Levinson's Politeness Research Articles

Negative Politeness Strategies Applied in the Movie Charlie’s Angels 2019

This research is a pragmatic study of the use of negative politeness strategies. This study aims to identify negative politeness strategies used by characters in films and to analyze why characters in films use negative politeness strategies in their speech. This study will use a qualitative method in utilizing the study of negative politeness strategies by describing the problem as clearly as possible. The data will be taken from a film called Charlie's Angels 2019. The theory that will be used in this research is the theory proposed by Brown and Levinson's negative politeness strategy in 1992. The results of this study conclude that there are ten strategies proposed by Brown and Levinson as a way to direct, does not assume or presuppose, and does not force and fulfill the other wishes of the listener. The negative politeness strategy has several sub-strategies that have different goals. They use strategies related to the context of the conversation and the situation.

التأدب والاستخدام اليومي للغة في السياق الرسمي بين المتعلمين الأكراد للغة الإنجليزية كلغة أجنبية: جامعة سوران نموذجاً

Language is regarded as a method that people use to exchange ideas with each other, and it is considered the primary source of communication among human beings because it holds a profound role in comprehending the world around and beyond them. To speaks graciously and avoid face-threatening acts, language users are required to use politeness strategies. This study aims to find out the politeness strategies which are employed by Kurdish English language learners, at Soran University, as well as the differences in using these strategies in terms of gender and social status. Data is collected through a structured questionnaire which consists of five questions. The sample of the study is 40 EFL learners, non-randomly selected, at the Faculty of Arts/ English Department during the academic year 2020-2021. Further, this paper adopted a descriptive quantitative method for data collection and explanation. It used Brown and Levinson's politeness theory (1987) as a model, as well as the SPSS program version (25) for analyzing and depicting the percentage and frequency of occurrences of the politeness strategies used by male and female students with their classmates and teachers in different situations. The findings show that Kurdish English language learners at Soran University employed politeness strategies, in the formal context, but they are treated differently in terms of gender and social status.

Teenagers Language Politeness Strategy on Social Media WhatsApp Based on Level of Education

Language politeness in social media is still often ignored. The article aims to describe teenagers' politeness strategies in social media conversations, especially in the WhatsApp group of junior high schools, senior high schools, and colleges. The research was quantitative and qualitative descriptive, and the population was complete sentences in WhatsApp group conversations. The period of recording the conversation with each group is during September 2021. The data collection technique is by exporting the conversation data to Ms. Words. The data were arranged based on the entry date, then coded using Brown & Levinson's politeness theory. The interpretation of the data classification results used the approach of Makassar's cultural perspective. The findings showed that in social media WhatsApp, the teenagers talked more frequently used three kinds of politeness strategies. 1) Bald on record involving questions, commands, and requests. Teenagers use this strategy from three-level of education. 2) Positive strategies involve jokes, identity, and paying attention. The college and high schools teenagers use jokes and identity. However, paying attention's strategy is just used by college teenagers. 3) Negative strategies include apologies, be-thankful, and questions. College and high schools teenagers use the apology and thank strategies. Nevertheless, teenagers from the high school level only used negative politeness in asking questions. In conclusion, the level of education of teenagers determines the use of politeness strategy in social media. The implication is that teachers and stakeholders pay more attention to students' language politeness building, especially in speaking politely to others, so their interaction is harmonious with their communities.

