Levels Of Total Dietary Fiber Research Articles

The effect of sous-vide cooking on the antioxidant properties of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus L.)

Oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus L.) are renowned for their antioxidant, antimicrobial, and prebiotic properties. This study explores the antioxidant characteristics, activity, and β-glucan content in freeze-dried mushroom samples, investigating the influence of sous-vide cooking. Uncooked freeze-dried P. ostreatus and three pre-cooked freeze-dried samples (70, 80, 90 °C through 4 hours) were analysed for Total Polyphenol Content (TPC), Total Flavonoid Content (TFC), Radical Scavenging (DPPH), Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP), and β-glucans content via HPLC and Total Dietary Fiber (TDF) via enzymatic gravimetric method. Results indicate that uncooked mushroom powder exhibited superior antioxidant capabilities compared to cooked samples. The sous-vide cooked (80 °C) mushrooms displayed the highest total phenolic and flavonoid content. Moreover, pre-cooked (70 °C) mushroom powder demonstrated the highest β-glucan content, significantly surpassing the uncooked control sample. Notably, pre-cooked groups (80, 90 °C) demonstrated significantly higher TDF levels compared to uncooked sample. This research offers valuable insights into the potential use of mushrooms as high-antioxidant, antimicrobial, and prebiotic food or feed supplements, with broad implications across various fields.

Exploring the Proximate Composition, Antioxidant Content, Glycemic Index, and Microbiological Analysis of Idiyappam Enriched with Black Rice (Oryza sativa L. indica) Flour

ABSTRACT: Notwithstanding being rich in numerous antioxidant components, black rice flour hasn't been frequently used in the manufacture of food goods. This study aimed to create idiyappam, examine its proximate compositions, minerals, antioxidant, glycemic, organoleptic and shelf-life attributes. The study focused on evaluating these qualities in idiyappam produced with various replacement levels of black rice flour and white rice flour, in various proportions with 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%. The findings showed that the idiyappam with 100% raw black rice flour (BRFI4) had significantly higher levels of total dietary fiber, protein but can be found that it has a lowest of moisture content, while carbohydrates and fat content can be seen more in BRFI1. There were noticeable differences in mineral composition among the various formulations. BRFI4 exhibited strong antioxidant potential, and all formulations had a low glycemic index. BRFI3 received superior sensory ratings compared to the other idiyappam variations. The shelf-life study revealed substantial variation among the idiyappam formulations after 5 days of storage. This study highlights that incorporating black rice flour into idiyappam not only enhances the levels of protein, dietary fiber, but also results in low glycemic index values and favorable organoleptic evaluations, particularly up to a 75% substitution level.

Enhancing Nutritional Profile of Pasta: The Impact of Sprouted Pseudocereals and Cushuro on Digestibility and Health Potential.

We hypothesized that optimizing the formulation of pasta by incorporating sprouted pseudocereal flours, specifically quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) or kiwicha (Amaranthus caudatus L.) and cushuro (Nostoc sphaericum Vaucher ex Bornet & Flahault) flours, could offer the potential to simultaneously enhance nutritional quality and health-promoting properties in pasta. In this study, our objective was to optimize the formulation of composite flour (a ternary blend of wheat, sprouted pseudocereal, and cushuro flours) using a mixture composite design to maximize total soluble phenolic compounds (TSPC), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), antioxidant activity, and mineral bioaccesilability by reducing phytic acid (PA) content. Two optimal formulations were identified: one consisting of 79% wheat flour (WF), 13% SQF, and 8% CuF (oPQC), and the other composed of 70% WF, 15% SKF, and 15% CuF (oPKC). These optimized pastas exhibited reduced starch content and notably higher levels of total dietary fiber (1.5-3.61-fold), protein (1.16-fold), fat (1.3-1.5-fold), ash (2.2-2.7-fold), minerals (K, Na, Fe, Zn, Mg, Mn, and Ca), PA (3-4.5-fold), TSPC (1.3-1.9-fold), GABA (1.2-2.6-fold), and ORAC (6.5-8.7-fold) compared to control pasta (100% WF). Notably, the glycemic index of oPQC (59.8) was lower than that of oPKC (54.7) and control pasta (63.1). The nutritional profile of the optimized pasta was largely retained after cooking, although some significant losses were observed for soluble dietary fiber (18.2-44.0%), K (47.5-50.7%), Na (42.5-63.6), GABA (41.68-51.4%), TSPC (8-18%), and antioxidant activity (45.4-46.4%). In vitro digestion of cooked oPQC and oPKC demonstrated higher bioaccessible content of GABA (6.7-16.26 mg/100 g), TSPC (257.7-261.8 mg GAE/100 g), Ca (58.40-93.5 mg/100 g), and Fe (7.35-7.52 mg/100 g), as well as antioxidant activity (164.9-171.1 µmol TE/g) in intestinal digestates compared to control pasta. These findings suggest that the incorporation of sprouted pseudocereals and cushuro flour offers a promising approach to enhance the nutritional quality and bioactive content of wheat-based pasta, potentially providing health benefits beyond traditional formulations.

