Levels Of Total Phenolic Content Research Articles

Chemical Composition, Antioxidant, Anticancer, and Antibacterial Activities of Roots and Seeds of Ammi visnaga L. Methanol Extract.

For centuries, plants and their components have been harnessed for therapeutic purposes, with Ammi visnaga L. (Khella) being no exception to this rich tradition. While existing studies have shed light on the cytotoxic and antimicrobial properties of seed extracts, there remains a noticeable gap in research about the antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer potential of root extracts. This study seeks to address this gap by systematically examining methanol extracts derived from the roots of A. visnaga L. and comparing their effects with those of seed extracts specifically against breast cancer cells. Notably, absent from previous investigations, this study focuses on the comparative analysis of the antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer activities of both root and seed extracts. The methanol extract obtained from A. visnaga L. seeds demonstrated a notably higher level of total phenolic content (TPC) than its root counterpart, measuring 366.57 ± 2.86 and 270.78 ± 2.86 mg GAE/g dry weight of the dry extract, respectively. In the evaluation of antioxidant activities using the DPPH method, the IC50 values for root and seed extracts were determined to be 193.46 ± 17.13 μg/mL and 227.19 ± 1.48 μg/mL, respectively. Turning our attention to cytotoxicity against breast cancer cells (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231), both root and seed extracts displayed similar cytotoxic activities, with IC50 values of 92.45 ± 2.14 μg/mL and 75.43 ± 2.32 μg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, both root and seed extracts exhibited a noteworthy modulation of gene expression, upregulating the expression of caspase and Bax mRNA levels while concurrently suppressing the expression of anti-apoptotic genes (Bcl-xL and Bcl-2), thereby reinforcing their potential as anticancer agents. A. visnaga L. seed extract outperforms the root extract in antimicrobial activities, exhibiting lower minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 3.81 ± 0.24 to 125 ± 7.63 μg/mL. This highlights the seeds' potential as potent antibacterial agents, expanding their role in disease prevention. Overall, this study underscores the diverse therapeutic potentials of A. visnaga L. roots and seeds, contributing to the understanding of plant-derived extracts in mitigating disease risks.

Matrix characteristics modulate black rice phenolic compounds bioaccessibility and antioxidant activity during simulated gastrointestinal digestion

Black rice (Oryza sativaL.) is a valuable source of bioactive phenolic compounds. This study aimed to explore the impact of the rice matrix on the recovery and bioaccessibility of total phenolic content (TPC), total anthocyanin content (TAC), phenolic composition, and total antioxidant activity (TAA) quantified as 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity, 2,2-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) radical cation, and ferric reducing activity power (FRAP) during simulated gastrointestinal digestion, in addition to physicochemical characterization of the samples. Freshly cooked black rice (CBR) and black rice phenolic extract (BRE) were subjected to three-phase simulated gastrointestinal digestion. The results showed that the CBR showed a lower recovery index for TPC, TAC, and TAA than that of the BRE during oral and gastric digestion. However, intestinal digestion of CBR increased the TPC and TAC recovery indices compared with the BRE matrix. Digestion of the CBR matrix resulted in a marked improvement (p < 0.05) in the bioaccessibility of monomeric anthocyanins and FRAP activity while maintaining comparable levels (p > 0.05) of TPC, ABTS, and gallic acid to the BRE matrix. Cyanidin-3-glucoside decomposition was evident during the intestinal digestion of both samples, followed by a notable surge in gallic acid and protocatechuic acid. Isolated starch (BRS) demonstrated superior starch digestibility during oral and intestinal digestion compared with CBR. The samples displayed distinct matrix characteristics, which were confirmed by the DSC, FTIR, and XRD patterns. These findings highlight the significance of the digestion matrix in determining the bioavailability and antioxidant capacity of rice-derived phenolic compounds.

