Level Off Research Articles

Early life social and health determinants of higher education across three generations

Abstract Background Associations of social and health disadvantages at birth with educational attainment are well-documented. Less is known about the magnitude of the associations across different historical contexts. We investigated associations between a range of early life disadvantages and higher educational attainment across three successive generations. Methods The data were from the register-based Uppsala Birth Cohort Multigenerational Study in Sweden. The study samples include three generations born in 1915-1929 (G1, n = 10 587), 1933-1972 (G2, n = 6566), and 1973-1978 (G3, n = 6684). The outcome was attainment of higher education (more than senior high school) assessed at age 30+ years. Exposures were parental socioeconomic position (SEP), mother's marital status, parity, gestational age and birth weight for gestational age. Multiple logistic regression models were fitted to evaluate the associations across three generations. Results are presented as Average Marginal Effects (AME). Results Low parental SEP was associated with lower probability of higher educational attainment in all three generations. The difference between low versus high parental SEP among men declined by 32 percentage points in G2 (AME: 0.32; 95% CI: 0.27, 0.38) and 27 percentage points in G3 (AME: 0.27; 95% CI: 0.21, 0.33) compared to G1. Among women, the corresponding declines in G2 and G3 were 35 and 28 percentage points. Mothers’ unmarried marital status and high parity were associated with lower probability of education, with no evidence of decline across generations. The association between small for gestational age and education among men persisted across generations while showing a decline in G3 women. Conclusions Associations between early life factors and education persisted across three generations. The influence of parental socioeconomic background on educational attainment appeared to level off in the youngest generation after becoming attenuated in the preceding generation. Key messages • Association between small for gestational age and educational attainment persisted across generations, with an attenuation among the youngest cohort of women. • High parity was associated with lower chance of educational attainment, with no evidence of effect attenuation across generations.

Coevolution between marine Aeromonas and phages reveals temporal trade-off patterns of phage resistance and host population fitness.

Coevolution of bacteria and phages is an important host and parasite dynamic in marine ecosystems, contributing to the understanding of bacterial community diversity. On the time scale, questions remain concerning what is the difference between phage resistance patterns in marine bacteria and how advantageous mutations gradually accumulate during coevolution. In this study, marine Aeromonas was co-cultured with its phage for 180 days and their genetic and phenotypic dynamics were measured every 30 days. We identified 11 phage resistance genes and classified them into three categories: lipopolysaccharide (LPS), outer membrane protein (OMP), and two-component system (TCS). LPS shortening and OMP mutations are two distinct modes of complete phage resistance, while TCS mutants mediate incomplete resistance by repressing the transcription of phage genes. The co-mutation of LPS and OMP was a major mode for bacterial resistance at a low cost. The mutations led to significant reductions in the growth and virulence of bacterial populations during the first 60 days of coevolution, with subsequent leveling off. Our findings reveal the marine bacterial community dynamics and evolutionary trade-offs of phage resistance during coevolution, thus granting further understanding of the interaction of marine microbes.

Influence of hydrogen in natural gas mixed hydrogen environment on mechanical properties of X80 pipeline steel

X80 pipeline steel is investigated for its mechanical performances within the natural gas/hydrogen mixtures containing hydrogen 0, 1.5, 3, 5, 10 and 15 vol% at the 12 MPa total pressure. According to the findings, hydrogen in natural gas/hydrogen mixtures has an essential effect on mechanical performances of X80 pipeline steel. Hydrogen does not significantly affect X80 pipeline steel strength, but has a large effect on elongation and a sharp effect on fracture toughness as well as fatigue crack growth rate. The fatigue crack growth rate elevates with addition of a small amount of hydrogen (1.5 vol%) by nearly one order of magnitude. As the hydrogen further increases from 1.5 vol% to 15 vol%, the fatigue crack growth rate continues to increase and gradually levels off. However, as the hydrogen increases, the fracture toughness KIC of X80 drops very sharply, from 251.73 MPa m0.5 when the hydrogen is 0 vol% to 95.7 MPa m0.5 when the hydrogen is 15 vol%, and the KIC falls by 61.98%. Therefore, when evaluating the hydrogen blending ratio, focusing on the role of hydrogen blending ratio in fracture toughness is more critical than fatigue crack growth rate.

