Triacylglycerol Levels Research Articles

Body fat, lipid profile and selected hormones in active male Polish students characterized by lower and higher normal thyroid-stimulating hormone levels

Abstract Study aim: To evaluate the relationship between body fat, lipid profile and selected hormones in the context of lower and higher normal thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels in active male students. Material and methods: A total of 112 male students of the Faculty of Physical Education volunteered to participate in the study. Body weight, height and waist circumference were measured using standard medical equipment. The percentage of body fat was determined from the sum of the thickness of four skinfolds. Circulating lipids, TSH, glucose and insulin level were measured. Results: Biochemical characteristics revealed that the circulating total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and triacylglycerol (TG) levels were significantly lower in students with lower normal TSH levels vs. students with higher normal TSH levels. The analysis of distorted metabolic variables indicated that for students with higher normal TSH levels the frequency of disturbances was significantly higher than in students with lower normal TSH levels. Additionally, this group was characterized by a significantly higher percentage of fat in the body. Conclusion: In young, physically active men, certain metabolic disorders related to plasma lipid profiles may be observed despite normal TSH levels.

Microemulsion co-delivering curcumin and DHA-rich algal oil alleviates nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

The combined effect of curcumin and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on liver injury has not yet been reported. We determined the synergistic effect of curcumin and DHA on the protection of WRL-68 cells from palmitic acid-induced injury, and on the inhibition of LX2 cells. A microemulsion to co-deliver both compounds was prepared by ultrasonic emulsification. Mice were fed a high-fat diet for 10 weeks to induce mild non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). At a dose of 5 mg/kg curcumin and 30 mg/kg DHA, the microemulsion successfully lowered serum triacylglycerol (TG) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, and significantly attenuated NAFLD. A pharmacokinetic study in rats showed that the microemulsion had a higher Cmax value for curcumin, a greater AUC0–24 value and a longer t1/2 value for both curcumin and DHA. This investigation provides a novel application of a combination of functional food ingredients to treat chronic liver disease.

Nucleotide polymorphism-based study utilizes human plasma liposomes to discover potential therapeutic targets for intervertebral disc disease.

While intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) is crucial in numerous spinally related illnesses and is common among the elderly, the complete understanding of its pathogenic mechanisms is still an area of ongoing study. In recent years, it has revealed that liposomes are crucial in the initiation and progression of IVDD. However, their intrinsic mediators and related mechanisms remain unclear. With the development of genomics, an increasing amount of data points to the contribution of genetics in the etiology of disease. Accordingly, this study explored the causality between liposomes and IVDD by Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis and deeply investigated the intermediary roles of undetected metabolites. According to MR analysis, 179 liposomes and 1400 metabolites were evaluated for their causal association with IVDD. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are strongly associated with the concentrations of liposomes and metabolites. Consequently, they were employed as instrumental variables (IVs) to deduce if they constituted risk elements or protective elements for IVDD. Furthermore, mediation analysis was conducted to pinpoint possible metabolic mediators that link liposomes to IVDD. The inverse variance weighting (IVW) was the main analytical technique. Various confidence tests in the causality estimates were performed, including consistency, heterogeneity, pleiotropy, and sensitivity analyses. Inverse MR analysis was also utilized to estimate potential reverse causality. MR analysis identified 13 liposomes and 79 metabolites markedly relevant to IVDD. Moreover, the mediation analysis was carried out by choosing the liposome, specifically the triacylglycerol (48:2) levels, which were found to be most notably associated with an increased risk of IVDD. In all, three metabolite-associated mediators were identified (3-methylcytidine levels, inosine 5'-monophosphate (IMP) to phosphate ratio, and adenosine 5'-diphosphate (ADP) to glycine ratio). The analysis's findings suggested possible causal connections between liposomes, metabolites, and IVDD, which could act as both forecast and prognosis clinical indicators, thereby aiding in the exploration of the pathogenesis behind IVDD.

Effects of Dietary Oxidized Phytosterol on Lipid Metabolism in Rats.

