Leverage Ratio Research Articles

THE EFFECT OF PROFITABILITY, LIQUIDITY, LEVERAGE, SALES GROWTH ON FINANCIAL DISTRESS IN CONSUMER AND NON-CONSUMER CYCLICALS COMPANIES LISTED ON THE IDX DURING THE 2019-2021

The ability of a company to compete is determined by the company’s performance. If there is a lack of effectiveness in the company’s performance, then company leaders can take the right action to ensure that things become more efficient. Moreover, performance measurement is closely related to the company’s financial condition. Every company should create and use financial reports in the process of managing the company’s finances. Therefore, this research is needed to find out the effect of profitability, liquidity, leverage, sales growth on financial distress in consumer and non-consumer cyclicals companies listed on the IDX during the 2019-2021. The sampling method used in this research is nonprobability sampling by applying purposive sampling technique. The sample used in this research consists of trading companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) during the 2019-2021 that are engaged in buying and selling activities without production. The results of this research indicate that (1) the profitability ratio measured using Return on Asset has a positive effect on financial distress; (2) the profitability ratio measured using Return on Equity has a negative effect on financial distress; (3) the liquidity ratio measured using the Current Ratio has no effect on financial distress; (4) the leverage ratio measured using the Debt Equity Ratio has an effect on financial distress; and (5) the sales growth ratio has no effect on financial distress in trading sector companies listed on the IDX during 2019-2021.

Accounting‐based variables as an early warning indicator of financial distress in crisis and non‐crisis periods

AbstractFinancial integration in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) region is a key focus of the ASEAN Economic Community. Whereas many studies focus on modelling corporate default, this paper identifies early warning indicators of financial distress before a default, using multiple discriminant analysis (MDA) models with a sample of listed and delisted companies in the ASEAN region. The analysis examines 720 companies in 10 different industries across six ASEAN countries from 1997 to 2016. The study constructs individual models for each country as well as an overall model for the entire region, using both in‐sample and out‐of‐sample approaches. This overall model could be useful for an integrated banking system. To ensure robustness, the study also separately examines the predictive performance of the MDA models across different economic crises: the Asian financial crisis (AFC) from 1997 to 2000, the global financial crisis (GFC) from 2007 to 2009 and their pre‐ and post‐crisis periods. We find that profitability ratios are the best indicators of financial distress in the ASEAN region, followed by liquidity and leverage ratios. In addition, our findings reveal common indicators that can be used to predict financial distress across ASEAN countries. The single model performs reasonably well in predicting financial distress 1 year ahead. In addition, the model is extended to incorporate a market‐based indicator into the MDA models, the distance to default. However, the inclusion of this indicator does not significantly improve the accuracy of the models in predicting financial distress at listed firms in the ASEAN region.

Effect of Leverage Ratio, Sales Growth, Company Size, Profitability Ratio, on Stock Returns in the Telecommunication Sub-Sector Listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in the 2016-2020 Period

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh leverage, pertumbuhan penjualan, ukuran perusahaan, probabilitas terhadap return saham pada industri telekomunikasi yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia selama periode 2016-20202. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah deskriptif kuantitatif dengan data sekunder, pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah penelitian kepustakaan. Penelitian ini menggunakan analisis regresi linier berganda. Hasil peelitiaan ini mengungkapkan bahwa variabel return saham dapat dipengaruhi oleh variabel leverage, revenue growth dan firm size profitabilitas sebesar 33,3%; dan secara parsial variabel return on asset berpengaruh negatif dan signifikan terhadap return saham pada industri Telekomunikasi di Bursa Efek Indonesia selama periode 2016-2020.

