and red wine

ABSTRACT Consumers today are well accustomed to a digitized consumer journey, actively seeking social proof from online customer reviews to guide consumption decisions. These review platforms have been shown to be influential in guiding consumer behavior across many product and service categories. The language used to describe products on review platforms is of importance, given its potential to influence consumer perceptions and purchase intentions. Despite this, little attention is placed on the language used in reviews. In order to address this gap, this research sought to analyze and contrast the language used in online customer reviews within the wine category, by contrasting the lexical characteristics of reviews of white and red wine. The research made use of 2917 online wine reviews for four different varietals, two red wine (cabernet sauvignon and shiraz) and two white wine (chardonnay and sauvignon blanc) varietals. The Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) software was used to conduct a lexical analysis, with the results indicating both similarities and differences between the reviews of red and white wine varietals. The results provide insight into the lexical components of the wine reviews and the implications that these bear on the perceived usefulness of the review.

Varietà di lingua nel romanzo di “Quer pasticciaccio brutto de via Merulana” di Carlo Emilio Gadda

This article focuses on the lexical components active in Gadda’s novel “Quer pasticciaccio brutto de via Merulana”. The novel is an exceptional example of plurilingualism, therefore Gadda mixes technical terms, literary elements, Latinisms, Greek terms, new forms, and foreign words and phrases (English, French, German, Spanish). Further the collection of Italian dialects (Roman, Milan, Neapolitan, Venetian), the study intends to provide a stylistic analysis of the innovation of Gadda’s expression in the lexicon. The results of this linguistic fieldwork sets out to demonstrate also the lexicon and terms of the technical-scientific language of Gadda: for example terms and phrases of physics, engineering, mathematics, medicine, chemistry, biology, mechanics, geology, geography, astronomy, philosophy, theology, linguistics and rhetoric; as Gadda has a competence of the technical terms because of his studies as an electrical engineer at the Polytechnic and later his practical experience. It is an analysis, even elementary, of the linguistic composition of Gadd’s prose that can be used to understand the technique of his experimentalism, and how much he knew how to treasure every experience to enrich it and vary it on wider stylistic networks. This linguistic material mixes many ingredients such as: technical and scientific languages, various registers of speech, vernacular, jargons, archaisms, Latinisms, mixed with words of Gadda’s creativity, creating what the French called pastiche.

Служебное новообразование «Если говорить…»: морфологический статус и коммуникативно-прагматический потенциал

The study aims to identify the functional purpose of function units formed according to the model with a free lexical component – "Если говорить..." (If we talk) in the speech continuum. The scientific novelty of the paper lies in the fact that a group of units that are little studied in linguistic science, which can replenish the corpus of function words, is analysed. The paper describes possible lexico-grammatical implementations of the model "Если говорить...", considers the role of neologisms in the text in the for-mal-syntactic and communicative-pragmatic aspects. As a result, it has been proved that the model "Если говорить..." has two main lexico-grammatical variants: "Если говорить + о N6" (When it comes to…) and "Если говорить + Adv" (To put it…); function units formed within these schemes act as textual con-nectors or as parenthetical constructions, in addition, they serve as mode operators, explicating the com-municative intentions of the speech subject. The paper describes the pragmatic meanings of these mode operators. It has been concluded that the function units under consideration belong to the style of journal-ism and belles-lettres, where the author of speech uses all the lexical resources of the language to achieve a communicative effect and meet the expectations of the speech addressee.

The rise of middle voice systems

AbstractMiddle markers are characterized by a distribution halfway between grammar and the lexicon: with some verbs, middle marking encodes valency change, while with others it obligatorily occurs with no obvious synchronic motivation. Despite the existing cross-linguistic work on middle markers, their history is still largely unknown. In the typological literature, the standard view is that middle markers predominantly have their origin in reflexive markers, and that, in their development, it is invariantly the grammatical component that expands to the lexical component. In this paper, I challenge these assumptions based on the analysis of a sample of 129 middle marking languages. As I show, the sources and pathways whereby middle markers come about are much more numerous and varied than what has been reported in the literature. By taking a source-oriented approach, I also discuss how recurrent cross-linguistic trends in the distribution of middle markers can in part be explained by looking at their history.