Increase Dietary Fiber Intake Ameliorates Cecal Morphology and Drives Cecal Species-Specific of Short-Chain Fatty Acids in White Pekin Ducks.

The current study was to investigate the modulatory effects of total dietary fiber (TDF) levels on cecal morphology and the response of microbiota to maintain gut health for duck growth. A total of 192 14-day-old male white Pekin ducks were randomly allocated to three dietary groups and fed diets, containing 12.4, 14.7, and 16.2% TDF, respectively, until 35 days under the quantitative feed intake. Each dietary group consisted of eight replicate cages of eight birds. The results revealed that 14.7 and 16.2% TDF groups significantly promoted growth performance and improved villus height, the ratio of villus to crypt, muscle layer thickness, and goblet cells per villus of cecum in ducks. qPCR results showed that the transcriptional expression of Claudin-1, Muc2, IGF-1, and SLC16A1 was significantly upregulated in cecum in 14.7 and 16.2% TDF groups. Meanwhile, the concentration of IGF-1 in circulating was significantly increased in 14.7 and 16.2% TDF groups while that of DAO was significantly decreased in 16.2% TDF group. Furthermore, the concentrations of butyrate, isobutyrate, valerate, and isovalerate in cecum were conspicuously improved in 14.7 and 16.2% TDF groups while that of propionate was significantly decreased. In addition, the concentrations of butyrate, isobutyrate, valerate, and isovalerate in cecum presented negative correlations with the concentration of DAO in circulating. 16S rRNA gene sequencing results showed that the 14.7% TDF group importantly elevated the microbial richness. Simultaneously, butyrate-producing bacteria like the family Lachnospiraceae, Oscillospiraceae, and Erysipelatoclostridiaceae were enriched as biomarkers in the 16.2% TDF group. Correlation network analysis revealed that the associations between specific bacteria and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) induced by different TDF levels, and the correlations among bacteria were also witnessed. For example, the genus Monoglobus and CHKCI002 showed a positive correlation with butyrate, and there was a positively coexistent association between Monoglobus and CHKCI002. In summary, these data revealed that increasing the TDF level could enhance the cecal morphology and drive cecal species-specific of SCFAs in ducks.

Effects of Total Dietary Fiber on Cecal Microbial Community and Intestinal Morphology of Growing White Pekin Duck.