Many in vitro studies have revealed the toxic effects of oxidized phytosterols (OPSs); however, their effects on lipid metabolism are not well understood in vivo. Therefore, we examined the bioavailability of OPS and compared the effects of dietary phytosterols (PSs) or OPS on lipid metabolism in rats. OPS was detected in the plasma and liver of rats administered 50 mg of OPS for 3 days. Rats were fed the AIN76 diet (C group), basal diet plus 0.25% PS (P group), or 0.25% OPS (O group) for 4 weeks. Dietary OPS but not PS reduced hepatic fatty acid synthase activity. Liver triacylglycerol (TG) levels tended to be lower in the P group than in the C group and were significantly lower in the O group. The mRNA expression level of HMG-CoA reductase in the liver was the lowest in the O group, whereas that of CYP27A1 was the highest in the O group. The mRNA expression levels of NPC1L1 in the intestinal mucosa were significantly lower in the P and O groups than in the C group. Consistent with these modulations, plasma total cholesterol (TC) and HDL-C levels were similar between the C and P groups but tended to be higher or significantly higher in the O group. Liver TC levels were significantly lower in the P and O groups than in the C group. Moreover, fecal neutral and acidic steroid levels were the highest in the O group. The mRNA expression level of Δ6 desaturase in the liver was significantly higher in both the P and the O groups than in the C group. The Δ6 desaturation indices of fatty acids in the total liver lipids were the highest in the O group. Thus, dietary OPS may modulate lipid metabolism in the liver.

Hypoglycemic And Hypolipidemic Biochemical Effects of Bee Venom on Experimentally Induced Diabetes in Rats

Abstract Background:‎ Diabetes mellitus (DM) is the highest prevalent endocrine illness that exhibits hyperglycemia, ‎hyperlipidemia and protein metabolism disorders also elevated risk of several complications, including ‎vascular disorders. A variety of polypeptide agents can be found in bee venom. The two main ingredients ‎of bee venom are phospholipase A2 and mellitin. These constituents enhance the release of insulin from ‎the Beta islands of pancreas. The purpose of the current work was to demonstrate the hypoglycemic and ‎hypolipidemic effects of bee venom on male diabetic rats that induced by alloxan. ‎ Methods:‎ ‎ The experimental investigation was carried out on 40 male rats (weight from180 to 220 g) which were ‎assigned to four groups (10/each): (the first) a negative control group (not receiving therapy), (the ‎second) a positive control group (diabetic group) injected with alloxan only (160 mg/kg), (the third) ‎diabetic group administered with Vildagliptin (6mg/kg) and the forth diabetic group treated with Bee ‎venom (0.5mg/kg). After two months of the investigation, blood samples were assembled. ‎ Results:‎ Bee Venom (0.5mg/kg) lowered significantly (p≤0.05) the level of serum glucose, which was followed ‎by a substantial rise in the level of HDL and insulin when contrasted to the rats with diabetes. Total lipid, ‎cholesterol, triacylglycerol and LDL levels were considerably reduced in the diabetic group that received ‎BV.‎ Conclusion:‎ There is a growing interest in the bee venom's use as a natural product rather than chemical drugs for ‎treatment of diabetes mellitus because of the manner it affects rats biochemically, particularly its ‎prospective anti-diabetic and anti-hyperlipidemia qualities.‎

Characterization of Palm Fatty Acid Distillate, Diacylglycerol Regioisomers, and Esterification Products Using High-Performance Size Exclusion Chromatography.

