Level Of Trust Research Articles

Labor market reintegration strategies of Albanian return migrants from Greece

For many migrants, returning to their country of origin is an important turning point in their migration trajectory. However, whether reverse migration proves successful depends largely on whether returnees are again able to participate in the social, economic, cultural, and political life of their country of origin. This paper draws on 37 biographical interviews conducted with Albanian returnees in three different geographical areas of Albania: Fier, Tirana, and Voskopoja. It aims to capture the diverse strategies the return migrants employed in navigating the labor market upon their return. We examine how the social and human capital the returnees accumulated while abroad shaped their patterns of reintegration into the labor market. We find that the returnees’ social capital in the form of social relationships and their human capital in the form of work experience influenced their entrepreneurial activities in their home country. Moreover, we observe that some of the returnees who were able to capitalize on their migration experiences in their host country introduced a new work culture and new products to their home country and offered better quality work than their local competitors. Our findings further indicate that while the returnees’ social networks improved their economic prospects, the levels of trust and social responsibility in these networks enabled them to develop and expand their business activities.

Rapidly diverging public trust in science in the United States.

Trust in science is crucial to resolving societal problems. Americans across political ideologies have high levels of trust in science-a stable pattern observed over the past 50 years. Yet, trust in science varies by individual and group characteristics and faces several threats, from political actors, increased political polarization, or global crises. We revisit historical trends of trust in science among Americans by political orientation. We find steadily diverging trends by political views since the 1990s, and a drastically and rapidly opening gap since 2018. Recent unprecedented changes are driven not only by decreases in trust among conservatives but also by increases among liberals. Existing theoretical accounts do not fully explain these patterns. Diverging attitudes toward the institution of science can diminish capacity for collective problem-solving, eroding the shared foundation for decision-making and political discourse.

Trustworthy AI: Securing Sensitive Data in Large Language Models

Large language models (LLMs) have transformed Natural Language Processing (NLP) by enabling robust text generation and understanding. However, their deployment in sensitive domains like healthcare, finance, and legal services raises critical concerns about privacy and data security. This paper proposes a comprehensive framework for embedding trust mechanisms into LLMs to dynamically control the disclosure of sensitive information. The framework integrates three core components: User Trust Profiling, Information Sensitivity Detection, and Adaptive Output Control. By leveraging techniques such as Role-Based Access Control (RBAC), Attribute-Based Access Control (ABAC), Named Entity Recognition (NER), contextual analysis, and privacy-preserving methods like differential privacy, the system ensures that sensitive information is disclosed appropriately based on the user’s trust level. By focusing on balancing data utility and privacy, the proposed solution offers a novel approach to securely deploying LLMs in high-risk environments. Future work will focus on testing this framework across various domains to evaluate its effectiveness in managing sensitive data while maintaining system efficiency.

Political trust formation during the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany: The combined role of partisanship and evaluations of containment measures

ABSTRACT The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic triggered short-term ‘rally around the flag’ effects in various countries across Europe. Limited amount of research has examined its decline. This article aims to explore what role individual partisanship and evaluations of containment measures played in explaining levels of political trust in Germany over a one-year course of the pandemic. By employing OLS and FE regressions in a three-wave panel survey, I find a sharp decline in political trust after the second survey wave which hints to a breakdown of political trust formation into two phases. The trend analysis indicates that threat perceptions of the impact of containment measures on German society – but not on individuals – increasingly eroded trust in politics across various subgroups of respondents as the partisan trust gap narrowed over time.

Young Adults’ Perceptions of the Role of Self-Reliance and Trust on Help Seeking for Mental Health Problems

Many young people are reluctant to seek support for mental health concerns, and a preference for self-reliance has been identified as a key barrier. Yet, the conceptualisation of self-reliance and its role in help seeking is not well understood. This study examines the meaning of self-reliance for young people and how they perceive it affects help seeking, with a focus on the role of trust (both in oneself and in others). Thirty Australian young people aged 18–25 years were interviewed. A reflexive approach, incorporating both inductive and deductive coding techniques, was used to construct themes about self-reliance, trust, and help seeking for young people. Participants identified that both self-reliance and help seeking exist on a continuum from insufficient self-reliance to extreme self-reliance and excessive help seeking to unwillingness to seek help. Trust was a key component of self-reliance, and a balance between trust in oneself and trust in others was deemed necessary for self-reliance to be adaptive and for appropriate help seeking to occur. To maintain this balance, young people felt that a level of self-awareness was necessary. A high level of trust in oneself was considered to increase self-reliance, whereas a high level of trust in others increases help-seeking behaviours. Understanding the role of trust in self-reliance informs developmentally appropriate ways to address self-reliance as a barrier to mental health help seeking for young people.