Rukoprikladstvo (‘Manhandling’): from ‘Handwritten Signature’ to ‘Beating’

The article discusses the history of the semantic transformation of the compound word rukoprikladstvo (‘manhandling’) – from the meaning ‘handwritten signature’ in the business language of Medieval Russia to the meaning ‘beating’ in the modern common Russian language. The word rukoprikladstvo, derived from the stable combination ruku prilozhit (‘set one's hand to’), denoted the symbolic confirmation of an official text by placing a palm, previously smeared with ink, on a blank sheet, the reverse side of the document. The article stresses that the medieval idea of a Russian person about the state as a ‘house’ headed by a ‘father-sovereign’ left a peculiar imprint on the office work of pre-Petrine Russia. Thus, the reliability of the content of a business text was ensured, on the one hand, by the testimony of the closest relatives or respected people of the clan (‘poslukhi’) and on the other hand by the unwritten laws of Christian morality. Since the time of Peter the Great, who was oriented towards Western models of the ‘state machine’, many official formulas have forever moved into the national language, acquiring new meanings motivated by the original semantics of their lexical components. Without a historical digression into the ‘ritual’ features of this obligatory action when sealing a business transaction and, as a result, without considering the functioning of the combination ruku prilozhit' (’put a hand’) in the official writing of pre-Petrine and post-Petrine Russia, it is impossible to trace the meaningful evolution of the word ‘rukoprikladstvo’ to its modern meaning ‘inflict hand beatings’. The history of the expression ruku prilozhit' (‘set one's hand to’) and the word rukoprikladstvo – both in the command language and in common Russian life – testifies to the history of the Russian official language as a separate cultural phenomenon with its own unique destiny.

Онимы романа Д. Рубиной «Бабий ветер»

This paper displays the results of the analysis of the lexical component of onyms in the novel “Women's Wind” by D. Rubina. The author is a representative of modern prose. In terms of study of the current state of the Russian language as an independent system, it is important to analyze the lexical layer of works written in the 21st century. The novel “Women's Wind” is one of the relatively new Dina Rubina's works (written in 2017). The novel, like her other works, is distinguished by unique style of presentation, rich lexical composition. The novel is equally distinct in lexical, semantic and stylistic diversity of the author's thesaurus, which is a response to the peculiarities of the mentality of society as a whole and determines the relevance of the study. The scientific novelty of the research is presented as one of the parts of a general study of proper names in the texts of D. Rubina's works. The main purpose of the paper is to consider the onyms of the novel “Women's Wind” in the space of the text and, as the narrative develops, their role in the formation of the images of the novel. In the course of the study the following tasks were solved: the onyms of the novel “Women's Wind”, revealed during the analysis of the text, were examined and distributed into thematic groups and subgroups in accordance with a statistical filling; the analysis of the above-mentioned lexical units from the point of view of cultural-historical aspect in general in the context of the main character's life circumstances was carried out.

Formation of adverbs of manner in the Old Russian language (as exemplified by literary texts of the 6th-16th centuries)

The study proves that the prefixal method is the main way of forming adverbs of manner in the Old Russian language. The teaching of language historians about the formation of Old Russian adverbs is based on a stable idea about the ongoing or incomplete adverbialization of prepositional-substantive or prepositional-attributive combinations. This viewpoint on adverbs affected the historical coverage of this part of speech not only in academic research but also in educational literature. Adverbs of manner, which are integral grammatical and lexical components of the Russian language, have not yet been a research subject.