High-performance size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) equipped with an evaporative light scattering detector (ELSD) was utilized for characterization of palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) and its esterified products, with a particular focus on lipid profiles and diacylglycerol (DAG) regioisomers. The separation of triacylglycerol (TAG), DAG, monoacylglycerol (MAG), and free fatty acid (FFA) was achieved through a single 100-Å Phenogel column, coupled with a 2-cm C18 guard, utilizing toluene/acetic acid (100:0.25, v/v) as the mobile phase. This separation was based on size sieving principles and the interactions between the hydroxyl group(s) and the Phenogel matrix. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) for the esterified PFAD products analyzed by this method fell within the range of 4.8-5.5 μg/mL and 14.7-16.7 μg/mL, respectively. Additionally, the same column, paired with a 2-cm silica guard and a mobile phase comprised of toluene/isooctane/acetic acid (35:65:0.15, v/v/v), was used for the characterization of DAG regioisomers within the esterified PFAD. LODs and LOQs for sn-1,3-DAG and sn- 1,2-DAG were determined to be 39.2 and 118.7 μg/mL, and 32.8 and 99.5 μg/mL, respectively. Investigation of esterified PFAD products prepared using 4% H2SO4 at 120°C. After 2 h, the analysis revealed the highest MAG content at 31.85%, accompanied by 51.54% DAG, 2.35% TAG, and a residual 14.27% FFA. Notably, as the reaction time extended, the MAG content decreased, while both DAG and TAG levels exhibited an increasing trend. Further examination of DAG regioisomers during PFAD esterification, under varying catalyst concentrations (2-10%) and reaction temperatures (80-140°C), demonstrated a significant increase in the percentage of sn-1,3-DAG, inversely correlated with the reduction in FFA from 2% H 2 SO 4 and 80°C onwards. Remarkably, the percentage of sn-1,2-DAG remained relatively stable regardless of changes in catalyst concentrations or temperatures, confirming its susceptibility to isomerization into the thermodynamically more stable sn-1,3-DAG form. This study provides valuable insights into the composition and behavior of esterified PFAD products.

Lipidomic Characterization of Whey Concentrates Rich in Milk Fat Globule Membranes and Extracellular Vesicles.

Lipids from milk fat globule membranes (MFGMs) and extracellular vesicles (EVs) are considered beneficial for cognitive development and human health. Milk-derived whey concentrates rich in these lipids are therefore used as ingredients in infant formulas to mimic human milk and in medical nutrition products to improve the metabolic fitness of adults and elderly people. In spite of this, there is no consensus resource detailing the multitude of lipid molecules in whey concentrates. To bridge this knowledge gap, we report a comprehensive and quantitative lipidomic resource of different whey concentrates. In-depth lipidomic analysis of acid, sweet, and buttermilk whey concentrates identified 5714 lipid molecules belonging to 23 lipid classes. The data show that the buttermilk whey concentrate has the highest level of fat globule-derived triacylglycerols and that the acid and sweet whey concentrates have the highest proportions of MFGM- and EV-derived membrane lipids. Interestingly, the acid whey concentrate has a higher level of cholesterol whereas sweet whey concentrate has higher levels of lactosylceramides. Altogether, we report a detailed lipid molecular compendium of whey concentrates and lay the groundwork for using in-depth lipidomic technology to profile the nutritional value of milk products and functional foods containing dairy-based concentrates.

Shotgun-Based Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Phospholipid and Triacylglycerol Molecular Species and Eicosanoids in Salmon Muscle Tissue on Feeding Microbial Oil.

The continuous growth of aquaculture places a growing demand on alternative sources of fish oil (FO). Certain microorganisms provide a sustainable replacement for FO due to their content of EPA and DHA, which are essential for fish health. Appreciable evidence shows that changes in feeding sources may alter the nutritional components of salmon; however, the influence of diets on lipid species remains unclear. In this study, the identification and semi-quantification of lipid molecular species in salmon muscle during feeding with a microbial oil (MO) were carried out by focusing on triacylglycerol (TAG) and diacyl-phospholipid using shotgun-based mass spectrometry analysis. DHA in the MO diet was efficiently incorporated into phospholipid structures on feeding, followed by accumulation in salmon muscle. The MO diet elevated the level of certain EPA-containing TAGs, such as TAG C52:5 (16:0_16:0_20:5) and TAG C54:6 (16:0_18:1_20:5), indicating that the MO diet may be an excellent source for enhancement of the abundance of ω3 lipids. Further, prostaglandins (PGs) PGE2 and PGF3α were identified and quantified for the first time in salmonid tissue.