Cultural intelligence and cooperation in the construction industry: the mediating role of trust

Purpose This study aims to investigate the mediating role of trust in the relationship between cultural intelligence (CQ) and cooperation among construction professionals. Furthermore, this study assesses perceived differences in CQ, trust and cooperation between individuals with and without experience working with foreigners in the construction industry. Design/methodology/approach Data were gathered from a cross-sectional survey of 408 engineers in Myanmar’s construction industry. A confirmatory factor analysis validated structural equation modeling approach was used to address research hypotheses, and an independent samples t-test was performed to identify the perceived differences between two categories of respondents. Findings The structural equation modeling results identified CQ as a positive direct predictor of cooperation, affect-based trust and cognition-based trust. Both affect-based trust and cognition-based trust directly and positively influenced cooperation. The relationship between CQ and cooperation was partially mediated by affect-based trust and cognition-based trust. The findings of the independent samples t-test revealed that construction employees with prior experience working with foreigners tend to exhibit a higher level of CQ, trust and cooperation than their counterparts. Originality/value The present study added the mediating role of trust in CQ and cooperation linkage, an area that has received limited attention in the literature.

Enablers to high vaccination uptake among a disadvantaged minority population: a qualitative study of the Arab population of Israel

BackgroundOver 1.9 million Arabs live in Israel and constitute 21% of the total population. Despite being a disadvantaged minority population with wide gaps in health indicators, Arabs have higher Human Papillomavirus (HPV) and Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) vaccination rates compared with the general Jewish population.MethodsIn-depth interviews with 21 health care providers, 16 Arab mothers, and 16 teenagers were conducted to collect information about health system enablers to HPV and MMR vaccination. All interviews were conducted in Arabic by an Arab researcher, audio-recorded, transcribed, and analysed using thematic analysis of the transcripts. Themes were mapped according to the WHO Health Systems Building Block Framework.ResultsWe identified several health system enablers. On the service delivery level, accessible and availability of vaccination services, delivery of vaccines through the school system and mother child clinics, and framing vaccinations as the norm were themes. Personable characteristics of the health workforce, the health care providers belonging to the same cultural group, and high levels of trust towards healthcare professionals were reported. Vaccination provided at no cost was also identified. On the leadership/governance level, the Arab community felt equal treatment and distribution of services, which was also an enabler reported. Despite high vaccine uptakes, parents and teenagers had limited knowledge regarding vaccination, particularly HPV.ConclusionsThis study highlights that a combination of good access and delivery to vaccination, delivered by a culturally competent, available, accessible respectful workforce can enable disadvantaged minorities to achieve high vaccine coverage, in particular in a cultural context where the population trusts and follows medical advice. Such evidence can serve as a basis for developing policies, interventions, and guidance to improve vaccine uptake among other underserved minority communities.

Social trust and formal institutions: How do they shape public debt?

AbstractThis research investigates the impact of varying levels of social trust across economies on the development of effective formal institutions that serve to determine public debt. Analysing a sample of 95 economies from 2000 to 2020, our econometric results indicate that social trust is a pivotal determinant of public debt. The effect operates indirectly through the quality of various categories of legal system and property rights indicator. In particular, the results reveal that the relationship between social trust and economic‐judicial institutions are complementary to each other. In addition, we also find that countries with higher social trust tend to reduce their primary deficit in the face of higher debt, thereby reducing the likelihood of uncontrollable debt scenarios.