The current study was to investigate the effects of total dietary fiber (TDF) on growth performance, cecal structure, cecal microbial community, and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) profiles in the cecum of growing White Pekin ducks. A total of 108 male Pekin ducks of 14-days-old were randomly allocated and fed diets containing 12.4, 14.7, and 16.2% TDF for 35 days. Each dietary treatment consisted of six replicates with six birds each. The results showed that 14.7 and 16.2% TDF treatments promoted growth performance relative to 12.4% TDF treatments (P < 0.05). A total of 14.7 and 16.2% TDF treatments significantly elevated villus height, the ratio of villus height to crypt depth and muscle layer thickness of cecum, and lowered crypt depth compared with 12.4% TDF treatment (P < 0.05). Simultaneously, 14.7 and 16.2% TDF treatments up-regulated Claudin-1 mRNA expression of barrier genes in the cecum compared with 12.4% TDF (P < 0.05). Butyrate-producing bacteria like Oscillopiraceae affiliating to the phyla Firmicutes were observed as a biomarker in the 16.2% TDF. Higher concentration of butyrate in the cecum was obtained in the 14.7% TDF compared with 12.4 and 16.2% TDF (P < 0.05). The concentrations of isobutyrate, valerate, and isovalerate in the cecum were significantly increased in the 16.2% TDF compared with 12.4 and 14.7% TDF (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, the abundance of genus UCG-005 and Enterococcus was positive correlations with isobutyrate and valerate (P < 0.05). However, the concentration of propionate in the cecum significantly decreased in 14.7 and 16.2% TDF treatments relative to 12.4% TDF treatments (P < 0.05). In summary, increasing TDF levels improved growth performance, cecal histomorphology, and barrier function of meat ducks and it might be mediated by the changes of microbiota communities, especially bloom of SCFAs-producing bacteria, which facilitated the interaction between intestinal mucosa and microbiota.

In vitro glycemic index, antioxidant capacity and some physicochemical characteristics of deep-fried sorghum based gluten free chips.

In this study, deep fried gluten free chips were manufactured using sorghum flour at different concentrations (5, 20, 35 and 50g/100g) and in vitro glycemic index, total antioxidant capacity and some physicochemical characteristics (dry matter, ash, oil, protein and color) and overall acceptability of the samples were investigated. Protein, oil and total dietary fiber levels of the samples ranged between 5.39-8.28, 23.58-29.10 and 5.59-6.60g/100g, respectively and increase in sorghum flour level resulted in an increase in these studied quality parameters of the chips samples. Ferric reducing antioxidant activity and DPPH radical scavenging performance were affected positively by the addition of sorghum flour. Total starch hydrolysis index and estimated glycemic index values were affected by the sorghum flour addition negatively due to the increased total dietary fiber content of the chips samples. All chips samples enriched with sorghum flour showed similar overall acceptability and increased sorghum concentration decreased the preference scores slightly. All these results could be considered for the manufacturing of the gluten free deep fried sorghumbased chips samples.

Effects of Dietary Fiber Level in Weaning Pig Diets on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility and Intestinal Morphology

Insoluble dietary fiber is benefit on gut volume and morphology of the pigs. Rice hull is the by-product from rice processing that rich of dietary fiber content. The objectives of our study were to evaluate the effects of dietary fiber level from grounded rice hull on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, intestinal morphology and bacterial cell count in hindgut of weaning pigs. Thirty weaning pigs (21±3 days of age) were fed randomly with three experimental diets consisting of three levels of total Dietary Fiber (DF); 130, 140 and 150 g/kg with equal ratios of insoluble per soluble dietary fiber. On the 29th day, four pigs per treatment were euthanized for the collection of small intestinal tissue samples for morphological determination and digesta samples were collected for microbial counts. For digestibility determination, 12 weaned pigs were used to determine nutrient digestibility. The Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) pigs at Week 1 was improved, however, there was overall no significant difference for growth performance and diarrhea incidence among the groups. The nutrient digestibility of energy and protein did not differ among treatments, whereas the digestibility of crude fat and fiber tended to increase (P = 0.082 and 0.074). Increasing of dietary fiber level tended to increase villus height and enhance villus height per crypt depth ratio (VH:CD) of ileum (VH:CD ratio were 1.94, 2.10 and 2.35 in pigs fed 130, 140 and 150 g/kg dietary fiber diets respectively; P = 0.062). The bacterial count in the gut content was not affected by dietary fiber level. In conclusion, the dietary fiber level between 130 to150 g/kg was not altering overall growth performance nutrient digestibility, intestinal morphology intestinal bacteria population. However, the dietary fiber 140-150 g/ kg in diet could improve FCR in the first week after weaning and tended to improve the ileal morphology.