Occupational Variations in Vitamin D Status and its Correlation with Serum Lipids in Varying Glycemic Control Groups

Objective: The study focuses on the evaluation of the difference between the serum vitamin D3 levels, on the basis of sunlight exposure, in indoor and outdoor individuals and to find out the correlation between serum 1,25-OH-D and serum lipids of varying glycemic control subjects. Methodology: We enrolled 221 participants. The serum 1,25-hydroxy-D3 was quantitated by immuno-fluorescence method. Blood HbA1c amount was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography. Serum levels of cholesterol, triacylglycerols, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol were estimated by spectrophotometric analysis. Very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol was computed using the Friedewald equation. The Statistical Package for Social Software 20.0 was chosen to statistically analyze the collected data. Results: A significant dissimilarity in the levels of sun-born vitamin, the calcitriol, was calculated, among the sun-exposed and non-exposed group. The mean vitamin D value was measured higher in sun-exposure group than non-exposed to sun. There came to be known the interlink between glycemic control and vitamin D quantity. Serum vitamin D had an inverse relationship with serum cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-C and VLDL-C, but a positive relation with HDL-C. Conclusion: The present expanding insufficiency and deficiency of vitamin-D3 is bringing about the peril of prevalent dyslipidemia and poor glycemic control, hence jeopardizing the health of people. The current unforeseen falling off serum vitamin D levels in the principal part of the population, is needed to be overseen and treated accordingly

Significance of monitoring the levels of thyroid hormone antibodies and glucose and lipid metabolism antibodies in patients suffer from type 2 diabetes.

The association of thyroid hormone antibodies and glycolipid metabolism indicators with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) was explored. As the disease worsens, the levels of thyroglobulin antibody (TGAb), thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) was increased, and the levels of total tri-iodothyronine (TT3) and total thyroxine (TT4) was decreased (P < 0.001). The severe, medium, and light group had higher level of high-density lipoprotein (HDL), lower level of total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), triacylglycerol (TAG), and fasting blood sugar (FBG) than the control group (P ＜ 0.05). The level of HDL was lower in the severe group than the light group and the medium group, but the levels of TC, LDL, HbA1c, TAG, and FBG were increased with the progress of T2DM (P ＜ 0.001). The levels of TGAb, TPOAb, and TSH in patients with T2DM were positively correlated with the levels of TC, LDL, HbA1c, TAG, and FBG (P < 0.05), and were negatively correlated with HDL levels (P < 0.05). The life quality score was lower in the severe group than the light and the medium group (P < 0.001). Among the above indicators, the predictive value of TT3, TT4, and HbA1c in T2DM was better. Clinically, detecting the levels of thyroid hormone antibodies and glycolipid metabolism indicators had a certain predictive value for the severity of T2DM. Main findings: The results of this study found that the thyroid hormone antibody and glycolipid metabolism levels in T2DM patients were abnormal, and had different degrees of impact on the quality of life of patients. Thus, monitoring these indicators had certain predictive value for the severity of the disease, and also had a certain degree of suggestive effect on the evaluation of diabetic vascular complications. Clinically, attention should be paid to the screening of thyroid disease in diabetic patients, and the assessment and prognosis of thyroid function on diabetes, the control of diabetes, and the prevention and treatment of complications have important clinical significance.

Catalytic core function of yeast Pah1 phosphatidate phosphatase reveals structural insight into its membrane localization and activity control

The PAH1-encoded phosphatidate (PA) phosphatase is a major source of diacylglycerol for the production of the storage lipid triacylglycerol and a key regulator for the de novo phospholipid synthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The catalytic function of Pah1 depends on its membrane localization which is mediated through its phosphorylation by multiple protein kinases and dephosphorylation by the Nem1-Spo7 protein phosphatase complex. The full-length Pah1 is composed of a catalytic core (N-LIP and HAD-like domains, amphipathic helix, and the WRDPLVDID domain) and non-catalytic regulatory sequences (intrinsically disordered regions, RP domain, and acidic tail) for phosphorylation and interaction with Nem1-Spo7. How the catalytic core regulates Pah1 localization and cellular function is not clear. In this work, we analyzed a variant of Pah1 (i.e., Pah1-CC (catalytic core)) that is composed only of the catalytic core. Pah1-CC expressed on a low-copy plasmid complemented the pah1Δ mutant phenotypes (e.g., nuclear/ER membrane expansion, reduced levels of triacylglycerol, and lipid droplet formation) without requiring Nem1-Spo7. The cellular function of Pah1-CC was supported by its PA phosphatase activity mostly associated with the membrane fraction. Although functional, Pah1-CC was distinct from Pah1 in the protein and enzymological properties, which include overexpression toxicity, association with heat shock proteins, and significant reduction of the Vmax value. These findings on the Pah1 catalytic core enhance the understanding of its structural requirements for membrane localization and activity control.