Resilient health reforms in times of permacrisis: the Greek citizens’ perspective

This study investigates Greek citizens’ attitudes toward the current healthcare system and their perspectives on healthcare reforms. Additionally, it explores the role of both endogenous and exogenous crises in accelerating the implementation of long-overdue structural reforms that might otherwise be challenging to achieve. To this end, the research examines the level of trust in institutions and the implementation of healthcare reforms following the fiscal crisis and during the COVID-19 pandemic. The findings reveal that while most Greek citizens recognize the necessity of structural reforms within the healthcare system, approximately half of the population views these changes negatively. The primary obstacles to successful reform are identified as a lack of political will and resistance from specific interest groups. The contradiction within Greek society concerning healthcare reform is largely driven by low levels of institutional trust and social capital. Although there is a clear need for radical reforms, public perception tends to be negative when these changes are framed within political discourse. However, when reforms align with the actual needs of society, citizens’ trust in institutions increases, thereby improving the likelihood of successful policy implementation. This underscores the critical role of institutional trust in facilitating significant healthcare policy transformations.

THE EFFECT OF SPORTS ON EXPECTED CONFIDENCE AND YAKUT MORAL INTELLIGENCE LEVELS IN INDIVIDUALS

In this study, the impact of sports and various variables on the expected trust and ethical intelligence levels of university students was investigated. The research was conducted using a general survey model. Data collection instruments included a "Personal Information Form" developed by researchers, along with the "Expected Trust Scale" and "Ethical Intelligence Scale." Data were analyzed using SPSS 26.0 software. Independent sample t-tests were employed for binary group comparisons based on the number of categories of the independent variable, while one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) with post-hoc LSD tests was used for multiple groups. The relationship between the two scales was examined using Pearson correlation analysis. The analysis results were interpreted at a significance level of 0.05. In the study, it was observed that university students' expected trust and ethical intelligence attitudes were influenced by variables such as age, faculty of study, participation in sports, weekly duration of sports activity, type of sport, and age at which sports were started. Additionally, significant positive correlations were found between participants' levels of "Expected Trust" and "Ethical Intelligence." In conclusion, it was determined that sports significantly contribute to both expected trust and ethical intelligence attitudes.

How do elite core actors assess trust in national and EU authorities? The varying role of generalised trust at different governmental levels

AbstractIn this paper, we position generalised trust as central to the debate on elites’ assessments of trust in EU multi-level governance. We leverage one of the most influential factors in explaining political trust in single-government studies to understand variations in trust towards political authorities at various levels. Departing from existing studies, we hypothesise the dual nature of generalised trust: while it influences how individuals assess their trust in political authorities, its impact varies depending on different degrees of perceived similarity of these authorities at either the national or the EU level. To test our hypotheses, we conducted an elite vignette experiment involving 567 decision-makers from public and private stakeholders within regulatory regimes in eight countries. The results reveal a significant positive effect of generalised trust on political trust when evaluating a national-level regulatory agency. However, trust assessments of EU-level regulatory agencies appear to be largely unaffected by generalised trust levels. Furthermore, we observed notable differences in trust assessment between private and public stakeholders, reinforcing our argument that similarity and community belonging underlie the influence of generalised trust on political trust. Our study suggests that EU-level political authorities may derive less benefit from high levels of generalised trust, compared to national political authorities. However, in instances where generalised trust is low, political authorities at the EU level have comparatively more opportunities to cultivate trust in them.

Penggambaran Laki-Laki Sebagai Korban Kekerasan Seksual dalam Pemberitaan di Media Online

This research aims to see how men as victims of sexual violence are portrayed in the news. The depiction of men as victims of sexual violence is seen using the Theo Van Leeuwen model of critical discourse analysis and a gender perspective. This research uses a descriptive type qualitative approach with documentation data collection methods. The results of the research show that in the reporting carried out by the five online media with the highest percentage level of public trust, there were only 22 stories that discussed men as victims of sexual violence during the period January – December 2023. The process of depicting men as victims of sexual violence was also not found exclusion. In this research, discourse was found based on cases of sexual violence, which were categorized based on strategies in the inclusion process that depicted men as victims of sexual violence. The depiction of men as victims of sexual violence is based on the strategies found, there is an imbalance between the position of the perpetrator and men as victims of sexual violence in the reporting carried out by the five media. The media depicts revictimization or victimization over and over again.