Roles of catalysts’ porous media feature and catalytic conversion effect on the performance of plate-fin heat exchangers in hydrogen liquefaction

Ortho-para hydrogen conversion is essential for hydrogen liquefaction and filling catalysts inside channels of plate-fin heat exchangers (PFHXs) is the most efficient method of conversion. However, the roles of the catalysts’ porous media feature and catalytic conversion effect on the performance of PFHXs filled with ortho-para hydrogen conversion catalysts are barely discussed. Three cases, i.e., Case A (normal PFHX), Case B (PFHX filled with non-catalytic particles acting as porous media), and Case C (PFHX filled with catalysts), are numerically studied and compared to illustrate the influence of filled ortho-para hydrogen conversion catalysts on the performance of the PFHX. The thermal-hydraulic performance coefficient (ηTHP) is defined to illustrate the combined performance of thermal (j factor) and hydraulic performance (f factor), and the conversion efficiency (ηCON) is defined to evaluate the conversion performance of the heat exchanger. The comparison between Case A and Case B shows that the particles acting as porous media restrain the hydraulic performance of normal PFHX while enhance the thermal performance. In comparison with Case B, as the ortho-para hydrogen conversion effect is considered in Case C, j factor is reduced by 1.8 % and the flow resistance is increased by 8.9 %, denoting that the conversion heat leads to deterioration of heat transfer and hydraulic performance. Parametric analyses show that, when the Reynolds number rises from 214.0 to 1569.1, ηTHP and ηCON in Case C increase by 304.9 % and 10.2 % respectively, implying that the Reynolds number is quite influential to the performance. Beside, the proportion of conversion heat in the total heat flux rises along the flow direction and tends to level off, reaching about 45 %.

Work Stress and Employee Performance at Uptd Region Ii Gorontalo Regency One-Stop Admistration Services Office

This research aims to analyze the influence of work stress on employee performance at the UPTD of Vehicle Document Registrasion Center (SAMSAT) in Gorontalo Regency. The population in this research comprise all employees, totaling 24 individuals. The research employs the entire population as the sample. The data collection technique involves distributing questionnaires directly to the UPTD of Vehicle Document Registration Center (SAMSAT) employees in Gorontalo Regency. The data analysis employs Simple Linear Regression analysis. The results indicate that work stress significantly impacts employee performance, as evidenced by the t-count (4.063) exceeding the t-table value of 2.073 with a significancw level off 0.05. This means that the work stress variable positively and significantly influences employee performance at the UPTD of Vehicle Document Registration Center (SAMSAT) in Gorontalo Regency. Based on the coefficient of determination calculation, the R-square value is 32,7%, implying that the remaining 67.3% is influenced by other variables wich are not examined in this research,

Limits of self-ignition in the process of hydrogen-methane mixtures release under high pressure into unconfined space

The promising way for the storage of gaseous combustible mixtures based on hydrogen is the use of high-pressure vessels. However, as a result of accidental release of such mixtures under high pressure into atmosphere the self-ignition could arise. In the paper a series of numerical simulations of hydrogen/methane mixtures release from the high-pressure vessel into the open space is carried out in order to investigate safe conditions for storage and pumping of such mixtures. The storage pressure is varied in the range from 350 to 700 atm, that correspond to the pressure range promising for hydrogen storage. Main attention in the paper is paid to the variation of methane content in its mixture with hydrogen. It is shown that under any pressures considered there is a limit of methane content in its mixture with hydrogen providing the absence of self-ignition of combustible hydrogen-methane mixture. Herewith, the certain value of critical methane content depends on geometry of hydrogen/methane source (hole, slit, its size). In particular, results of the study demonstrate that in the case of small orifice self-ignition limits are wider when the combustible mixture is released through the slit than through the round hole. At the same time, when the large orifice is used this difference levels off. It is shown that the intensity of gas-dynamic processes decreases with the increase in the methane content, and thereby there is a certain decrease in the temperature of shock-heated air and self-ignition probability.

Numerical simulation of pore pressure development beneath suction anchor under undrained condition during uplift

Suction anchors are increasingly used in the deep-sea anchoring infrastructure, and the accurate evaluation of the uplift behavior is of great importance. In this paper, the development of pore pressure under the suction anchor lid during the undrained pullout process was investigated. The numerical model based on the solid-fluid two-phase theory and by updated Lagrangian method was employed. Laboratory experimental studies with three different aspect ratios were carried out to verify the effectiveness and accuracy of numerical method. Parametric studies were performed to analyze the effect of key soil properties on the accumulation of pore pressure. The results show that the numerical method in terms of capturing the failure pattern and simulating pore pressure evolution was significantly efficient. The development of excess pore pressure increased faster at the beginning, followed by a slower increase and then tended to level off. The maximum excess pore pressure appeared just beneath the suction anchor, and decreased with the increasing soil depth. Parametric analysis showed that a greater negative pore pressure needed a larger shear modulus, MCC swelling index and critical stress ratio, or a smaller porosity, permeability and MCC compression index. The softening coefficient had little effect on the pore pressure generation.