Perbandingan Rasio Keuangan (Likuiditas, Leverage, Profitabilitas dan Aktivitas) pada PT Gudang Garam Tbk dan PT HM Sampoerna Tbk Tahun 2021

This study compares the financial ratios between PT Gudang Garam Tbk and PT HM Sampoena in 2021 which aims to see the capabilities of the two companies in each of their financial ratios. The results of this study indicate that the ability of the two companies, namely PT Gudang Garam Tbk and PT HM Sampoerna Tbk, in financial performance with four ratios, namely: the liquidity ratio with the proxy current ratio that PT Gudang Garam Tbk is in better condition than PT HM Sampoerna Tbk and the quick ratio of the two companies is not in good condition, the cash ratio of PT HM Sampoerna Tbk is in good condition than PT Gudang Garam Tbk. The leverage ratio proxied by the debt to asset ratio and the debt to equity ratio of the two companies shows a healthy condition. Meanwhile, the activity ratio, including fixed asset turnover, PT HM Sampoerna Tbk generates more income, as well as its total asset turnover is more than that of PT Gudang Garam Tbk. The profitability ratio proxied by net profit margin (NPM), return on assets (ROA) and return on equity (ROE) at PT HM Sampoerna Tbk is higher in value than PT Gudang Garam Tbk.

Analisis Financial Distress Perusahaan Subsektor Real Estate Dan Property Di BEI Tahun 2012-2021

This study aims to analyze the effect of a causal relationship from leverage ratios, liquidity, and firm size as independent variables to financial distress as the dependent variable in real estate and property companies. The research population used was 84 real estate and property companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) during the 10-year research period in 2012-2021. The research sample was taken using a purpose sampling technique with 32 selected samples being companies that met the sampling criteria. The analytical method used in this study is a quantitative research method through descriptive statistical testing, classical assumption testing, multiple linear regression testing, and hypothesis testing using IBM SPSS 25 software. The results found that (H1) leverage has a sixnificant negative effect on financial distress with six value 0.003 < 0.05; (H2) liquidity has no sixnificant effect on financial distress with a sig value of 0.576 > 0.05; (H3) company size has a significant negative effect on financial distress with a sig value of 0.002 <0.05.

Valuating the capital structure under incomplete information

Can higher uncertainty increase the valuation (market-to-book value) of young firms compared to more established ones? As the current market shows higher levels of uncertainty about companies’ expected cash flows and changes in firm value, the question of the fundamental convex relationship between the two becomes more relevant. This paper aims to study how cash flow uncertainty affects the capital structure/leverage of a firm over time. A simple Bayesian learning framework is employed to assess leverage ratios in the presence of parameter uncertainty about expected cash flow. This study provides an analytical solution for leverage as a function of firm age and explores the implications using numerical results. The model links market leverage with expected cash flow volatility and firm age. Young firms face uncertainty about their expected cash flows and hence their firm value. Managers continuously update their evaluation of leverage ratios when they observe realized cash flow until firms reach maturity. Therefore, the paper provides a novel explanation of why the leverage ratio for many start-ups increases over time: the resolution of uncertainty decreases upside shock expectations as the firm ages. This result is useful both for academics, who can test the formulas derived in this paper for various industries, countries, and conditions, and for practitioners, who can use them to calibrate algorithmic trading models when linking uncertainty and firm valuation.

Primary market demand for German government bonds

This paper provides evidence on the drivers of demand at government bond auctions using data on more than 600 German federal government bond auctions between 2005 and 2022. Applying the model averaging technique Weighted Average Least Squares robust determinants are identified from a large set of regressors representing auction-specific, institutional, regulatory and financial market conditions. To cover different characteristics of the empirical demand curves new measures of auction demand are introduced which i.a. reflect bidders’ estimated real-time allotment expectations. The main results can be summarised as follows: Demand is positively affected by the secondary market yield of the respective security, the announcement of upcoming syndications by the issuer, the volume offered, and underpricing at previous auctions. Furthermore, central bank net purchases in the secondary market have a robustly positive effect on demand at least for short-term bonds. Robustly negative effects are found for market volatility and the regulatory introduction of the leverage ratio for banks. The most noticeable null result is that I do not find robust evidence for crowding-out-like effects where the issuance activity of comparable issuers would dampen auction demand.