Exercise training modifies skeletal muscle clock gene expression but not 24-hour rhythmicity in substrate metabolism of men with insulin resistance.

Twenty-four hour rhythmicity in whole-body substrate metabolism, skeletal muscle clock gene expression and mitochondrial respiration is compromised upon insulin resistance. With exercise training known to ameliorate insulin resistance, our objective was to test if exercise training can reinforce diurnal variation in whole-body and skeletal muscle metabolism in men with insulin resistance. In a single-arm longitudinal design, 10 overweight and obese men with insulin resistance performed 12weeks of high-intensity interval training recurrently in the afternoon (between 14.00 and 18.00h) and were tested pre- and post-exercise training, while staying in a metabolic research unit for 2days under free-living conditions with regular meals. On the seconddays, indirect calorimetry was performed at 08.00, 13.00, 18.00, 23.00 and 04.00h, muscle biopsies were taken from the vastus lateralis at 08.30, 13.30 and 23.30h, and blood was drawn at least bi-hourly over 24h. Participants did not lose body weight over 12weeks, but improved body composition and exercise capacity. Exercise training resulted in reduced 24-h plasma glucose levels, but did not modify free fatty acid and triacylglycerol levels. Diurnal variation of muscle clock gene expression was modified by exercise training with period genes showing an interaction (time × exercise) effect and reduced mRNA levels at 13.00h. Exercise training increased mitochondrial respiration without inducing diurnal variation. Twenty-four-hour substrate metabolism and energy expenditure remained unchanged. Future studies should investigate alternative exercise strategies or types of interventions (e.g. diet or drugs aiming at improving insulin sensitivity) for their capacity to reinforce diurnal variation in substrate metabolism and mitochondrial respiration. KEY POINTS: Insulin resistance is associated with blunted 24-h flexibility in whole-body substrate metabolism and skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiration, and disruptions in the skeletal muscle molecular circadian clock. We hypothesized that exercise training modifies 24-h rhythmicity in whole-body substrate metabolism and diurnal variation in skeletal muscle molecular clock and mitochondrial respiration in men with insulin resistance. We found that metabolic inflexibility over 24h persisted after exercise training, whereas mitochondrial respiration increased independent of time of day. Gene expression of Per1-3 and Rorα in skeletal muscle changed particularly close to the time of day at which exercise training was performed. These results provide the rationale to further investigate the differential metabolic impact of differently timed exercise to treat metabolic defects of insulin resistance that manifest at a particular time of day.

Comparative analysis of triglyceride profiles in human milk from Egyptian and Chinese women across lactation stages

Understanding human milk triacylglycerols (TAGs) provides valuable insights for infant formula development. This study utilized ultra-performance supercritical fluid chromatography to investigate how lactation stages and maternal diet affect TAG profiles. 18:1/16:0/18:1 (O/P/O), 16:0/18:1/16:0 (P/O/P), and 18:1/16:0/18:2 (O/P/L) were most abundant in human milk, accounting for 20% of the total TAGs. Furthermore, significant differences in TAG compositions were observed across the three stages of lactation. Also, there are apparent differences in the TAG of Egyptian and Chinese human milk. Egyptian human milk exhibited higher levels of TAGs esterified with three saturated fatty acids (SSS), TAGs esterified with two saturated fatty acids, and one unsaturated fatty acid (S2U), and total palmitic acid compared to Chinese human milk. On the other hand, TAGs with three long-chain fatty acids (LLL) and TAGs with three unsaturated fatty acids (UUU) were at higher levels in Chinese human milk. Understanding the prevalence of these specific TAGs, particularly related to O/P/O, can help in formulating infant formulas that aim to mimic the composition of human milk more accurately.