STRATEGI KESANTUNAN BERBAHASA DALAM TALK SHOW Q&A DAN RELEVANSINYA TERHADAP PEMBELAJARAN BAHASA INDONESIA TINGKAT SMP

Abstract
 The purpose of this study to describe the politeness strategies of Brown and Levinson in the Q&A talk show and describe the relevance of politeness-language strategies towards learning Indonesian at the Middle School level. The theory used to solve the problem in this study is the theory of Brown and Levinson. While the approach used is descriptive qualitative approach with data collection techniques namely documentation techniques. The results of this study indicate that the forms of Brown and Levinson's politeness strategy that occurred in the Q & A talk show in August 2018 consisted of Brown and Levinson's first politeness strategy, namely without strategies found that included speech without strategy. The second strategy of brown politeness and Levinson's positive politeness strategy is found to pay attention to the opponent's speech, exaggerate attention, agreement, and sympathy, intensify the opponent's attention by dramatizing facts, intensify using group identity markers, request approval with general topics or repeat part or all, avoiding disagreement by pretending to agree, using jokes, expressing understanding of the wishes of speakers, giving offers or promises, showing optimism, involving speakers in activities, giving questions asking for approval, giving gifts. Where negative politeness strategies are found to be pessimistic, minimize coercion, and apologize. Finally, the Off Record strategy was found which was included in the strategy. The relevance of the results of the study can be applied in learning Indonesian in junior high school class IX 3.9-4.10.

Politeness Strategies Used by Anies Baswedan in the Interview on Humanities in Southeast Asia

This study applied a qualitative descriptive approach that establishes the requirement that a study must be carried out on the basis of existing facts. This study aims to examine the politeness strategies used by Anies Baswedan in the interview on humanities in Southeast Asia. The source of data of this study was obtained from youtube. This research data is in the form of phrases and clauses which contained politeness strategies. The collected data is assessed using Brown and Levinson's Politeness Strategies theory to find out the types of politeness strategy and its sub-strategies. This study applies a pragmatic study. After analyzing the data, the researchers concluded that there are three types of politeness strategies found in the Interview on Humanities in Southeast Asia. These three types of politeness strategies are: Bald on record, positive politeness, and negative politeness

An Analysis of Impolite Words among Makassarese Youngsters


 This research aims: 1) to find out impolite words found among Makassarese youngsters 2) to find out how the impolite words are conversed and exchanged among Makassarese youngsters. The research method used in this research is a qualitative descriptive method, which is used to analyze data from the research participants, namely Makassarese youngsters. The data obtained are impolite words in the conversations Makassarese youngsters, then analyzed by using Brown & Levinson's politeness theory. Based on the results of that research, it shows that in the conversations Makassarese youngsters, there are some impolite words such as sundala, kongkong, pottele, tolo, ka'bulamma and telang spoken by subjects of this research. The use of these impolite words is usually exchanged by youngsters in their local community, such as close friends, also in family or even other environments that supports the situation. The use of impolite words among Makassarese youngsters is generally practiced as an opening word or conversation, while the duration of starts from the beginning of the conversation until the end of the conversation.
 Keywords: Impolite Words, Youngsters, Makassarese

The Use of Non-Verbal Communication in Supporting the Realization of Brown & Levinson Politeness Strategies

One of the prominent issues in pragmatics is politeness. Politeness can manifest in two actions, verbal and non-verbal communication. This study aimed to analyze the lecturer's and the students' non-verbal communication (NVC) in supporting the realization of Brown & Levinson's politeness strategies in English classroom interaction at Universitas Muhammadiyah Purworejo. This study explains the lecturer’s and students’ NVC in supporting the realization of bald on record strategy, positive politeness strategy, negative politeness strategy, off-record strategy, and don’t do the face-threatening act (FTA) strategy in English classroom interaction. In this study, the researchers applied qualitative research. The subjects were one English lecturer and students. The objects were the lecturer's and the students' utterances during the English learning process. The methods the researchers used to analyze the data were Brown & Levinson's (1987) politeness strategies theory and Novinger's (2001) NVC theory. The findings showed that politeness strategies were used by the lecturer and students with the total frequency of 559 times, namely bald on record, positive politeness (dominantly used), negative politeness, off-record, and don’t do the FTA (the least used). Besides, in supporting the realization of politeness strategy, the dominantly used methods of NVC were chronemics, kinesics, and vocalic. In conclusion, politeness strategies are crucial in maintaining the relationship and creating a comfortable environment in the EFL classroom. NVC can support performance that cannot be expressed in words.