Error-field penetration thresholds in ohmically heated ITER and SPARC plasmas

The critical n = 1, n = 2, and n = 3 error-field amplitudes needed to trigger error-field penetration in ITER and SPARC, steady-state, ohmically heated plasmas are calculated using a standard asymptotic matching approach. The calculation incorporates plasma impurities, trapped particles, the bootstrap current, and neoclassical poloidal flow-damping. The energy confinement time is specified by the neo-Alcator scaling law in the low-density linear Ohmic confinement (LOC) regime and by the ITER-89P L-mode scaling law in the high-density saturated Ohmic confinement (SOC) regime. The response of the plasma in the inner region is calculated using a linearized version of the four-field model. At the normal operating electron number density, diamagnetic levels of rotation are found to be sufficient to protect ITER and SPARC ohmically heated plasmas from m=2/n=1 error-field penetration. On the other hand, SPARC, and especially ITER, ohmically heated plasmas may be vulnerable to n > 1 error-field penetration. ITER and SPARC ohmically heated plasmas are also slightly more susceptible to error-field penetration when the electron fluid at the rational surface rotates in the ion diamagnetic direction, rather than the electron diamagnetic direction. At electron number densities that are sufficiently low that the plasma lies in the LOC confinement regime, the error-field penetration threshold increases with increasing density. However, as soon as the electron number density becomes large enough that the plasma enters the SOC regime, the increase in the error-field penetration threshold with increasing density levels off.

Anti-leak, self-adaptive liquid metal-epoxy in-situ cured composites with ultra-low thermal resistance via flexible droplet inclusions

Generally, the function of thermal interface material (TIM) is filling rough surfaces, eradicating air pockets, decreasing thermal resistance, and improving heat dissipating effects. On this basis, we provide the TIM with another identity, “adhesion”, rendering it not only play a role of heat dissipation, but also serve as an adhesive to bond contacting surfaces. In this work, nano- to microscopic liquid metal (LM) droplets are embedded into the epoxy matrix to fabricate a LM-epoxy in-situ cured composite. By adding the curing agent, the LM-epoxy composite is cured into an entity structure, transforming from an amorphous grease state to a self-adaptive pad state. When the average droplet size is in a reasonable range of approximately 5–25 μm, the composite's thermal resistance (Rtotal) decreases to 2.19 mm2K/W at 70% volume fraction with its adhesive strength of 0.497 MPa, and the thermal conductivity (kTIM) could increase to 10.05 W/(m·K) at 85%. Both Rtotal and kTIM change rapidly for droplet size approximately ranging from 102 nm to 101 μm and then tend to level off when it further increases to 102 μm. A conception of equivalent contact thickness, δ, is presented to elucidate the contacting thermal resistance Rc, and set up predictive models of Rtotal for different volume fractions by considering the microscopic interfacial thermal resistance Rb between filler and matrix or not. This composite simultaneously possesses characteristics of the low thermal resistance like thermal grease, the whole entity like thermal pad, and the anti-leak characteristics by in-situ cured process. Actual cooling tests show it has a considerable temperature difference of 4.75 °C lower than the commercial thermal grease at 650 W heating power. This in-situ cured strategy, via decreasing the thermal resistance and solving the problem of LM leakage, remarkably promotes the LM-TIMs achieving a broader application prospect in the future.

Numerical investigation on characteristics of interfacial wave of liquid film in gas–liquid two-phase flow using OpenFOAM