Mental health professionals’ beliefs and attitudes towards compulsory admission in Athens: a token of social stigma or good faith in psychiatry?—a cross-sectional study

BackgroundMental health professionals’ (MHPs) attitudes towards involuntary admissions have not received adequate attention in efforts to curb their rates. Thus, the present study set out to (i) explore MHP attitudes regarding involuntary hospitalisation, (ii) describe their perceived dangerousness of people with severe mental illness (SMI) and their trust in psychiatry, (iii) identify the predictors of attitudes towards compulsory admissions and (iv) gauge the contribution of perceived dangerousness versus trust in psychiatry to explaining them.MethodsA random sample of 300 mental health professionals working in public mental health services located in the Northern part of Athens and in the two psychiatric hospitals of Attica participated in the study. Respondents had to complete a self-reported instrument garnering information about participants’ attitudes towards involuntary hospitalisation (original scale), the perceived dangerousness of people with SMI (Perceived Dangerousness Scale) and their trust in psychiatry (based on the Attitudes to Mental Illness scale) as well as various socio-demographic and work-related variables.ResultsRespondents largely accepted involuntary hospitalisations, considering them to be beneficial (72.96%) and disagreeing with the view that they adversely influence the course of illness (54.85%). Nonetheless, they believe that people with SMI should be treated in the community (89.93%), that compulsory admission should be the last therapeutic resort (84.01%) and that people with SMI should not be placed in psychiatric hospitals against their will in order to be under surveillance (90.64%). However, they acknowledge that involuntary admission is often the only treatment options(61.19%). Concomitantly, they report moderate levels of perceived dangerousness and high levels of trust in psychiatry. Trust in psychiatry had the strongest positive association with acceptance of involuntary hospitalisation among mental health professionals whereas postgraduate studies and working in outpatient settings were linked to less favourable attitudes. Interestingly, perceived dangerousness did not yield an independent effect; rather, it weakened the association between trust in psychiatry and acceptance of involuntary admissions.ConclusionsMental health professionals hold complex attitudes towards involuntary hospitalisation, which are largely explained by their trust in psychiatry. Efforts to reduce the rates of involuntary admissions should address both them and their determinants.

Integrating collaborative robots in manufacturing, logistics, and agriculture: Expert perspectives on technical, safety, and human factors

This study investigates the implementation of collaborative robots across three distinct industrial sectors: vehicle assembly, warehouse logistics, and agricultural operations. Through the SESTOSENSO project, an EU-funded initiative, we examined expert perspectives on human-robot collaboration using a mixed-methods approach. Data were collected from 31 technical experts across nine European countries through an online questionnaire combining qualitative assessments of specific use cases and quantitative measures of attitudes, trust, and safety perceptions. Expert opinions across the use cases emphasized three primary concerns: technical impacts of cobot adoption, social and ethical considerations, and safety issues in design and deployment. In vehicle assembly, experts stressed the importance of effective collaboration between cobots and exoskeletons to predict and prevent collisions. For logistics, they highlighted the need for adaptable systems capable of handling various object sizes while maintaining worker safety. In agricultural settings, experts emphasized the importance of developing inherently safe applications that can operate effectively on uneven terrain while reducing workers’ physical strain. Results reveal sector-specific challenges and opportunities: vehicle assembly operations require sophisticated sensor systems for cobot-exoskeleton integration; warehouse logistics demand advanced control systems for large object handling; and agricultural applications need robust navigation systems for uneven terrain. Quantitative findings indicate generally positive attitudes toward cobots, particularly regarding societal benefits, moderate to high levels of trust in cobot capabilities and favorable safety perceptions. The study highlights three key implications: (1) the need for comprehensive safety protocols tailored to each sector’s unique requirements, (2) the importance of user-friendly interfaces and intuitive programming methods for successful cobot integration, and (3) the necessity of addressing workforce transition and skill development concerns. These findings contribute to our understanding of human-robot collaboration in industrial settings and provide practical guidance for organizations implementing collaborative robotics while considering both technological advancement and human-centered design principles.