The Use of Brown - Levinson’s Politeness Strategies As A Realization of Sociocultural Competence Among Adult Learners of Elti Surakarta

This study focuses on analyzing the use of Brown and Levinson's politeness strategies to reflect sociocultural competence among adult learners. English is an international language in international communication to talk with people of different age, gender, status, etc. Besides, politeness strategies can reflect somebody's sociocultural competence when he/she talks to others. At the beginning of this study, preliminary research showed that English was used as a language tool in the class for adult students in conversation classes. The adult students came from different backgrounds including job, age, gender, status, culture, existence, and experience. Some of them had been abroad and communicated with the English native speaker directly. A proficiency test was used at the beginning of the research. It was continued by a sound recorder, video recorder, DCT, and interview to get the data. The findings reveal the more prominent use in bald on record and positive politeness strategies. Those strategies, based on the theory of Brown and Levinson and Celce Murcia, showed there was a close relationship between the speakers. The rest of the strategies showed that there was a distance between the speakers. In conclusion, politeness strategies were in students' interactions to reflect their sociocultural competence. The suggestion focuses on giving practices to students to increase their experiences in implementing politeness strategies.

Can Futsugo be Acceptable in Hotel Services? A Case Study of a Hotel in Bali

This article discusses futsugo (Japanese daily language). The aim of this research is to know whether Futsugo style can be used at hotel services. As we know that hotels are the main constituent of the hospitality industry which keep special attention to courtesy and services, so is it possible for the hotel staff to use it? Does it threaten guests' faces? The data analyzed is conversation instances between Japanese guests and hotel staff in Bali hotels. The sampling used is a random sampling technique. The sample used in the study is 10 hotels out of 73 five-star hotels in Bali. The conversation data is recorded with mobile phones by hotel staff. The total number of the hotel staff members as the subjects of this research is 15 participants. The data was conducted from May 2019 till August 2019. Brown and Levinson's (1987) politeness theory is used to analyze conversations between Japanese guests and hotel staff in Bali from the stages of arrival, familiarization, and engagement until departure. Based on data analysis, it is known that generally hotel staff use negative politeness strategies alternately with positive politeness strategies depending on the context of the speech situation. From these four those stages, it is found that Futsugo utterances are at the engagement stage. Futsugo style was used by the staff during handling guest complaints. In one dialogue, Futsugo's utterance was found in the form of question sentences without question marks, but using the rising intonation and confirmation of the guest’s answer without the copula desu. According to the analysis of the conversation data, futsugo utterances are used by hotel staff and guests as a practical way of communicating. Futsugo's utterances which tend to be short are easier to catch by the ear, making it easier to handle guest complaints. If viewed from the perspective of politeness theory, this speech can still be accepted. It can be seen from the whole conversation where negative politeness strategies and positive politeness strategies are applied in one dialogue that the appearance of Futsugo's utterances is still considered acceptable and does not threaten guests' faces.

STRATEGI KESANTUNAN BERBAHASA DALAM TALK SHOW Q&A DAN RELEVANSINYA TERHADAP PEMBELAJARAN BAHASA INDONESIA TINGKAT SMP

The purpose of this study to describe the politeness strategies of Brown and Levinson in the Q&A talk show and describe the relevance of politeness-language strategies towards learning Indonesian at the Middle School level. The theory used to solve the problem in this study is the theory of Brown and Levinson. While the approach used is descriptive qualitative approach with data collection techniques namely documentation techniques. The results of this study indicate that the forms of Brown and Levinson's politeness strategy that occurred in the Q & A talk show in August 2018 consisted of Brown and Levinson's first politeness strategy, namely without strategies found that included speech without strategy. The second strategy of brown politeness and Levinson's positive politeness strategy is found to pay attention to the opponent's speech, exaggerate attention, agreement, and sympathy, intensify the opponent's attention by dramatizing facts, intensify using group identity markers, request approval with general topics or repeat part or all, avoiding disagreement by pretending to agree, using jokes, expressing understanding of the wishes of speakers, giving offers or promises, showing optimism, involving speakers in activities, giving questions asking for approval, giving gifts. Where negative politeness strategies are found to be pessimistic, minimize coercion, and apologize. Finally, the Off Record strategy was found which was included in the strategy. The relevance of the results of the study can be applied in learning Indonesian in junior high school class IX 3.9-4.10.