PENGARUH RASIO KEUANGAN DALAM MEMPREDIKSI KONDISI FINANCIAL DISTRESS PADA PERUSAHAAN MANUFAKTUR YANG TERDAFTAR DI BURSA EFEK INDONESIA PERIODE 2017-2021

This study aims to obtain empirical evidence regarding the effect of liquidity ratios, leverage, activity, profitability and sales stability on financial distress in manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) for the 2017-2021 period. There were 50 companies that were indicated to be experiencing financial distress so that they were delisted from the Indonesia Stock Exchange during 2017-2021, one of the reasons being that they had been declared bankrupt/bankrupt and the opportunity to live was disrupted. This is a threat that can be experienced by all companies regardless of the type or size of the company and can occur at any time. The population in this study are all manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) which issued financial reports during 2017-2021. . The samples obtained based on the purposive sampling method amounted to 50 sample data of observational data. The data analysis technique in this study is multiple linear regression. The results of this study indicate that the liquidity ratio, leverage ratio, profitability and sales growth have a significant effect on financial distress. Meanwhile, the activity ratio has no significant effect on financial distress.

Does the Debt Ratio Mediate the Effect of Liquidity Ratio and Profitability Ratio on Stock Returns?: Empirical Evidence on Wholesale and Retail Trade Sub-Sector Companies on the Indonesia Stock Exchange

This study aims to analyze the mediating effect of the debt ratio on the effect of liquidity and profitability on stock returns. Stock prices and returns are one unit, so that to estimate stock prices and returns can be seen from the company's financial performance, through financial ratios such as liquidity ratios, profitability ratios, and debt or leverage ratios. Companies with good financial performance are expected to have good stock performance. This study used a sample of 31 public companies in the wholesale and retail trade sub-sector which were listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in the 2016-2020 period. Sampling of this research was based on purposive sampling technique. The data analysis technique used is tiered linear regression, path analysis, and the Sobel test. The results of this study indicate that the significant liquidity ratio has a negative effect on the debt ratio and the liquidity ratio does not have a significant negative effect on stock returns. The profitability ratio has a significant positive effect on the debt ratio which confirms the trade-off theory. The profitability ratio has a significant positive effect on stock returns, while the debt ratio has a significant negative effect on stock returns. The debt ratio is not significant to mediate the positive negative effect of the liquidity ratio on stock returns. Likewise, the debt ratio is not significant mediating the negative positive effect of profitability ratios on stock returns. The results of this study suggest that investors who expect high stock returns do not need to pay attention to the company's debt ratio, but rather pay attention to the company's liquidity and profitability.

The Effect of Audit Opinions on TOBIN S Q and Stock Value by Panel Data Analysis

Purpose –Financial statements of businesses contain information risk for various reasons. The most accepted way to reduce the information risk is the independent audit of the financial statements of the enterprises. It is thought that the independently audited financial statements will have a positive impact on the market value of the enterprises. The main purpose of the research under this assumption is to measure the impact of audit opinion on the market value of the companies that operated in the manufacturing sector and traded on Borsa Istanbul. Design/methodology/approach –For measuring the impactof audit opinion on the market value of the companies that operated in the manufacturing sector and traded on Borsa Istanbul between 1998 to 2019 Tobin's Q ratio and stock price are used to represent the market value. Panel data analysis is used in the research, because of data sets consisting of both cross-section and time series. Tobin's Q ratio and stock price are determined as the dependent variables, audit opinion is determined as the independent variable and the leverage ratio and asset size are determined as control variables in the research. Finding –It is examined within the scope of 1651 financial statements and audit reports of 110 companies. And it is examined Tobin's Q ratio values on 31 March, 30 June, 30 September, 31 December and at the time of the announcement of the audit report. Also it is examined the firm's stock price on the date of the audit firm's opinion, on the date of the one day before and after it.Discussion –As a result of the research, it has been revealed that audit opinions do not affect the Tobin’s Q ratio but affect stock price of companies in Turkey.