Insight into the nutritional, physicochemical, functional, antioxidative properties and in vitro gastrointestinal digestibility of selected Thai rice: Comparative and multivariate studies

Nutritional, physicochemical, functional, antioxidative and digestion properties of brown and white rice flours from four Thai rice varieties (Luangpatue, upland rice, RD43, and Hommali) were investigated and compared. Due to differences in grain color, the color parameters of flours varied significantly. Protein, fat, ash, carbohydrate, and moisture content, total dietary fiber, and calories of these rice flours were 6.94–10.21%, 1.68–3.16%. 0.554–1.442%, 71.20–79.68%, 9.79–10.53%, 1.07–3.64%, and 350.82–362.73 kcal/100g, respectively. RD43 brown rice (18.4%) and Luangpatue white rice (26.5%) respectively exhibited the lowest and highest amylose content. Luangpatue rice flours also showed higher swelling power, setback value, final viscosity, and thermal properties than other varieties. The variations in hydration properties and oil absorption index were noticeable among these rice flours. In addition, the highest level of total phenolic content and antioxidant activity led to the lowest estimated glycemic index (eGI = 62.92) found in upland brown rice. It was confirmed by the multivariate analysis results. This study reported the diverse physicochemical properties and composition-property relationships of two kinds of flours from four rice varieties collected from Thailand for the first time. It exhibited possible capabilities for the development of various rice-based products that promote health based on their characteristics on industrial scale.

Effects of spices mixture and cooking on phytochemical content in Ethiopian spicy hot red pepper products.

Spicy hot red pepper, the most popular spice in Ethiopia, is also locally known as berbere, which is highly valued for its pungency, flavor, and color. The spicy hot red pepper powder is used to flavor shiro and other stews, as well as different forms of condiments. The aim of this study was to measure the phytochemical content of raw spices (black cumin, garlic, ginger, and cardamom) and control hot red pepper (HRP), as well as the raw and cooked experimental and commercial spicy hot red pepper products. The samples were analyzed for phytochemical content using a spectrophotometer. Compared to raw experimental spicy hot red pepper, raw spices, and HRP, raw commercial spicy hot red pepper exhibited the highest bioactive phytochemicals. The cooked commercial spicy hot red pepper or sauté had the highest total flavonoid content (TFC) and total carotenoid content (TCC). Similarly, cooked experimental spicy hot red pepper contained the highest levels of total phenolic content (TPC) and β-carotene. With r values ranging from 0.24 to 0.65, the TPC and TFC of raw spices were correlated with antioxidant activity. There was a significant correlation between TCC and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) (r = .71), 2, 2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) (r = .95), and ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) (r = .76), as well as between β-carotene and DPPH (r = .69), FRAP (r = .69), and ferrous ion chelating activity (FICA) (r = .78). This study verified that raw spices and their mix with hot red pepper are good sources of bioactive phytochemicals with radicals scavenging abilities in Ethiopian diets.

Assessing Grain Quality Changes in White and Black Rice under Water Deficit.

Rice is an essential diet component for a significant portion of the population worldwide. Due to the high water demand associated with rice production, improving water use efficiency and grain quality is critical to increasing the sustainability of the crop. This species includes rice varieties with diverse pigmentation patterns. Grain quality, including industrial, nutritional, and functional quality traits, of two black rice genotypes and a commercial white rice cultivar were evaluated in different locations and under different water regimes. Flooding produced higher grain weight compared to alternate wetting and drying irrigation. A high correlation was found between grain color, total phenolic content (TPC), and antioxidant activity. The black rice genotypes showed higher TPC levels and antioxidant capacity, mainly due to higher levels of cyanidin 3-O-glucoside. The phenolic profile varied between whole and polished grains, while mineral composition was influenced by location and irrigation regime. In turn, the environment influenced grain quality in terms of industrial and nutritional characteristics, with significant differences in quality between whole and polished grains. This study provides valuable information on the genotype-environment relationship in rice and its effect on grain quality, which could contribute to selecting genotypes for an appropriate environment.