REPRESENTASI KESANTUNAN DALAM NOVEL ANNE OF GREEN GABLES: KAJIAN PRAGMATIK

<span>This article aims to find and explain the politeness strategies found in the novel Anne of Green Gables. Politeness strategy applied in prohibiting becomes the topic of this study. This study uses Brown and Levinson's politeness strategy consisting of bald on record, off record, positive, and negative strategies. This study is qualitative descriptive. The source data of the study is the Anne of Green Gables novel and the data is characters’ speeches in the novel that accommodates the prohibiting politeness. The data is classified according to Brown and Levinson's politeness strategies, they are bald on record, off record, positive, and negative strategies. The results show that the direct politeness strategy (bald on record) is the most commonly found, then the positive politeness strategy, the indirect politeness strategy and also the negative politeness strategy. It shows that between characters often use direct prohibiting to convey their wants and it also makes the receiver understands it easier. Moreover, using a positive politeness strategy show a close relationship between the speaker and the receiver.</span>

Exploring Brown and Levinson's Politeness Strategies: An Explanation on the Nature of the Politeness Phenomenon

This study aimed at reviwing brown levinson politeness strategies purposed in their book (1978) entitled "POLITENESS (Some Universals in Language Usage)". Over the past three decades, there has been a significant increase in research on politeness strategies from social and linguistic aspects. This is evident from the many papers that appear on this issue in international journals and monographs. Brown and Levinson (1978) developed a theory to explainphenomena related to the Politeness on verbal communication and non-verbal. This article For methods using a content analysis approach as a qualitative in research. Which has been studied in the book Brown & Levinson This article is interested in focusing on the types of politeness strategies put forward by Brown and Levinson (1978). This present study sees politeness stretegies proposed by brown and levinson still can be used in current situation related politeness both verbal and non verbal communication.

Masculinity as an Indication of Power and Dominance in A Streetcar Named Desire by Tennessee Williams: A Pragma-Stylistic Approach

Since the field of Pragmatics is concerned with uncovering the hidden meanings in dramatic discourse, among other types of discourse, a pragmatic study of A Streetcar Named Desire by Tennessee Williams is conducted. It is investigated using Brown and Levinson's politeness and Culpepper's impoliteness principles; and how they are achieved through face saving and face threatening acts. In A Streetcar Named Desire by Tennessee Williams, Stanley, the mere male character who is full of violent masculinity, attempts to express his animalistic desire through seizing the chance of being the only breadwinner of the family. Therefore, this research employs the pragmatic tools of politeness and impoliteness to investigate how masculinity is distinctly expressed in A Streetcar Named Desire by Tennessee Williams as there is a sort of a husband-wife conflict