Effect of different levels of total dietary fiber on the performance of sows in gestation and lactation

ABSTRACT The present study evaluated the effect of variation in the amount of total dietary fiber (TDF) in sow diets, provided from 74 to 114 days of gestation, on the digestibility of nutrients and energy during gestation, as well as productivity and metabolism during gestation and lactation. Thirty-three sows were used in a randomized experimental design. The amounts of TDF in three treatment diets were 156, 223, and 282 g kg−1. The daily intake of nutrients and energy was similar for all diets the entire period of gestation, differing only in the volume of ration consumed, which was 2.1, 2.2, and 2.4 kg day−1 (days 74 to 90) and 2.5, 2.6, and 2.8 kg day−1 (days 91 to 111) for the 156, 223, and 282 g kg−1 TDF diets, respectively. During gestation, the increase in TDF resulted in a significant linear decrease in the digestible energy and apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter, gross energy, crude protein, non-fibrous carbohydrates, and organic matter. During gestation, blood concentrations of protein and globulins exhibited a quadratic response to the amount of TDF in the diet, whereas cholesterol exhibited a significant linear increase. The productivity and reproductive performance of the sows during gestation and lactation or the birth weight of the piglets were not affected by the amount of TDF, but the average daily weight gain of the litter during nursing increased linearly with increasing levels of dietary fiber. Increasing the amount of TDF reduces the digestibility of nutrients and energy, without affecting the performance of the sows during gestation and lactation or that of the piglets at birth and increasing TDF during gestation improves the weight gain of piglets during lactation.

Starch Structure and Physicochemical Properties of Colored Rice Varieties

유색미 가공소재 탐색 및 용도 다양화를 위해 일품을 포함하여 흑미 메벼 6품종, 적미 메벼 3품종, 흑미 찰벼 5품종, 적미 찰벼 1품종으로 일품과 유색미 15개의 품종의 전분 이화학적 구조적 특성을 분석하여 가공용도 다양화를 위한 기초자료로 활용하고자 한다. 1. 유색미의 일반성분을 분석한 결과, 눈큰흑찰이 조단백, 조지방, 식이섬유이 함량이 다른 품종에 비해 높은 경향이었고, 적미의 모든 품종은 조지방이 흑미에 비해 높은 함량을 나타내었다. 2. 유색미 가루를 이용한 찰벼 품종의 아밀로스 함량은 3~5%, 메벼 품종의 아밀로스 함량은 15~18%를 나타내었고, 메벼 품종 중 조은흑미는 14%대로 다소 낮은 함량을 나타내었다. 또한 일품이 80%로 가장 높은 총 전분 함유량을 보였고, 눈큰흑찰과 흑진주가 70, 71%로 가장 낮은 총 전분 함량을 나타내었다. 3. 유색미 가루의 호화특성을 분석한 결과, 모든 유색미의 호화개시온도는 <TEX>$68^{\circ}C$</TEX>였으며, 일품의 호화개시온도인 <TEX>$67.95^{\circ}C$</TEX>와 비슷하였다. 최고점도는 일품이 가장 높았으며, 적진주, 홍진주, 건강홍미 순으로 적미 메벼 품종이 흑미 품종과 적진주 찰에 비해 높은 것으로 나타났다. 치반점도 값으로 본 노화정도 찰벼 품종에서 느린 것으로 확인되었고, 조은흑미는 메벼품종 중에서 노화정도가 느린 것으로 분석되었다. 4. 유색미의 전분외형은 대부분 <TEX>$2{\sim}5{\mu}m$</TEX> 크기의 다각형의 치밀한 입자로 이루어져있으며, 결정성 분석에서는 모두 A type의 전분구조를 이루고 있었지만 결정성은 품종마다 다소 차이를 보였다. 5. 아밀로펙틴의 체인 길이 분석에서는 16개의 품종에서 12<DP<TEX>${\leq}24$</TEX>인 B사슬 함량이 50%이상을 차지하였고, 다음으로 DP<12 함량이 대부분 33~35%함량을 나타내었다. 중합도 36개 이상의 장쇄사슬은 흑미가 적미에 비해 함량이 높은 경향이었다. We investigated the physicochemical properties and starch structure of various rice varieties including 15 colored cultivars. NKHC showed the highest level of protein, lipid, and total dietary fiber levels. Reddish brown rice showed higher lipid content than that in black rice cultivars. Apparent amylose content of waxy and non-waxy colored rice varieties was within the range of 3~5% and 15~18%, respectively. IP exhibited the highest total starch (TS) content, whereas, NKHC and HJJ showed lower TS content than that in other cultivars. Pasting temperature of all colored rice cultivars, except IP, was about <TEX>$68^{\circ}C$</TEX>. Peak viscosity of IP, JJJ, Hong, and GGHM showed high values of 138, 130, 128, and 124, respectively. All the colored rice cultivars presented A-type X-ray diffraction pattern and polygonal shapes of starch granules were observed using scanning electron micrographs (SEM). Major groups of amylopectin chain lengths were B (12 < DP <TEX>${\leq}$</TEX> 24) and A (DP <TEX>${\leq}$</TEX> 12). SMHC showed the highest B chain content and the lowest A chain content (P < 0.05). These experimental results provided useful information for scientists and the food industry regarding colored rice starches.