More Is Not Always Better: Impacts of AI-Generated Confidence and Explanations in Human-Automation Interaction.

The study aimed to enhance transparency in autonomous systems by automatically generating and visualizing confidence and explanations and assessing their impacts on performance, trust, preference, and eye-tracking behaviors in human-automation interaction. System transparency is vital to maintaining appropriate levels of trust and mission success. Previous studies presented mixed results regarding the impact of displaying likelihood information and explanations, and often relied on hand-created information, limiting scalability and failing to address real-world dynamics. We conducted a dual-task experiment involving 42 university students who operated a simulated surveillance testbed with assistance from intelligent detectors. The study used a 2 (confidence visualization: yes vs. no) × 3 (visual explanations: none, bounding boxes, bounding boxes and keypoints) mixed design. Task performance, human trust, preference for intelligent detectors, and eye-tracking behaviors were evaluated. Visual explanations using bounding boxes and keypoints improved detection task performance when confidence was not displayed. Meanwhile, visual explanations enhanced trust and preference for the intelligent detector, regardless of the explanation type. Confidence visualization did not influence human trust in and preference for the intelligent detector. Moreover, both visual information slowed saccade velocities. The study demonstrated that visual explanations could improve performance, trust, and preference in human-automation interaction without confidence visualization partially by changing the search strategies. However, excessive information might cause adverse effects. These findings provide guidance for the design of transparent automation, emphasizing the importance of context-appropriate and user-centered explanations to foster effective human-machine collaboration.

The American Society of Radiologic Technologists (ASRT) AI educator survey: A cross-sectional study to explore knowledge, experience, and use of AI within education

IntroductionArtificial Intelligence (AI) is revolutionizing medical imaging and radiation therapy. AI-powered applications are being deployed to aid Medical Radiation Technologists (MRTs) in clinical workflows, decision-making, dose optimisation, and a wide range of other tasks. Exploring the levels of AI education provided across the United States is crucial to prepare future graduates to deliver the digital future. This study aims to assess educators’ levels of AI knowledge, the current state of AI educational provisions, the perceived challenges around AI education, and important factors for future advancements. MethodsAn online survey was electronically administered to all radiologic technologists in the American Society of Radiologic Technologists (ASRT) database who indicated that they had an educator role in the United States. This was distributed through the membership of the ASRT, from February to April 2023. All quantitative data was analysed using frequency and descriptive statistics. The survey's open-ended questions were analysed using a conceptual content analysis approach. ResultsOut of 5,066 educators in the ASRT database, 373 valid responses were received, resulting in a response rate of 7.4%. Despite 84.5% of educators expressing the importance of teaching AI, 23.7% currently included AI in academic curricula. Of the 76.3% that did not include AI in their curricula, lack of AI knowledge among educators was the top reason for not integrating AI in education (59.1%). Similarly, AI-enabled tools were utilised by only 11.1% of the programs to assist teaching. The levels of trust in AI varied among educators. ConclusionThe study found that although US educators of MRTs have a good baseline knowledge of general concepts regarding AI, they could improve on the teaching and use of AI in their curricula. AI training and guidance, adequate time to develop educational resources, and funding and support from higher education institutions were key priorities as highlighted by educators.

Parental Psychological Control and Interpersonal Trust in Junior High School Students: Serial Mediating Roles of Shyness and Interpersonal Self-Support.

Long-term parental psychological control tends to cause adolescents to become oversensitive in interpersonal relationships, and there is a gap in the mechanism of action between parental psychological control and the interpersonal trust of junior high school students. This study intends to analyze the relationship between parental psychological control and interpersonal trust in middle school students and explore the sequential mediation role of shyness and interpersonal self-support. Based on self-determination theory and object-relations theory, this study administered questionnaires to 542 Chinese junior high school students using the Psychological Control Scale, Interpersonal Trust Scale, Shyness Scale, and Interpersonal Self-support Scale. Afterwards, structural equation modelling was used for testing. The findings revealed that (1) parental psychological control significantly and negatively predicted interpersonal trust and that (2) shyness and interpersonal self-support sequentially mediated the association between parental psychological control and interpersonal trust. The findings suggest that parental psychological control can not only directly influence the interpersonal trust of junior high school students but also indirectly act on interpersonal trust through shyness and interpersonal self-support. This study contributes to an in-depth understanding of the relationship between parental psychological control and the interpersonal trust of junior high school students, which is important for increasing the level of interpersonal trust of junior high school students.