An analysis of Politeness Strategies in Indonesian English Textbooks

The research aimed explores politeness approaches in EFL textbooks, especially Indonesian English textbooks. There were two textbooks which analysed as the sample for this study. The textbooks entitled “Talk Active 1” and “Talk Active 2: Language and Culture Programme”. The researcher limited the analysis on the dialogs which provided as materials in the textbooks. Brown & Levinson's (1987) politeness strategies were applied to categorize the data. The researcher applied content analysis method proposed by Denscombe, (2010) as the research method. The results of the study revealed bald on-record, positive politeness, negative politeness, and off-record were reflected in the Indonesian English textbooks. Both types of bald on-record strategies were found in the Indonesian English textbooks. However, there were only three types of off-records strategies were reflected in the textbooks. The finding revealed 11 types of positive politeness as strategy follows: S1: Notice, attend to hearer; S2: Exaggerate, S3: Intensify interest to hearer; S4: Use in-group identity markers; S6: Avoid disagreement; S7: Presuppose/assert/raise common ground; S8: Joke; S10: Offer, promise; S12: Include both speaker and hearer in the activity; S13: Give (or ask for) reasons; S14: assume or assert reciprocity. The result also presented 8 types of negative politeness as follows: S1: Be conventionally indirect; S2: Question, hedge; S3: Be pessimistic; S4: Minimize the imposition; S5: Give deference; S6: Apologize; S7: Impersonalize speaker and hearer and S10: Go on record as incurring a debt, or as not indebting hearer. The analysis showed positive and negative politeness strategies were central strategies that reflected in the textbooks. It proved that Indonesian English textbooks have pragmatics input for the students.

The Speech Act of Rebuke in Indonesian Students' Interaction

This research was conducted with the aim of investigating rebuke speech acts in student interactions during practicing class using pragmatic approach and politeness strategies. Human beings can never be separated from the use of oral language in the form of speech acts. One of the interesting events to study and analyze language pragmatics is by observing how students relate in academic environments. This is necessary due to the importance of speech act in communication through the use of spoken language. This research was conducted qualitatively using a pragmatic theory approach and 100 students participating in a practical class were selected randomly as subjects of the research. The data used include the students' speeches during the violation of practice procedures in the laboratory and the data collection techniques used were open questionnaires through the Discourse Complete Test (DCT) involving 10 types of real situations. The data obtained were analyzed using Searle's speech act and Brown and Levinson's politeness strategy theories. The results indicated the existence of greatest tendency for rebuke expressive speech acts, which violate politeness strategies.

The Politeness Comments on The Indonesian President Jokowi Instagram Official Account Viewed From Politico Pragmatics and The Character Education Orientation in The Disruption Era

Politeness of expression and character education are both crucial aspects, in the current era of disruption, especially concerning sociopragmatic political purposes. The realization of politeness acts of language in the context of communication and global communication has now penetrated without limits on social distance, time, and goals. The problem is the act of language in electronic media, especially Instagram, giving space to the user to be more open in expressing his goals and objectives, including to the president in relation to specific goals and politics. This study aims to identify the forms of positive politeness acts of followers' comments on President Jokowi's official Instagram account and describe the intent of politico pragmatic power of positive politeness of followers of Jokowi's Instagram accounts. The data source of this study was the speech of followers on the official Instagram account of Indonesian President Jokowi #MenujuIndonesiaMaju managed by the President's Digital Communication Team for the period October-November 2018. The study data were in the form of comments from Jokowi's Instagram account followers who had positive politico pragmatic politeness. The data collection technique was carried out using documentation, note-taking techniques, and continued with heuristic listening techniques. Data analysis was performed with an intralingual equivalent technique which was strengthened by an extra lingual equivalent and sharpened with Levinson's politeness analysis technique based on the principle of harmony in Javanese culture. The results of the study showed that the form of positive politeness acts that were most used by followers was by giving attention to the speech partners. Political propaganda power of dominant followers’ comments was in the form of the power to ask and support rather than the power of praise, the power of influence, the power of motivation, and the power of suggestion. It shows that Instagram account followers have an optimistic attitude towards Jokowi's leadership. Jokowi's managerial, and leadership performance has a positive face among followers. This power of praise, motivation, and advice is an essential component in the formation of children's character education in the current era of disruption of education.