Liquid film cooling as an advanced cooling technology is widely used in space vehicles. Stable operation of liquid film along the rocket combustion inner wall is crucial for thermal protection of rocket engines. The stability of liquid film is mainly determined by the characteristics of interfacial wave, which is rarely investigated right now. How to improve the stability of thin film has become a hot spot. In view of this, an advanced model based on the conventional Volume of Fluid (VOF) model is adopted to investigate the characteristics of interfacial wave in gas–liquid flow by using OpenFOAM, and the mechanism of formation and development of wave is revealed intuitively through numerical study. The effects from gas velocity, surface tension and dynamic viscosity of liquid (three factors) on the wave are studied respectively. It can be found that the gas velocity is critical to the formation and development of wave, and four modes of droplets generation are illustrated in this paper. Besides, a gas vortex near the gas–liquid interface can induce formation of wave easily, so changing the gas vortex state can regulate formation and development of wave. What’s more, the change rules of three factors influencing on the interfacial wave are obtained, and the surface tension has a negative effect on the formation and development of wave only when the surface tension coefficient is above the critical value, whereas the dynamic viscosity has a positive effect in this process. Lastly, the maximum height and maximum slope angle of wave will level off as the gas velocity increases. Meanwhile, the maximum slope angle of wave is usually no more than 38°, no matter what happens to the three factors.

Investigation of Dynamic Behavior of Ultra-Large Cold-Water Pipes for Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) is a process that can produce electricity by utilizing the temperature difference between deep cold water and surface warm water. The cold-water pipe (CWP) is a key component of OTEC systems, which transports deep cold water to the floating platform. The CWP is subjected to various environmental and operational loads, such as waves, currents, internal flow, and platform motion, which can affect its dynamic response and stability. In this paper, we establish a computational model of the mechanical performance of the CWP based on the Euler–Bernoulli beam theory and the Morrison equation, considering the effects of internal flow, sea current, and wave excitation. We use the differential quadrature method (DQM) to obtain a semi-analytical solution of the lateral displacement and bending moment of the CWP. We verify the correctness and validity of our model by comparing it with the finite element simulation results using OrcaFlex software. We also analyze the effects of operating conditions—such as wave intensity, clump weight at the bottom, and internal flow velocity—on the dynamic response of the CWP using numerical simulation and the orthogonal experimental method. The results show that changing the wave strength and internal flow velocity has little effect on the lateral displacement of the CWP but increasing the current velocity can significantly increase the lateral displacement of the CWP, which can lead to instability. The effects of waves, clump weight, internal flow, and sea current on the maximum bending moment of the CWP are similar; all of them increase sharply at first and then decrease gradually until they level off. The differences in the effects are mainly reflected in the different locations of the pipe sections. This paper suggests some design guidance for CWP in terms of dynamic responses depending on the operating conditions. This paper contributes to the journal’s scope by providing a novel and efficient method for analyzing the mechanical performance of CWP for OTEC systems, which is an important ocean energy resource.

Are vertebrates constrained to two sets of paired appendages? The morphology, development, and evolution of pre-pelvic claspers in the Holocephali.

Holocephalans exhibit auxiliary appendages called pre-pelvic claspers (PPCs) that are located anterior to the pelvic fins, while pelvic claspers are pelvic fin modifications located posteriorly as modified metapterygia. Articulation points of the PPCs have not previously been imaged or evaluated in a comparative context, therefore, they may represent modified pelvic fin structures if they articulate with the propterygium. Alternatively, they could represent the only example of an independent third set of paired appendages in an extant taxon, if they articulate independently from any pelvic fin basal cartilages, challenging the current paradigm that extant jawed vertebrates are constrained to two sets of paired appendages. Two extinct groups, including Placoderms and Acanthodians, exhibit variation in the number of paired appendages, suggesting this may be a plesiomorphic trait. We evaluated PPC developmental growth rates, morphology, and articulation points in spotted ratfish (Hydrolagus Colliei, Holocephali). We also compared variation in PPC morphology among representatives of the three extant holocephalan families. Both, the pre-pelvic and pelvic claspers exhibit a dramatic surge in growth at sexual maturity, and then level off, suggesting synchronous development via shared hormonal regulation. While mature females are larger than males, pelvic fin growth and development is faster in males, suggesting a selective advantage to larger fins with faster development. Finally, microcomputed tomography scans revealed that PPCs are not modified propterygia, nor do they articulate with the propterygium. They articulate with the anterior pre-pelvic process on the anterior puboischiadic bar (or pelvic girdle), suggesting that while they are associated with the pelvic girdle, they may indeed represent a third, independent set of paired appendages in extant holocephalans.