Unveiling the microbial dynamics in vermicomposting with coir pith as earthworm substrate

This study explored the impact of incorporating coir pith, a byproduct of the coconut industry, into the vermicomposting substrate of Eudrilus eugeniae earthworms. The groups were compared based on their diets: cow manure only or cow manure mixed with varying amounts of coir pith. The aim was to assess the effects of coir pith on earthworm growth, mortality and the microbial community involved in vermicomposting. Earthworms fed with higher proportions of coir pith (70 % w/w) experienced reduced growth (0.81 g/worm) and increased mortality (24.67 %) after 5 weeks of vermicomposting. These effects were attributed to the high level of total phenolic content in the system. Coir pith required specific bacteria for digestion and detoxification, and excessive intake disrupted the earthworms' digestion, thus hindering nutrient absorption. The study also examined the microbial composition of the vermicast samples and identified variations based on the diet. Bacterial taxa involved in lignocellulose degradation, such as Bacteriodota, Azospirillum, Chitinophagaceae, Marinomonas and Pantoea, exhibited decreased abundances in treatments with coir pith. Conversely, the abundances of potentially harmful bacteria, such as Aeromonas, increased with higher coir pith inclusion levels. This pioneering investigation sheds light on the feasibility of coir pith use in vermicomposting and emphasises the importance of optimising earthworm diets to enhance microbial ecological functions and improve vermicompost quality.

Guava processing waste: Biological activity profile of a natural and sustainable source of phenolic antioxidants

Guava (Psidium guajava L.) is a widely-consumed tropical fruit that can be industrially processed and generate several food products. However, about 30% of the total volume of processed guava is lost as processing waste, a homogenous fraction containing peels, seeds, and residual pulp. The valorization of the discard fraction is necessary in upcycling due to its richness of bioactive components. Therefore, the phenolic composition and biological activity of guava's processing waste and its pulp counterpart were investigated. Guava's pulp (22.32 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g) and waste (21.99 mg GAE/g) contained similar levels of total phenolic content (TPC), with the majority of phenolics occurring in the free and esterified forms. Besides, a strong positive correlation was observed between TPC and the antioxidant activity of extracts. Through HPLC-UV-MS-TOF analysis, 27 phenolic compounds were identified across the pulp (25) and waste (18) portions, with a predominance of gallic, vanillic, and ellagic acids and their derivatives. While free and esterified phenolic fractions showed higher efficiency as α-glucosidase inhibitors (84.94–98.85%), pancreatic lipase was better inhibited by the insoluble-bound phenolics in the extracts (41.55–43.31%). Guava waste's insoluble-bound phenolics strongly protected supercoiled DNA against hydroxyl radicals (80.09%). Oxidation protection by guava phenolics was also observed towards human LDL-cholesterol (10.82–22.98%), an indication of their potential cardioprotective effect. As such, guava processing waste demonstrates nutraceutical potential and should be considered as a value-added ingredient in functional foods and other related applications.

Mobilizing the seed storage oil in milk thistle (Silybum marianum) can supply energy for seed germination and early seedling growth and apply as TAGs breakdown marker

Milk thistle (Silybum marianum) is a crucial medicinal plant containing a large amount of oil. In the study, the changes in storage oil during seed germination and seedling transition from heterotrophic phases were investigated. The results showed that seed oil decreased from 19.53% to 0.88% on the 7th day of seedling development. Oil hydrolysis continued until the 4th day of germination with a low slope, but then increased the use of oils in seed germination end seedling growth metabolism. The results indicated that the quantitative changes in fatty acids, presented at lower amount, were relatively higher than dominant fatty acids. There were decreasing phenolic content in the developing seedlings, but overall, lowest level of total phenolic content can be attributed to the control (30.52 ​mg· 100 ​g· Oil−1). In contrast, the maximum peroxide value (2.58 meq· kg Oil−1) in the developing seedling was observed on the last day of the experiment. The results showed that there was a significant correlation between saturated fatty acid, unsaturated fatty acid, and lipase activity. However, the correlation between lipase activity and polyunsaturated fatty acids was significantly higher than between lipase activity and monounsaturated fatty acids (R2 ​= ​90% and R2 ​= ​77%, respectively). Therefore, the lipolysis process acts selectively in milk thistle oils. According to the results, C12:0 exhibits a greater impact on the early seedling growth rather than on the germination process and is one of the determining factors in the transition from heterotroph to autotroph. Also, it can be a marker for TAGs breakdown.