AN ANALYSIS OF POLITENESS STRATEGIES APPLIED BY THE MEMBERS OF UKM DEBAT,THE UNIVERSITY OF BENGKULU

The research is aimed at finding out the politeness strategies based on Brown and Levinson politeness strategies theory that used by the members of UKM Debat, the University of Bengkulu when practice debate. The subject of this research was the members of UKM Debat, the University of Bengkulu that consist of eight students. This research was using descriptive qualitative as the methodology and the data were collected by using transcript from video recorder and observation sheet as the instruments. The result of data analysis shows that the debaters use all of politeness strategies but they do not used all sub strategies when practice debate, which is bald on record, positive politeness strategy, negative politeness strategy, and off record. There were 28 utterances that consist of politeness strategy. The debaters mostly applied positive politeness strategy, which occurs 19 times (67,8%). Bald on record and off record occur 4 times (14,3%) and the last is negative politeness strategy which occurs 1 times (3,6%). Positive politeness strategy gets the highest position in the data because in practicing debate, all debaters have known each other and have a close relationship

Conversational Implicature and Politeness Strategies in Bíọ́dún-Káyọ̀dé Newspapers’ Review in South Western Nigeria

Wardhaugh (1986) opines that when we speak, choices must of necessity be made of what we want to say, how we want to say it, the choice of words, sounds, (styles and other variables available within the speech community) that best unite (connect) what we say with how it is said. Based on the foregoing, the focus of this study is to identify and analyze the politeness strategies employed in the talk exchanges presented in Bíọ́dún and Káyọ̀dé newspapers’ review through critical evaluation. In addition, the study seeks to investigate what is implicated by an expression, other than what a speaker actually said by saying what he said. Brown and Levinson's politeness theory and Grice’s Cooperative Principle with its Maxims are adopted for analysis purpose. This study intends to show that Yorùbá culture places premium on social behaviour displayed and to reveal some of the culturally inherent linguistic and non-linguistic tools in the native speakers’​intuition as well as and repertoire of the people which they employ to meet the face want of interlocutors in communication situations.

Conversational Implicature and Politeness Strategies in Bíọ́dún-Káyọ̀dé Newspapers’ Review in South Western Nigeria

Wardhaugh (1986) opines that when we speak, choices must of necessity be made of what we want to say, how we want to say it, the choice of words, sounds, (styles and other variables available within the speech community) that best unite (connect) what we say with how it is said. Based on the foregoing, the focus of this study is to identify and analyze the politeness strategies employed in the talk exchanges presented in Bíọ́dún and Káyọ̀dé newspapers’ review through critical evaluation. In addition, the study seeks to investigate what is implicated by an expression, other than what a speaker actually said by saying what he said. Brown and Levinson's politeness theory and Grice’s Cooperative Principle with its Maxims are adopted for analysis purpose. This study intends to show that Yorùbá culture places premium on social behaviour displayed and to reveal some of the culturally inherent linguistic and non-linguistic tools in the native speakers’​intuition as well as and repertoire of the people which they employ to meet the face want of interlocutors in communication situations.

Online-Dating Romance Scam in Malaysia: An Analysis of Online Conversations between Scammers and Victims

The study of online romance scam is still at its infancy in Malaysia, despite the increase in the number of reported cases in this country. This research primarily aims to identify the steps and strategies involved in the online romance scam in Malaysia. Apart from that, it also aims to identify the pattern of deceptive language used in online romance scam in Malaysia through a comprehensive linguistic analysis of actual online conversations between scammers and victims. The empirical investigation of this research focuses on the language strategies used by scammers as a modus operando in deceiving their targets. With the help of the Malaysian Police Department, a database of romance scam cases was gathered and established. From the database, 30 sets of online communication between scammers and 30 Malaysian victims were selected and analysed using content analysis method. One of the aspects involved in data analysis was scammers’ linguistic styles and patterns in manipulating their targets. This was analysed using Brown and Levinson Politeness Model as well as Whitty’s Scammers Persuasive Techniques Model. The findings indicate a common linguistic pattern and style of conversation used by online scammers in persuading and deceiving their victims.