Currency change and capital structure decisions: evidence from the birth of the Euro area

PurposeThe paper investigates if the process that led to the birth of the Euro Area had a significant impact in homogenizing the capital structure decisions of European firms since the first introduction of the common currency.Design/methodology/approachA large sample of firms was constructed, and a Tobit-censored regression model was utilized to investigate the determinants of firms' observed capital structures. The Black–Scholes–Merton model was used to infer market values of assets, as well as the volatility of those values, from the observed market values of equity and the corresponding volatility. The existing differences in national tax rules were considered for estimating firm-specific marginal tax rates.FindingsIt was found that, despite the currency union and the institutional harmonization process, certain factors still play a different role. In particular, the impact of profitability is consistent with the pecking order view in some countries, and with the trade-off theory in others. Assets risk, measured as the annualized volatility of the market enterprise value, is the best predictor of observed leverage ratios. The sector of activity is significant in determining leverage decisions even when assets' risk is taken into account. Despite the monetary union and the increased financial and institutional integration in the Euro Area, the country of origin still plays a significant role in capital structure decisions, suggesting that other country-level factors may affect firms' financing behaviour.Practical implicationsThe paper indicates that, despite the long harmonization process of institutions, regulations and public budget required to join the Euro, firms' financing decisions are still affected by country-specific factors once the common currency is introduced. Therefore, new entrant countries in the Euro area should not expect their companies to immediately conform with those located in other countries within the common currency area.Originality/valueThis article investigated the impact of the currency change from national currencies to the Euro on the determinants of capital structure choices. It was shown that, despite the long harmonization process that led to the birth of the Euro Area, national factors still affect firms' financing decisions. This provides guidance for policymakers in countries that are planning to join the Euro about the impact this will have on firms' financing decisions in the entrant country.

The effects of leverage on profitability in Vietnamese shipping listed companies

In order to identify whether “The financial leverage has an impact on the profitability of shipping enterprises or not?” we will have recommendations, to ensure financial safety and sustainable development for shipping enterprises. This research uses the generalized least squares method (GLS) to verify the relationship between the finance's leverage (DA) and the operating performance (ROA). Panel data from 25 listed companies on 3 stock exchanges in Vietnam, namely HOSE, HNX, and UPCoM, which are operating in shipping, from 2014 to 2022. The variables of this paper are return on assets (ROA), total debt to total assets (DA), company size (SIZE) and company growth (GROWTH), intangible fixed assets (INTANG), and short-term assets/short-term earnings (LIQ). Research results show that the ratio of financial leverage has a negative relationship with ROA, and if a business uses more debt, it has bad results in its business performance. In addition, long-term businesses will have a higher financial leverage ratio.

Pengaruh Leverage dan Likuiditas terhadap Nilai Perusahaan dengan Pemoderasi Umur Perusahaan

This study aims to explore how leverage and liquidity affect the value of companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange from 2018 to 2022. Firm age is also considered a moderating variable in the analysis, using a sample of 15 companies using SPSS 23.0 for quantitative data analysis. Secondary data were used which were obtained from annual reports taken from the respective company websites and the website of the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX). The research population consists of banking companies listed on the IDX in the 2018-2022 period. The results of the study found that leverage has a significant negative effect on firm value, while the liquidity ratio has no significant effect. In addition, firm age was found to moderate the relationship between leverage and firm value, but not the relationship between liquidity and firm value. The analysis shows that the combined leverage ratio and liquidity account for 81.9% of the variance in firm value, with the remaining 18.1% being influenced by other variables not included in the study. It can be concluded that leverage has a significant negative effect on firm value, while liquidity has no impact on firm value. In addition, firm age can moderate the relationship between leverage and firm value, but not moderate the relationship between liquidity and firm value in companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. This study provides valuable insights, emphasizing the importance of firm age as a moderating variable in the relationship between leverage and firm value.