DIETARY FIBRE CONTENT, PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY IN SOURSOPS (Annona muricata L.)

ABSTRACT Healthy eating is associated with the consumption of fruits, which are notable for their beneficial effects on human health. The aim of this study was to evaluate the proximate composition, composition of fibers and components with antioxidant activity in soursops varieties Crioula, Lisa and Morada of physiological maturity (PM) and mature (M). The protein, lipid and moisture contents did not differ between soursop varieties, but the ash contents were higher in the Morada-PM (0.56%±0.03) and the Morada-M (0.82%±0.10) varieties. The Crioula-M variety showed higher levels of total dietary fibre (5.76%±0.12). The Lisa-M variety showed higher levels of insoluble dietary fibre (4.46%±0.00). The Lisa-M variety also showed a higher level of phenolic compounds (284.25 mg gallic acid/100 g of soursop pulp), differing significantly (p &lt;0.05) from the Crioula-PM soursop (154.40 mg of gallic acid/100 g of soursop pulp). Under the DPPH• system, the soursops that showed highest antioxidant activity were the Crioula-M (EC50 of 156.40 g.g DPPH-1) and the Crioula-PM (EC50 of 162.41 g.g DPPH-1), which differed significantly from the Morada soursops. The results suggest that the consumption of soursops is useful for increasing concentrations of bioactive compounds and dietary fibre.

Influence of the dietary fibre levels on faecal hair excretion after 14days in short and long-haired domestic cats.

Hairballs are a common problem in cats and may result in intestinal obstruction. Dietary fibre has been recommended to stimulate hair faecal excretion. The objective of this study was to assess the influence of psyllium and different levels of total dietary fibre (6% vs. 11% vs. 15% TdF) on hair faecal excretion in short and long‐haired (LH) domestic cats. Twenty‐one adult cats were divided into three panels: shedding panel, short‐haired (SH) panel and LH panel. Shedding panel was used to assess shedding throughout the study with a normalized brushing. In parallel, SH panel and LH panel were used to evaluate the impact of the diets on faecal hair excretion. They were fed a low‐fibre diet during phase 1 (diet 6, 6.0% TdF). In phase 2, panels were fed either diet 11 (11% TdF) or diet 15 (15% TdF). In phase 3, cats returned to diet 6 before a crossover on the other diet in phase 4. Those diets were fed to cats for 14 days. Faecal hair excretion was quantified daily. Data were analysed using a generalized linear model procedure. The assessment of shedding showed that the study did not occur during moulting season. In the LH panel, diet 11 and diet 15 increased (P < 0.001) faecal hair excretion by 81% and 113% respectively, compared to the control diet. In the SH panel, no influence of the diets was observed. This study supports that fibre affects faecal hair excretion in LH cats, suggesting that a diet with psyllium and 11% or 15% TdF might minimize hairball formation in 14 days and between shedding periods. In SH cats, 11% and 15% fibre levels had no effect on faecal hair excretion. This could be explained by the low quantity of hair ingested outside the shedding season or by the short duration of the study.