Targeted changes in blood lipids improves fibrosis in renal allografts

BackgroundChronic interstitial fibrosis is the primary barrier against the long-term survival of transplanted kidneys. Extending the lifespan of allografts is vital for ensuring the long-term health of patients undergoing kidney transplants. However, few targets and their clinical applications have been identified. Moreover, whether dyslipidemia facilitates fibrosis in renal allograft remains unclear.MethodsBlood samples were collected from patients who underwent kidney transplantation. Correlation analyses were conducted between the Banff score and body mass index, and serum levels of triacylglycerol, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. A rat model of renal transplantation was treated with the lipid-lowering drug, fenofibrate, and kidney fibrosis levels were determined by histochemical staining. Targeted metabolomic detection was conducted in blood samples from patients who underwent kidney transplantation and were divided into fibrotic and non-fibrotic groups. Rats undergoing renal transplantation were fed either an n-3 or n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)-enriched diet. Immunohistochemical and Masson’s trichrome staining were used to determine the degree of fibrosis.ResultsHyperlipidemia was associated with fibrosis development. Treatment with fenofibrate contributed to improve fibrosis in a rat model of renal transplantation. Moreover, n-3 PUFAs from fibrotic group showed significant downregulation compared to patients without fibrotic renal allografts, and n-3 PUFAs-enriched diet contributed to delayed fibrosis in a rat model of renal transplantation.ConclusionsThis study suggests that hyperlipidemia facilitates fibrosis of renal allografts. Importantly, a new therapeutic approach was provided that may delay chronic interstitial fibrosis in transplanted kidneys by augmenting the n-3 PUFA content in the diet.

Metabolomic and lipidomic landscape of porcine kidney associated with kidney perfusion in heart beating donors and donors after cardiac death

Transplant centers are currently facing a lack of tools to ensure adequate evaluation of the quality of the available organs, as well as a significant shortage of kidney donors. Therefore, efforts are being made to facilitate the effective use of available organs and expand the donor pool, particularly with expanded criteria donors. Fulfilling a need, we aim to present an innovative analytical method based on solid-phase microextraction (SPME) - chemical biopsy. In order to track changes affecting the organ throughout the entire transplant procedure, porcine kidneys were subjected to multiple samplings at various time points. The application of small-diameter SPME probes assured the minimal invasiveness of the procedure. Porcine model kidney autotransplantation was executed for the purpose of simulating two types of donor scenarios: donors with a beating heart (HBD) and donors after cardiac death (DCD). All renal grafts were exposed to continuous normothermic ex vivo perfusion. Following metabolomic and lipidomic profiling using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometer, we observed differences in the profiles of HBD and DCD kidneys. The alterations were predominantly related to energy and glucose metabolism, and differences in the levels of essential amino acids, purine nucleosides, lysophosphocholines, phosphoethanolamines, and triacylglycerols were noticed. Our results indicate the potential of implementing chemical biopsy in the evaluation of graft quality and monitoring of renal function during perfusion.