Effects of Salinity and Curing Time on Compression Behavior of Fly Ash Stabilized Marine Clay

This study involves an experimental examination of compression behaviors of fly ash stabilized marine clay cured at different times concerning the influences of pore water salinity. A set of laboratory one-dimensional compression tests was conducted on soft Lianyungang marine clay specimens with various pore water salinities and stabilized with fly ash. Test results indicated that both salinity and curing time influenced the compression characteristic of fly ash stabilized clay. The presence of fly ash obviously reduced the compressibility of the untreated marine clay sample. The semi-logarithmic compression curve of untreated pure soil was a straight line, whereas fly ash stabilized clay samples exhibited the pattern of two straight lines. All the fly ash stabilized soil specimens were well represented by two straight lines in the bilogarithmic coordinate, making it convenient to determine the compression yield stress. The compression index at the pre-yield stage was not susceptible to the variation in the salinity and curing period, whereas at the post-yield stage it exhibited a downward tendency as salinity and curing time increased. The value of yield stress for stabilized marine clay specimen exhibited a downward tendency with increasing salinity, whereas it increased significantly within 7 days and tended to level off with the elapsed curing time. The adverse effect of salinity and the positive influence of curing time on yield stress should be considered in engineering applications.

Analysis and Suppression of Thrust Trap for Turbo-Ramjet Mode Transition with the Integrated Optimal Control Method

An aircraft/engine integrated optimal control method is proposed for turbine-based combined cycle (TBCC) engines based on the Gauss pseudospectral method. The optimal flight trajectory and TBCC control law are obtained for a TBCC-powered aircraft, and the “thrust trap” that occurs during turbo-ramjet mode transition is further analyzed and suppressed. Results show that the aircraft goes through the mode transition phase using a “climb-dive” trajectory, which is a strategy of applying gravity-assist and temporarily reducing the drag. Furthermore, the TBCC engine adjusts at the quickest rate to minimize thrust loss. With the coupling of the trajectory and TBCC control law, the minimum thrust during the mode transition is only 23% of the thrust before the mode transition, suggesting the “thrust trap” phenomenon. By decreasing the mode transition time from 60 s to 15 s, the minimum thrust can only increase to 30%, and the “thrust trap” phenomenon cannot be effectively suppressed. When the operating speed range of the turbine engine increases from Ma2.5 to 2.9, the minimum thrust will reach 80%, and the “thrust trap” tends to level off.

Little directional change in the timing of Arctic spring phenology over the past 25 years

With the global change in climate, the Arctic has been pinpointed as the region experiencing the fastest rates of change. As a result, Arctic biological responses-such as shifts in phenology-are expected to outpace those at lower latitudes. 15 years ago, a decade-long dataset from Zackenberg in High Arctic Greenland revealed rapid rates of phenological change.1 To explore how the timing of spring phenology has developed since, we revisit the Zackenberg time series on flowering plants, arthropods, and birds. Drawing on the full 25-year period of 1996-2020, we find little directional change in the timing of events despite ongoing climatic change. We attribute this finding to a shift in the temporal patterns of climate conditions, from previous directional change to current high inter-annual variability. Additionally, some taxa appear to have reached the limits of their phenological responses, resulting in a leveling off in their phenological responses in warm years. Our findings demonstrate the importance of long-term monitoring of taxa from across trophic levels within the community, allowing for detecting shifts in sensitivities and responses and thus for updated inference in the light of added information.

Rethinking Decentralized Antitrust Regimes: A Window on the Future of Protectionism and Overregulation

Over 100 jurisdictions have a domestic competition law, making competition law one of the most widespread forms of economic regulation around the world. The existing decentralized antitrust regimes have increased transaction costs and uncertainties, enforcement conflicts, antitrust protectionism, and global overenforcement of antitrust laws. Yet international coordination has received little attention. Why? Two interest-based explanations suggest that the European Union and the United States have adopted different approaches to regulating competition, making the two leading regulators race to spread their regulatory models. Moreover, the balance of benefits under existing international legal rules continues to favor major corporations in both developed and developing countries. As a result, the developed world, particularly the United States, has viewed attempts at multilateral coordination as against its interests.
 This Article challenges this conventional wisdom. It argues that the increasing heterogeneity among decentralized antitrust regimes poses a larger long-term threat to the US than is commonly believed. A closer examination of the proliferation of antitrust laws demonstrates why antitrust protectionism and overregulation are not temporary and not destined to level off. In addition, as more developing countries have the capacity to prosecute multinationals and as the strictest jurisdiction has the power to set the de facto world standard, today’s positive balance of benefits will disappear tomorrow. This Article argues that the United States should reverse its hands-off approach to international antitrust coordination and instead enact proposals that place greater convergence among national antitrust regimes. It highlights why the present moment is an opportune time to initiate, but notes that the window for initiation is likely to close as developing countries acquire increased economic strength and enforcement capacity.