Chabacano and Luso-Asian creoles

Abstract This study presents the most comprehensive inventory of lexical similarities between Chabacano and Luso-Asian creoles to date. Certain formal similarities, especially regarding function words, have not gone unnoticed in the past, but for the most part have been treated as coincidences. Less attention has been paid to cases of parallel formal and semantic innovation involving content words. Taken together, these data suggest a non-coincidental lexical component shared between Luso-Asian creoles and the multi-directional propagation of features across Ibero-Asian creoles. This notion is further supported if we consider the well-known cultural, commercial and demographic connections between the Philippines and the Portuguese colonies in Asia. At the individual level, discarding a Spanish etymology in favor of a Portuguese one is a very problematic endeavor that often leads to inconclusiveness. However, we argue that the sheer number of shared retentions and innovations presented in this study can only be accounted for by factoring in some degree of language contact. Luso-Asian elements must have seeped into Chabacano at the time of its genesis and at later stages.

Phrasemes in Reader's Comments on the World Crisis

Phrasemes consist of several lexical components, have certain syntactic restrictions, and are used as fixed word combinations. They have an evaluative function or can express attitudes and emotions. Martin and White (2005) understand evaluation as attitude, engagement, and graduation. The present article addresses the role of phrasemes in the domain of attitudes related to judgments. The domain of judgment expresses people's attitudes towards certain behaviors, in other words, it is described how (un)able, (un)usual, (un)determined, (un)truthful and (un)ethical someone is. The world crisis that appeared at the time of the corona crisis triggered frustration and revolt against the existing situation among many people. In comments on the subject of the world crisis, readers express their opinions and attitudes toward economic policy measures. It is assumed that they use phrasemes to express their negative attitudes. The corpus is Croatian and German reader comments on the world crisis in the Corona period. The following questions will be answered: How often are phrasemes used to express negative attitudes in reader comments? Who or what is evaluated with phrasemes? Are there interlingual differences in the evaluation expression in Croatian and German reader comments? The aim is to investigate interlingual differences in the use of phrasemes to express assessment.

Two Cinemas: Sierra de Teruel by André Malraux and Birds in Peru by Romain Gary

This communication reviews some of the aesthetical and circumstantial characteristics of André Malraux’s only film, Sierra de Teruel (1939), also known as Espoir (Hope, 1945), and of Romain Gary’s first film, Les oiseaux vont mourir au Pérou (Birds in Peru, 1968). As regards Espoir, our observations are based on the 1939 and 1945 versions of the film, now of easy access, and on the abundant and reliable academic literature published about it. Birds in Peru, conversely, is a far lesser-known and lesser-documented work. Screenings of Gary’s film are all too rare indeed nowadays and, but for a few highly specialized references, its appraisal still consists in a short set of irrelevant legends, continually retold by biographers and academics alike despite their blatant discrepancies with historical evidence, with the film itself, and with Gary’s literary works in general. Ours are first-hand observations: in our possession is a release print, which we had digitized and can thus view at will. In addition, we have explored a variety of source materials in cinematographic archives and historical newspapers.Valued either as one of Malraux’s works or as an example of antifascist propaganda, it is lucky that Sierra de Teruel can still be viewed today, despite the political censorship that prevented its release in September 1939 and despite the destruction of all prints but two by the German occupant in France during WWII. Equally fortunate are the facts that moralistic considerations failed to stop the release of Birds in 1968 and that prints of it aren’t all lost. Gary scholars will find food for thought in it, as well as semioticians, Gary’s film being just as allegorical as his contemporary novel The Dance of Genghis Cohn. More generally still, both works, no naïve executions, bring evidence that talented writers can change media effectively. Far from being literal adaptations, their two films narrate free and inspired versions of stories already told in the written form. Their filming style is creative, their technique masterly. Their ease with the cinematographic medium allows them to reemploy and expand devices known to make their personal literary signature. Such as the striking juxtaposition of action and scenery used by Malraux to convey his metaphysics of disjunction between man and nature. Such as the subtle art of immigrating lexical components from other tongues and languages, idiosyncratic to Gary’s novel writing. Even elements of their respective forms of humanism show through their films.