Elucidating the functional role of human ABHD16B lipase in regulating triacylglycerol mobilization and membrane lipid synthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Lipids are essential biological macromolecules that play a pivotal role in various physiological processes and cellular homeostasis. ABHD16B, a member of the α/β-hydrolase domain (ABHD) superfamily protein, has emerged as a potential key regulator in lipid metabolism. However, the precise role of human ABHD16B in lipid metabolism remains unclear. In this study, we reported the overexpression of ABHD16B in Saccharomyces cerevisiae to determine its physiological relevance in lipid metabolism. Through in vivo [14C]acetate labeling experiments, we observed that overexpression of ABHD16B causes a decrease in cellular triacylglycerol (TAG) levels and a concurrent increase in phospholipid synthesis in wild-type cells. Mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) analysis further corroborated these findings, showing a significant decrease in TAGs with a carbon chain length of 48 and an increase in major phospholipid species, specifically 34:2, upon overexpression of ABHD16B. Confocal microscopy analysis revealed a reduction in the number of lipid droplets in strains overexpressing ABHD16B, consistent with the observed decrease in neutral lipids. Additionally, qRT-PCR analysis indicated a high phospholipid synthetic activity of ABHD16B and a potential decrease in TAG levels in wild-type yeast, possibly due to upregulation of endogenous TAG hydrolytic enzymes, as confirmed using 3tglsΔ mutant strain. Furthermore, GC-MS analysis revealed significant modifications in fatty acid composition upon ABHD16B overexpression. Collectively, our results underscore the influence of ABHD16B overexpression on TAG levels, phospholipid synthesis, lipid droplet dynamics, and fatty acid composition. These findings reveal a complex interplay between TAG hydrolysis and phospholipid synthesis, highlighting the critical involvement of ABHD16B in lipid homeostasis and providing further insights into its regulatory function in cellular lipid metabolism.

Levels of Individual Mid and Long Chain Polyunsaturated Triacylglycerols (TAGs) Are Different between the Bone Marrow Microenvironment of Patients with Multiple Myeloma (MM) and Monoclonal Gammopathy of Unknown Significance (MGUS)

Background: It has been recently demonstrated that altered lipid metabolism involving increased free fatty acids (FFAs) uptake supports the growth and proliferation of MM cells (Panaroni et al. Blood 2022; Farell et al. Elife 2023). Whether the availability of FFAs in the bone marrow (BM) microenvironment is associated with the pathogenesis of MM from MGUS has not been previously evaluated. Thus, we evaluated if individual species of FAs or FA-containing lipids such as triacylglycerols (TAGs), diacylglycerols (DAGs), and monoacylglycerols (MAGs) are differentially present between the BM microenvironment of MGUS and MM patients. Methods: Lipid profiles of BM plasma samples (reflective of the BM microenvironment) from patients with a spectrum of plasma cell disorders (22 MGUS and 24 MM (15 newly diagnosed and 9 relapsed/refractory)) were acquired by liquid chromatography (LC)/tandem mass spectrometry (MS), and individual lipid species were quantified based on single-point quantification using 55 isotopically labeled internal standards. Concentration-based lipid species data was analyzed by the web-based tool MetaboAnalyst 5.0. Data was normalized by quantile normalization, log transformed and scaled by Pareto scaling. p values &amp;lt;0.05 were considered significant. Results: A total of 993 distinct lipid species were quantified by the MS-based targeted lipidomics assessment. Of these lipid species, the levels of individual mid-chain (≤50 carbon chain length) and long-chain (≥52 carbon chain length) polyunsaturated TAGs were the most differentially present in the BM plasma of MM compared to MGUS patients (Figure 1A). Even though a principal component analysis (PCA) involving all lipid species showed moderate separation of MM from MGUS patients, five MGUS patients (categorized as MGUS-other (MGO)) who clustered more towards MM patients compared to the remaining MGUS patients had a distinct pattern of individual mid and long-chain polyunsaturated TAG levels that were comparable to MM patients (Figure 1B). Furthermore, the proliferation rate of clonal plasma cells in the BM of these MM and MGUS as measured by the S-phase% was found to be directly correlated with the level of long-chain polyunsaturated TAGs. Conclusions: Mid and long-chain polyunsaturated TAGs are present in lower and higher levels, respectively, in the BM microenvironment of MM compared to MGUS patients. These findings continue to support the importance of FA-containing TAGs and other lipids in the pathogenesis of MM. Future confirmatory studies evaluating the biological significance of these differences are required to determine if they can be exploited for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.