Impact of firms’ size, leverage, and net profit margin on firms’ profitability in the manufacturing sector of Bangladesh: An empirical analysis using GMM estimation

The study investigated the factors that influence the return on assets (ROA) of manufacturing firms in Bangladesh. The study relied on secondary data sourced from the audited annual reports of 15 leading manufacturing firms in Bangladesh, covering a period of ten years from 2013 to 2022. The sample firms were selected based on their listing on the Dhaka Stock Exchange (DSE)-30 and Chittagong Stock Exchange (CSE)-30 indices and their status as leading firms in the manufacturing sector using the purposeful sampling method. The study employed the one-step generalized method of moments (GMM) estimator to analyze the data, addressing the presence of endogeneity and heteroskedasticity. The results of the study indicated that the natural logarithms of net profit margin (NPM) and total sales (TS) have a significant positive relationship with ROA, while the natural logarithm of total assets (TA) has a significant negative relationship with ROA. However, the study did not find any significant relationship between the leverage ratio (D RATIO) and ROA. The lagged value of the dependent variable (L) was also found to be insignificant. The study's findings suggest that firms can enhance their ROA by improving their profitability and increasing their sales while avoiding excessive growth in their asset base. Additionally, larger firms may face diseconomies of scale that reduce their profitability. However, the lack of a significant relationship between leverage and ROA is somewhat surprising, and further research is needed to better understand the relationship between leverage and ROA in different contexts. Overall, the study utilized a rigorous data collection approach to ensure the reliability and validity of the data used for analysis, providing accurate results that can be relied upon for making informed decisions.

Likuiditas, Leverage, Profitabilitas, Penilaian Pasar, Firm Size dan Return Saham

The research aims to obtain empirical evidence of the effect of financial ratios and firm size on stock returns. The research was conducted on consumer goods sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the 2018-2020 period. Determination of the sample using nonprobability sampling with purposive sampling. The samples used were 24 companies. The total observation data for the 2018-2020 period is 72 observational data. Methods of data collection using non-participant observation. The analysis technique uses multiple linear regression analysis. Based on the results of the study, it shows that the liquidity ratio has a negative and significant effect, the leverage ratio has a negative and significant effect, the profitability ratio has a negative but not significant effect, the market appraisal ratio has a negative and significant effect, and firm size has a negative but not significant effect on stock returnsKeywords : Stock Seturns, Liquidity, Leverage, Profitability, Market Valuation

Pengaruh Tingkat Risiko Environmental Social Governance (ESG) dan Leverage terhadap Kinerja Perusahaan Pada Indeks IDXESGL Tahun 2020-2022

This study examines the impact of the ESG risk level and Leverage ratio on the performance of companies included in the IDXESGL index in 2020-2022. This study uses financial reports from companies including the IDXESGL index in 2020-2022 on the Indonesian Stock Exchange in the last 3 years. This type of research is cross-sectional, and the sampling method used is purposive sampling. Descriptive analysis, t-test, correlation, and regression were performed to support the research objectives. SPSS was used for analysis. Based on the regression results, there is no significant effect between the level of ESG risk and company performance. However, there is a significant effect between leverage and company performance. As well as together the risk level of ESG and Leverage have a significant influence on company performance. This research is limited to companies included in the IDXESGL index in 2020-2022 and cannot highlight companies that are not included in the index.