Biological Control of Three Fungal Diseases in Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) with Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi

Similar to many other plant-based products, strawberries are susceptible to fungal diseases caused by various pathogen groups. In recent years, efforts have been made to combat these diseases using biological control methods, particularly the application of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). This study aimed to determine the effects of AMF (Funneliformis mosseae (Fm) and Gigaspora margarita (Gm)) on Rhizoctonia fragariae (Rf), Fusarium oxysporum (Fo), and Alternaria alternata (Aa), which are major pathogens for strawberry. The results showed that the effects of AMF on disease severity and plant growth varied depending on the pathogens involved. Rf caused the highest disease severity, followed by Fo and Aa, but all AMF treatments significantly reduced the disease severity compared to control treatments. The study also found that the specific AMF species and their combinations influenced plant growth responses under different pathogenic conditions. Different AMF treatments resulted in varying increases in plant fresh weight, dry weight, and length, depending on the pathogen. Moreover, the application of AMF led to increased levels of total phenolic content, antioxidant activity, and phosphorus content in pathogen-infected plants compared to control treatments. Fm was more efficient than Gm in increasing these biochemical parameters. The levels of root colonization by AMF were similar among different AMF treatments, but the effects on fungal spore density varied depending on the pathogen. Some AMF treatments increased fungal spore density, while others did not show significant differences. In conclusion, our research sheds light on the differential effects of AMF species on disease severity, plant growth, and biochemical parameters in strawberry plants facing diverse pathogens. These findings underscore the potential benefits of AMF in disease management, as they reduce disease severity and bolster plant growth and defense mechanisms.

Improvement of Hot Air Dried Bitter Gourd (Momordica charantia L.) Product Quality: Optimization of Drying and Blanching Process by Experimental Design

Bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) is a plant species belonging to the Cucurbitaceae family, growing in tropical regions and containing health-promoting beneficial compounds. In the current study, bitter gourds prepared for drying were sliced in three different thicknesses (6, 8 and 10 mm) and dried in a hot-air dryer at three different temperatures (60, 70 and 80 °C) to preserve their medicinal efficacy. In the experiments, the samples were subjected to blanching at 93.5 °C and 2% salt water for 0, 2.5 and 5 min, and drying processes were conducted. After the drying process, drying time, total color change (∆E), total phenolic content (TPC), total antioxidant activity (TAA), and vitamin C properties were examined. The highest levels of TPC and TAA were found at lower drying air temperatures (DATs), and while these values increased with longer blanching times at lower DATs, they decreased with longer blanching times at higher DATs. According to the different drying temperatures used, it was discovered that the total color change peaked at 70 °C and that vitamin C levels declined as DAT rose. The optimal drying conditions for the 3D response surface methodology include 60 °C DAT, a slice thickness of 10 mm, and without blanching to maximize TPC, TAA and vitamin C content and minimize drying time and ∆E.

Impact of drying methods on physicochemical properties of Fritillaria hupehensis (Hubeibeimu) flours

Fritillaria hupehensis (Hubeibeimu) widely grows in the mid-western zones of China. In the present work, we investigated the physicochemical compositions, antioxidant abilities, and thermal properties of the bulbs of F. hupehensis dehydrated by heat-pump drying (HD), vacuum drying (VD), natural drying (ND), freeze drying (FD), and microwave drying (MD). Total contents of nucleosides and nucleobases in F. hupehensis flours ranged from 727.64 to 1,654.25 μg/g, and total free amino acids ranged from 88.03 to 128.21 mg/g. FD flour had high contents of total nucleosides and nucleobases, and free amino acids. MD flour had low contents of total starch, amylose, protein, nucleosides and nucleobases, and VB1 and VB2, and high levels of total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant abilities. Furthermore, MD flour facilitated gelatinisation, while FD flour displayed opposite trend. HD flour had high total starch content, while ND flour weakened the bitter taste due to the percentage of sweet and bitter taste of amino acids.