Effects of diallyl disulfide administration on insulin resistance in high-fat diet-fed mice

ObjectivesDiallyl disulfide (DADS) is a natural organosulfur compound found in garlic and related plants with various pharmacologic effects. However, whether DADS improves obesity-induced insulin resistance (IR) and its underlying mechanisms remain unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of DADS on systemic IR in high-fat diet-induced obese mice. MethodsTo induce obesity, 8-wk-old male C57BL/6J mice were fed a high-fat diet (60% fat/kcal). The mice were assigned to three weight-matched groups: control (CON, n = 8), low-dose DADS (DADS-L, n = 8), and high-dose DADS (DADS-H, n = 9). The treated mice were orally administered DADS (25 or 100 mg/kg) 5 d/wk for 8 wk. At 15 wk of age, an intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (GTT) and insulin tolerance test (ITT) were performed. Twenty-four hours after the final administration of DADS, epididymal fat and the liver were sampled after a 5-h fast. ResultsDADS administration significantly attenuated body and fat weight gains during the experimental period. Additionally, systemic IR, as evaluated by ITT, was significantly improved by DADS administration in a dose-dependent manner. High-dose DADS administration significantly decreased liver triacylglycerol levels. Moreover, high-dose DADS administration decreased the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) phosphorylation and significantly increased heat shock protein 72 expression in the liver. ConclusionsThe results of this study suggested that DADS administration alleviated systemic IR in obese mice. This may be associated with decreased hepatic fat accumulation and a heat shock protein 72-mediated decrease in JNK activity in the liver.

Combined efficacy of low-calorie diets and aerobic training on nutritional status of obese patients with early type 2 diabetes.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the combined efficacy of low-calorie diets and aerobic training on the nutritional status of obese patients with early type 2 diabetes mellitus. 120 consecutive obese patients with early type 2 diabetes were admitted to our hospital between August 2021 and December 2022. The patients enrolled were equally and randomly allocated into the control group (60 cases, given conventional diabetes diet intervention) and the study group (60 cases, given a low-calorie diet intervention combined with aerobic training). The parameters, including the nutritional status, fasting insulin (FINS), Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR), blood lipid level, and quality of life, were compared between the two groups. Before treatment, there were no measurable differences in the levels of fasting blood glucose (FBG), 2-hour postprandial blood glucose (2hPG), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbAlc), albumin (ALB), prealbumin (PA), and hemoglobin (Hb) between the two groups (p>0.05), whereas two months after treatment, the FBG, 2hPG, and HbAIc levels were greatly lower, and the levels of ALB, PA, and Hb were significantly higher in the study group than those in the control group (p<0.05). Before treatment, no statistically significant differences were found in FINS and HOMA-IR values between the two groups (p>0.05). Two months after treatment, however, the study group showed lower FINS and HOMA-IR values as compared to the control group, with statistically significant differences (p<0.05). Before treatment, there was no statistically significant difference in the levels of triacylglycerol, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) between the two groups (p>0.05), while the four levels in the study group were significantly lower than those in the control group two months after treatment (p<0.05). Similarly, there were no statistically significant differences in scores of physiological, psychological, social, and therapy-related problems between the two groups before treatment (p>0.05), whereas the abovementioned scores were evidently higher in the study group than control group two months after treatment (p<0.05). A low-calorie diet intervention combined with aerobic training exerted good effects in terms of greatly enhancing the nutritional status among obese patients with early type 2 diabetes mellitus, which was deemed appropriate for clinical promotion and implementation.

Preparation of a novel healthy tiger nut oil-based margarine fat with low trans and saturated fatty acids.

The present study sought to develop a novel healthy margarine fat with low levels of trans and saturated fatty acids in order to promote healthier alternatives. In this work, tiger nut oil was first used as a raw material to prepare margarine fat. The effects of mass ratio, reaction temperature, catalyst dosage, and time on the interesterification reaction were investigated and optimized. The results showed that, the margarine fat with≤40% saturated fatty acids was achieved using a 6:4 mass ratio of tiger nut oil to palm stearin. The ideal interesterification parameters were 80°C, 0.36% (w/w) catalyst dosage, and 32min. Compared with physical blends, the interesterified oil had lower solid fat content (3.71% at 35°C), lower slip melting point (33.5°C), and lower levels of tri-saturated triacylglycerols (1.27%). This investigation provides important information for the utilization of tiger nut oil in healthy margarine formulation.