Profitabilitas, Likuiditas, dan Leverage Terhadap Pengungkapan CSR Perusahaan

This study aims to test and analyze the effect of profitability, liquidity and leverage on the disclosure of Corporate Social Responsibility of Food and Beverages manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2017-2021. This research method is quantitative. Data collection techniques using secondary data with purposive sampling method. Based on the criteria determined by the researcher, a sample of 17 companies was found with a total sample of 85 observations. The analysis technique uses multiple linear regression using the SPSS Version 26 tool. The results show that profitability does not affect the disclosure of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) disclosure of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) because the results of the profitability t test have a sig value of 0.834, so the sig value is obtained is greater than 0.05 or 5%; b) liquidity affects the disclosure of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) because the results of the t-test for liquidity have a value of 0.010, so the sig value obtained is less than 0.05 or 5%; c) leverage has no effect on disclosure of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) because the leverage t-test results have a sig value of 0.728, so the sig value obtained is greater than 0.05 or 5%. In conclusion, the liquidity ratio has an effect on the disclosure of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). Meanwhile, profitability and leverage ratios have no effect on the disclosure of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR).
 Keywords: Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), Leverage, Liquidity, Profitability

Avrupa’da Faaliyet Gösteren Havayolu İşletmelerinin Finansal Performans Analizi: CRITIC Temelli MAUT ve MARCOS Yöntemleri

This paper aims to measure the financial performance of 6 airline operators operating in Europe between the periods of 2019-2021. For performance measurement, 8 financial criteria were used: current ratio, cash ratio, financial leverage ratio, equity multiplier, asset turnover rate, equity turnover rate, return on equity and return on assets ratio. For the analysis of these criteria, the importance levels of the criteria related to the CRITIC method, one of the MCDM methods, were determined. At the same time, with the MAUT and MARCOS methods, the financial performance ranking of the airline enterprises was obtained according to the relevant years. According to the findings of the CRITIC method; It was determined that asset turnover rate in 2019 and financial leverage ratio criteria in 2020 and 2019 were the most important criteria. As a result of the MAUT method, it was concluded that the airline with the best financial performance in 2019, 2020 and 2021 was Air France. According to the findings of the MARCOS method, the airline with the highest financial performance in 2019 was Pegasus Airlines and in 2020 and 2021 it was determined as EasyJet.

Investigation of the Relationship between Corporate Governance and Capital Structure in Insurance Companies with Panel Regression Analysis

Corporate governance principles in a company consist of fairness, transparency, accountability
 and responsibility. Companies with fully implemented corporate governance principles are expected
 to reduce costs and increase corporate value. It is believed that increasing corporate value can be achieved
 by minimizing the cost of capital. When examined from these aspects, the value of the enterprise
 can be increased by reducing capital costs with corporate governance principles in this study, the
 relationship between the corporate governance of insurance companies and their capital structures
 has been examined. Financial indicators of insurance companies traded in Borsa Istanbul from 2014
 to 2021 are used as data. The financial leverage ratio (total debt/total assets) is considered as the dependent
 variable and the proportion of foreign members, the proportion of female members, and the
 proportion of independent members as dependent variables are considered as independent variables
 in the study. Panel regression analysis was applied as the evaluation method, and it was seen that the
 ratios of foreign members, independent members and female members positively affected the capital
 structure. It has also been observed that the variable that most influences the capital structure is the
 proportion of foreign members.

The Reaction of the Greek Stock Market to IFRS 16

In this paper, we examine if the implementation of the IFRS 16 about leases had an impact on the stocks traded on Athens Exchange. We use a sample of 79 listed companies to examine whether the prices and the risk of their stocks were affected by the new accounting standard. In doing so, we conduct an event study to estimate abnormal return and volatility of stocks around the publication dates of the sample’s financial statements for year 2019. Similar estimates are prepared for year 2018, which is used as the control year. Afterwards, we compute three representative financial ratios concerning the companies’ profitability, leverage and liquidity. Finally, we check the validity of three assumptions about the impact of IFRS 16 on stock performance and volatility; 1) higher profitability results in higher stock returns and lower volatility, 2) higher leverage ratios, leads to lower stock returns and increased risk, and 3) decreased liquidity results in lower stock returns and increased risk. The empirical findings do not verify these assumptions.