Optimized Acetic Acid Production by Mixed Culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae TISTR 5279 and Gluconobacter oxydans TBRC 4013 for Mangosteen Vinegar Fermentation Using Taguchi Design and Its Physicochemical Properties.

This research investigates the enhancement of acetic acid production in the mangosteen vinegar fermentation process through mixed-culture fermentation involving S. cerevisiae TISTR 5279 and G. oxydans TBRC 4013, alongside an analysis of the resulting mangosteen vinegar's qualities and properties using Taguchi Experimental Design (TED). It focuses on key parameters, such as the juice concentration, inoculum ratio, and pasteurization conditions, to optimize acetic acid production. The findings highlight that the unpasteurized condition exerts the most significant influence on acetic acid production yield (p < 0.01), followed by the 3:1 inoculum ratio of S. cerevisiae TISTR 5279 to G. oxydans TBRC 4013 and a 10% mangosteen concentration. The achieved theoretical maximum yield of acetic acid on day 21 was 85.23 ± 0.30%, close to the predicted 85.33% (p > 0.05). Furthermore, the highest recorded acetic acid concentration reached 5.34 ± 0.92%. On day 14 of fermentation, the maximum productivity and yield were 3.81 ± 0.10 g/L/h and 0.54 ± 0.22 g/g, respectively. The resulting mangosteen vinegar exhibited elevated levels of total phenolic content (359.67 ± 47.26 mg GAE/100 mL), total flavonoid content (12.96 ± 0.65 mg CAE/100 mL), and anti-DPPH radical activity (17.67 ± 0.22%), suggesting potential health benefits. Beyond these chemical aspects, the mangosteen vinegar displayed distinct physical and chemical characteristics from the original mangosteen juice, possibly conferring additional health advantages. These findings are promising for industrial vinegar fermentation models and propose the potential use of the product as a valuable dietary supplement.

Inactivation of Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris vegetative cells and spores induced by atmospheric cold plasma

This study aimed to inactivate Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris vegetative cells and spores (107–108 CFU/mL) using atmospheric cold plasma (ACP). Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris vegetative cells decreased by 6.63 and 6.47 log under only ACP treatment of 30 kV for 6 min in saline solution and apple juice, respectively. ACP was less effective against spores, resulting in 2.64 and 2.43 log reductions at the same treatment parameter. However, better inactivation (4.03 log and 3.95 log) was achieved in apple juice and saline solution using ACP at 30 kV combined with mild heat (85 °C) for 6 min. Morphological observation and intracellular substance release revealed severe structural damage to spores induced by ACP. The application of ACP resulted in improved color, reduced pH, and increased levels of total phenolic content and total soluble solids in apple juice. This study offers an effective method for inactivating Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris in apple juice. Industrial relevanceThe application of atmospheric cold plasma in combination with mild heat to effectively inactivate Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris in apple juice offers a promising method for ensuring juice product quality. The enhancement of color, reduction in pH, and increase in total phenolic content and total soluble solids further underscore the potential benefits of this technique for enhancing the sensory attributes of apple juice. This study offers a potential approach that may directly contribute to enhancing production practices and product value.

Invitro antioxidant and anticancer activities of Smilax corbularia extract combined with Phellinus linteus extract against breast cancer cell lines.