A Closer Outlook at the Curriculum Policy for Disability Students at Islamic Higher Education

Hidden behind insufficient data, the number of persons with disabilities is growing in surface. Like a pyramid, disability students are high at the primary level but drop off at the secondary, and particularly at the university level. An estimated data (2016) indicates that Indonesian people with disabilities have reached 12,15%. Out of 29 State Islamic Universities (Universitas Islam Negeri or UIN), a very limited number of campuses are inclusive. UIN Yogyakarta is considered the first inclusive campus, while UIN Surabaya is underway. This study tries to look closer at the curriculum policy for disability students at the above-mentioned UINs. The research method applied in this study is a combination of policy analysis and case study. Sources of evidence and information are documentation (digital and printed materials), direct observation and interview with 7 informants. The research findings can be summarized into several points: first, inclusive practices at UINs have gradually developed to meet the global demand for education for all and national policies on disabilities. However, during their learning process, disabled students have met barriers and difficulties in communication, social interaction, and using multimedia and accessible infrastructures. Second, curriculum policies and strategies have already been standardized by the national law of education and adopted by UIN’s authorities into syllabi and subject materials. UIN Yogyakarta has modified Universal Design for Learning (UDL) model, and UIN Surabaya maintains an integrated curriculum to solve the problem of disabilities. Third, both UINs have provided facilities and support systems, hardware and software, but need to be upgraded, and in some cases are ineffective.

Novel Identifier of Transitions in Bubble Columns Operated with Water and Aqueous Alcohol Solutions

AbstractThe accurate identification of the transition velocities Utrans in bubble columns (BCs) is important for their effective design, operation, and scale‐up. In this work, a novel parameter, namely, the new hybrid index (NHI), was developed and successfully applied to gas holdup and pressure fluctuations recorded in various BCs operated with water and aqueous solutions of alcohols (ethanol and propan‐2‐ol). The first Utrans was identified on the basis of a well‐pronounced local NHI minimum, whereas the second Utrans was distinguished by the point from which the NHI profile levels off. It was concluded that the main Utrans depend on the type of gas‐liquid system and sparger used. A set of several Utrans is reported.

Annual sea level variations off Atlantic Canada from satellite altimetry

Annual cycle of sea level off Atlantic Canada has been investigated based on a merged satellite altimetry dataset and a monthly temperature and salinity dataset. The altimetric results were compared with coastal tide-gauge data and steric height calculated from the temperature and salinity dataset. There was a general north-south variation in the amplitude of the altimetric annual cycle, increasing from 4 cm in the Labrador Sea to 15 cm in the Gulf Stream and the North Atlantic Current Region. The annual cycle in the deep ocean can approximately be accounted for by the steric height variability relative to 700 m, in which the thermosteric effect was the dominant contributor. The halosteric effect over the continental slope, especially over the northern Labrador Slope was also important. While the thermosteric effect occurred dominantly at the top 100 m water column, there was substantial halosteric variation in the 100–300 m water column. The annual sea level cycle along the Canadian Atlantic coast showed a complicated pattern in amplitude, but the phase was highly coherent with the highest sea level in fall. The steric height accounts for a substantial portion of the coastal annual cycle, but other factors such as wind forcing may be equally important.

Ferromagnetism of concrete

Studying the intrinsic properties of concrete is essential for addressing various aspects of concrete structure design, material selection, and sustainability. In this study, a suspended strong magnetic torsion balance device was designed and constructed to investigate the ferromagnetic properties of concrete specimens and their constituent materials. It was found that sand and cement generally exhibit ferromagnetic properties, while aggregates do not possess ferromagnetic properties. Analysis using powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and chemical experiments confirmed that the ferromagnetic material in sand and cement is elemental iron. A simplified calculation formula for the magnetic force between concrete specimens and an external magnetic field was derived. Three sets of specimens were designed and fabricated for experimental exploration of ferromagnetic properties and magnetic force measurements. The experimental results demonstrate that plain concrete possesses measurable ferromagnetic properties. The magnetic force of concrete initially experiences a rapid decay followed by a gradual leveling off as the distance (from the magnetic field source to the concrete surface) increases. The decay rate approximately follows a fourth-power relationship with distance. Under a loading condition with an applied magnetic field intensity of 0.2 T, the optimal measurement range for ferromagnetic force in concrete is between 0.02 m and 0.05 m.