Trust with increasing and decreasing reliability.

The primary purpose was to determine how trust changes over time when automation reliability increases or decreases. A secondary purpose was to determine how task-specific self-confidence is associated with trust and reliability level. Both overtrust and undertrust can be detrimental to system performance; therefore, the temporal dynamics of trust with changing reliability level need to be explored. Two experiments used a dominant-color identification task, where automation provided a recommendation to users, with the reliability of the recommendation changing over 300 trials. In Experiment 1, two groups of participants interacted with the system: one group started with a 50% reliable system which increased to 100%, while the other used a system that decreased from 100% to 50%. Experiment 2 included a group where automation reliability increased from 70% to 100%. Trust was initially high in the decreasing group and then declined as reliability level decreased; however, trust also declined in the 50% increasing reliability group. Furthermore, when user self-confidence increased, automation reliability had a greater influence on trust. In Experiment 2, the 70% increasing reliability group showed increased trust in the system. Trust does not always track the reliability of automated systems; in particular, it is difficult for trust to recover once the user has interacted with a low reliability system. This study provides initial evidence into the dynamics of trust for automation that gets better over time suggesting that users should only start interacting with automation when it is sufficiently reliable.

Exploring perceptions and attitudes towards vaccines in a remote western DRC health zone

The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) struggles with low full childhood vaccination coverage (around 50 %) and a high children-under-five mortality rate (79 deaths per 1000 live births). This situation is potentially exacerbated by vaccine hesitancy, which was identified by the World Health Organization (WHO) as one of the top 10 global health threats in 2019. To gain deeper insights into levels of vaccine confidence possibly influencing vaccination coverage, we explored perceptions and attitudes towards childhood and adult vaccines in Boende (Tshuapa province, western DRC), which experienced an Ebola outbreak in 2014 and hosted the EBL2007 Ebola vaccine trial (2019–2022). Using purposeful sampling, we conducted 29 individual interviews and 14 focus group discussions with diverse community members between July 2022 and March 2023. Our findings suggest the prevalence of a relatively low level of trust in COVID-19 vaccines compared to other vaccines. Additionally, the fear of Ebola disease seemed to lead to general acceptance of the EBL2007 trial vaccine, although some concerns were voiced about pre-testing and the decision to conduct the trial in the DRC. While trust in childhood vaccines and reported uptake appeared to be high, concerns existed regarding potential adverse effects and the possibility that vaccines targeted African children specifically. Our analysis further identified four recommendations to possibly enhance vaccine confidence in the region. This study highlights the multifaceted nature of vaccine confidence, influenced by the perceived risk of the targeted diseases, past experiences with medical interventions and staff, and sociopolitical contexts. However, we emphasise that increasing vaccine uptake requires a comprehensive approach, addressing not only vaccine confidence, but also crucial aspects like access to vaccines and robust disease surveillance activities. This would ultimately reduce the burden of vaccine-preventable diseases and lead to better public health outcomes in the region.

A left-right divide? Alternative news use and political trust, populist attitudes, and populist vote intentions in the case of Denmark

Many western democracies have witnessed an upsurge of partisan alternative media that explicitly challenge the legitimacy of mainstream media and politics alike and promote populist discourses. Accordingly, alternative media are often discussed in relation to lower levels of political trust and support for populist parties. Yet, only a limited number of studies have investigated these relationships empirically. Drawing on survey data representative of the Danish adult population ( n = 1,518) collected in January/February 2023, this study investigates how using alternative media is related to political trust, populist attitudes, and populist vote intentions. Unlike previous studies, it distinguishes between left-wing and right-wing alternative media users and finds notable differences: Users of right-wing alternative media have lower political trust, hold more populist attitudes, and have greater predicted probability of intending to vote for a right-wing populist party than non-users, but similar results were not found for users of left-wing alternative media. The study discusses potential explanations for this and how (different) alternative media might impact democracy.