Treatment with extracts from whole herbs has been reported to synergistically enhance the anticancer activities of therapeutic agents in recent studies. The present study evaluated the antioxidant and anticancer activities of Smilax corbularia Kunth (S. corbularia) and Phellinus linteus (P. linteus) crude extracts individually and in combination. S. corbularia was extracted using ethanol, whereas P. linteus was extracted using hot water. Both crude extracts underwent physiochemical characterization. Subsequently, the possible antioxidant activities of both crude extracts, individually and in combination, were evaluated using 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) assays. Their effects on breast cancer cell cytotoxicity, proliferation and apoptosis were then assessed. The crude S. corbularia extract obtained was found to have a high level of total phenolic content, whilst the crude P. linteus extract had high levels of total polysaccharide content. The total phenolic content and total polysaccharide content results of the combinations depended on the respective ratios of the individual extracts. S. corbularia alone and combination 3 (which contained 75% S. corbularia: 25% P. linteus) demonstrated the greatest radical scavenging activity, followed by combination 1 (50% S. corbularia: 50% P. linteus), combination 2 (25% S. corbularia: 75% P. linteus) and P. linteus. The toxicity results of the extract samples on the cancer cells corresponded with their antioxidant activity. In particular, certain combinations demonstrated clearer inhibitory effects on cell proliferation against three types of breast cancer cells compared with those exerted by the two individual extracts. However, induction of apoptosis was limited, with the degree of apoptosis observed to be #x003C;5%. These findings suggested that treatment with combinations of these two extracts could confer enhanced antioxidant and antiproliferative effects on breast cancer cells. Therefore, the potential of these two extracts in combination as anticancer agents warrants further investigation.

Drying kinetics and change in bioactive compounds of edible flowers: Prunus domestica

AbstractThe aim of the study is to reveal the effect of different drying methods (hot‐air drying [HAD] and freeze‐drying [FD]) on flowers of Prunus domestica—white, pink, and red, methanolic extracts and their effects on polyphenolic compounds. Drying kinetics, phytochemical and antioxidant activity were investigated, and compared with each other and also with fresh samples. The modeling of the terms of Fick's diffusion equation were used to estimate the coefficients of diffusion. Drying kinetics from HAD and FD were analyzed mathematically, and obtained data was statistically analyzed to obtain best fit among all available models.The total phenolic content (TPC) of plum blossom extracts (PBEs) varied between 185.16 and 279.73 mg GAE per g dry weight sample. TPC levels increased in red and white PBE samples subjected to the FD process. However, in contrast, the TPC values of the pink PBE were in a decreasing trend with the drying process. CUPRAC levels were highest in the PBE of red flowers (1.04 mmol TE g−1). ABTS (65 μmol TE g−1) and DPPH (47.50 μmol TE g−1) levels were highest in PBE of pink flowers. ABTS values of only red‐colored samples increased after HAD and FD, while antioxidant activity results decreased in all other samples. Compared to HAD, FD negatively affected quercetin and its derivative content, on the other hand positively affected the cyanidin contents. It can be concluded that different drying methods would be effective for different polyphenolic compounds depending on the pigment type of flowers.Practical applicationsEdible flowers have been used for their therapeutic purposes traditionally, and nowadays they gain a renewed interest as rich sources of bioactive compounds for both the food and culinary science. As a new tool for functional food development, the focus of edible flowers research is how to preserve the bioactive content. Drying is known to be the best way to avoid the perishability of edible flowers. The present work has been carried out for comparing two drying methods (HAD, FD) in terms of the bioactive changes and kinetic parameters. Our results showed that the quality attributes of Prunus flowers, rich in bioactive compounds and pigments, either preserve or enhance by FD. Mathematical modeling of drying affected by the pigment types, which is determined Jena&amp;Das model for white flowers while Page model was the most appropriate to describe drying kinetics of red and pink flowers. It can be concluded that freeze drying can be effectively used in the dehydration of Prunus flowers and further studies can be promoted as a functional additive.

Antioxidant and antidiabetic properties of Garcinia cowa Roxb. extracts from leaves, fruit rind, and stem bark in different solvents

The objective of this investigation was to assess the antioxidant and antidiabetic abilities of Garcinia cowa Roxb., a Thai native plant that has a history of use in traditional medicine in several countries. To achieve this goal, different plant parts, such as the leaves, fruit rind, and stem bark, were subjected to extraction with hexane, ethyl acetate, and 70% ethanol using the maceration method. The Folin-Ciocalteu technique was used to quantify the extracts' total phenolic content (TPC). The antioxidant assays, including DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP, and antidiabetic properties through the alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase inhibitory capacities of different extracts from G. cowa were assessed. The results revealed that the stem bark extracted with ethyl acetate displayed the highest level of TPC at 153.68 mg GAE/100 g DW. Compared to the other extracts, the stem bark ethyl acetate extract demonstrated the highest antioxidant activity in DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays with values of 436.86, 359.17, and 526.98 µmol TE/100 g DW, respectively. Further examination of the antidiabetic effects of stem bark extract in ethyl acetate exhibited the highest alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activities with IC50 values of 12.54, and 8.48 mg/mL, respectively. The findings of this research provide initial indications that G. cowa has both antioxidant and antidiabetic attributes and could be viewed as a potential therapeutic agent for managing diabetes.

Phytochemical, anti-microbial activity, and anti-proliferation tests against human cancer-origin cell lines using water and ethanolic extracts of Momordica cochinchinensis (Gac fruit)

Momordica cochinchinensis (Gac fruit) is a perennial tropical fruit which nutritional benefits have drawn significant attention in Southeast Asian countries but are not completely explored in this region. In addition to aril extracts, pulp and seed extracts were the focus of this study in terms of their phytochemical composition, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiproliferative, and wound healing properties. The extracts obtained were aril water extract (AW), pulp water extract (PW) and seed extracts (SW), and its ethanolic counterpart, namely aril extract (AE), pulp extract (PE) and seed extract (SE). Both water and ethanolic extracts of the aril, pulp and seed contain alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, volatile oil and reducing sugars. However, glycosides were only present in water extracts (AW, PW, SW), meanwhile tannins were detected only in SW. The PW exhibited an increased level of total phenolic content (TPC); 0.0215 ± 0.00060 mg GAE/g whereas, total flavonoid content (TFC) was quantitated at 0.083 ± 0.022 mg QE/g FW (TFC), respectively. Apart from that, the PW extract also exhibited potent antibacterial activity, with MIC values between 5 and 20 mg/ml and MBC values between 10 and 20 mg/ml against E. coli, P. aeruginosa, S. flexneri, and B. cereus. Cancer- origin cell lines MCF7, HepG2, A549, HCT116 and HT29 have been discovered to be most susceptible to AW and PW at 72 hours (h) post-treatment. The concentrations ranged between 1 µg/ml and 10 µg/ml of PE and SW extracts showed positive effects in the wound healing experiment.

Effect of gamma irradiation treatment on the antioxidant activity, phenolic compounds and flavonoid content of common buckwheat

Gamma irradiation is a non-thermal physical treatment with potential microbial decontamination efficiencies. In this study common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) flour and grain were subjected to different dosages of gamma irradiation (2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 kGy). Non-irradiated sample is named as control. Antioxidant activity (AOA), total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), rutin and quercetin levels were measured in all samples. The values were higher in irradiated samples compared to control. Grain samples irradiated at 10 and flour samples at 8 showed higher AOA, TPC, TFC and rutin levels, respectively. The quercetin content did not change significantly. Irradiation at 2 kGy resulted lower values for all tests. In conclusion, gamma irradiation could be satisfactorily used as a novel preservative treatment in buckwheat.

FTIR and multivariate analysis of total phenolic content, antioxidant and anti-amylase activities of extracts and milk of Glycine max L. and Phaseolus vulgaris L.

BackgroundAlpha-amylase is a digestive enzyme which hydrolyses the glycosidic bonds in polysaccharides into monosaccharides. Inhibition of α-amylase can help to retard carbohydrate digestion in the small intestine and decrease blood glucose level. The effect of solvent extraction and milk processing on total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant and anti-amylase activities, and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of Glycine max L. and Phaseolus vulgaris L. were estimated by Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM). ResultsThe result showed that the aqueous extract of P. vulgaris L. had the greatest antioxidant activity and anti-amylase activity, while the ethanol extract of G. max L. showed the greatest TPC. Interestingly, the milk of P. vulgaris L. seed showed the greatest level of TPC, antioxidant activity and anti-amylase activity. Mixed milk of G. max L. and P. vulgaris L. (8:2 v/v) showed high anti-amylase activity, while the mixed milk (5:5 v/v) showed high TPC and antioxidant activity. The FTIR result showed five wavenumber ranges associated with functional groups of phenolic compounds. Moreover, the PLS-SEM result revealed a significant positive correlation between TCP and FTIR data (β = 0.335, t = 2.112, p-value < 0.05), and between TCP and antioxidant activity (β = 0.346, t = 2.150, p-value < 0.05). ConclusionsThe result indicated that the solvent types and cooked beans could affect the biological activities and chemical content. The application of chemical content, biological activities, and FTIR technique combined with PLS-SEM and PCA analysis could discriminate bean types, solvent types, and between raw and cooked beans.How to cite: Thummajitsakul S, Paensanit P, Saeieo T, et al. FTIR and multivariate analysis of total phenolic content, antioxidant and anti-amylase activities of extracts and milk of Glycine max L.and Phaseolus vulgaris L. Electron J Biotechnol 2023;64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejbt.2023.04.001.

From purple corn waste (pericarp) to polyphenol-rich extract with higher bioactive contents and superior product qualities using two-step optimization techniques

The pericarp of purple corn has traditionally been thought of as being a byproduct. However, it is an excellent source of high-value polyphenols (such as anthocyanins, proanthocyanins, etc.) that could be extracted and used as nutraceuticals, cosmeceuticals, and valuable starting material for synthesizing food colorants and food additives. Hence, this study aimed to optimize the recovery of anthocyanins, phenolic acids, and condensed tannins (CT) from purple corn pericarp using a two-stage multivariate design and evaluated the phenolic profiles, antioxidants, product quality, and structural characteristics of the recovered extracts. According to Plackett-Burman design (PBD) screening, the key extraction variables identified were acetic acid concentration, extraction time, and ethanol concentration. This was followed by optimization using Box-Behnken design (BBD), facial central composite design (FCCD), and full-factorial design (FFD), and the best design was identified after comparative analysis. The models were found to be acceptable, as evidenced by the desirability values of 0.836–0.933. A comparison of the BBD, FCCD, and FFD was done, and it was found that the PBD-BBD produced a lower residual standard error (RSE) than the PBD-FCCD for most of the responses and yielded the lowest extraction time (∼8.6 h), proving that the BBD could forecast the data more accurately. To evaluate the extracts' bioactive extraction efficiency, antioxidant properties, product quality, and structural parameters, samples from a single factor (SF) experiment and BBD were compared. The BBD extract had better color properties (lower ΔE, higher a*, C, and H0) and a greater extraction yield (17.5%) than SF and was confirmed by the principal component and hierarchical cluster analysis. Although the scanning electron microscopy and the optical profilometer for BBD revealed irregular, loosely arranged granules, it had a less adverse effect on product quality and aligned with the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy results. The BBD samples had lower levels of phenolic acids but higher levels of total phenolic content (118.86 ± 3.60 g GAE/kg), condensed tannins (231.74 ± 8.45 g EE/kg), antioxidants, cyanidin-3-glucoside (90.46 ± 4.47 mg/g), naringin (7.68 ± 0.58 mg/g), and cyanidin-chloride (49.81 ± 1.78 mg/g). This shows that BBD can effectively be used to optimize the extraction of polyphenolic compounds from purple corn pericarp using optimal extraction conditions, resulting in a higher yield of polyphenols having superior antioxidant properties and product quality in a comparatively shorter extraction time.