Physiochemical properties of highly cross-linked maize starches and their enzymatic digestibilities by three analytical methods

Waxy maize, normal maize and high amylose maize starches were highly cross-linked (CL) with phosphate groups. The CL starches were characterized by phosphorus content, settling volume, gelatinization temperature, pasting curve, X-ray diffraction and microscopy. Their digestibilities were determined by the Englyst, Available Carbohydrate Dietary Fiber (ACDF), and AOAC 991.43 methods where starch digestion with α-amylase was done, respectively, at 37, 80 and 95 °C. The CL waxy maize starch had ∼10% more phosphorus content (0.36% vs 0.32%) than the CL normal and high-amylose maize starches. Total dietary fiber (TDF) levels of the unmodified and CL starches determined by the AOAC and ACDF methods increased with increasing amylose content. The resistant starch (RS) contents of the three CL starches decreased in the order, CL high amylose (85%) > CL waxy (82%) > CL normal (61%) maize starch. The digestibilities of the unmodified and CL maize starches at 80 and 95 °C were positively correlated with their settling volumes at those temperatures, indicating that increased granule swelling decreased TDF levels. Photomicrographs of the starch granules after digestion in the TDF and RS assays showed less internal erosion of granules in CL high-amylose starch compared to CL normal and waxy maize starches.

The use of dry Jerusalem artichoke as a functional nutrient in developing extruded food with low glycaemic index

This study considers the use of dry Jerusalem artichoke (JA) as a functional nutrient in developing food products with enhanced nutritional characteristics and low glycaemic index (GI). Three different formulations based on buckwheat and JA were developed and processed using extrusion technology. Nutritional properties including the levels of total dietary fibre (TDF), protein, inulin, total carbohydrates and lipids were analysed. A clinical study was performed on ten healthy volunteers (aged between 21 and 56) to determine the level of GI and glycaemic load (GL).The results revealed that JA significantly (P<0.05) increased the levels of TDF and inulin whilst decreasing carbohydrates, lipids and proteins. The resulting products had a significant (P<0.05) effect on IAUC between reference food and extruded products, GI and GL. Samples containing 80% of Jerusalem artichoke were considered as a low GI food whilst samples containing 30% and 60% of Jerusalem artichoke as a medium GI food. A similar trend was seen in terms of GL.

Dietary fibre intake associated with reduced risk of oesophageal cancer in Xinjiang, China

Objective: To ascertain the relationship between dietary fibre intake and risk of oesophageal cancer in remote northwest China, where the cancer incidence is known to be high. Methods: A case–control study was conducted during 2008–2009 in the Urumqi and Shihezi, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of China. Participants were 359 incident oesophageal cancer patients and 380 hospital-based controls. Information on habitual foods consumption was obtained by face-to-face interview, from which dietary fibre intakes were estimated using the Chinese food composition tables. Results: The oesophageal cancer patients reported lower intake levels of total dietary fibre and fibre derived from vegetables and fruits than those of controls. Overall, regular intake of fibre was inversely associated with the oesophageal cancer risk, the adjusted odds ratio being 0.47 (95% confidence interval 0.32–0.69) for the highest (>27g) versus the lowest (<16g) tertile of daily intake, with a significant dose-response relationship (p=0.004). Similar reductions in risk were also apparent for high intake levels of vegetable fibre and fruit fibre, but to a lesser extent for cereal fibre. Conclusion: Habitual intake of dietary fibre was associated with a reduced risk of oesophageal cancer for adults in northwest China.

Dietary fiber from orange byproducts as a potential fat replacer

Brazil is the world's largest orange juice producer, but the waste that results from this process is a serious environmental problem. The purpose of this study was to characterize fibers from this byproducts and to study their application as a fat replacer in ice cream. Two different samples of orange fiber were analyzed: F1 (peel, pulp and seeds) and F2 (peel). Both samples showed high levels of total dietary fiber and an ideal ratio between soluble and insoluble fiber. The fibers showed a high water and oil retention capacity and a high content of phenolic compounds and carotenoids. The use of orange fiber as a fat replacer in ice cream led to a 70% reduction of fat without causing significant changes in products attributes such as color, odor and texture. Orange fiber proved to be a promising alternative as a fat replacer in ice cream production.

The effect of chemically‐modified resistant starch, RS type‐4, on body weight and blood lipid profiles of high fat diet‐induced obese mice

AbstractThis study was conducted to investigate the effects of feeding chemically‐modified resistant starch type‐4 (RS4) of normal (NCS) and high‐amylose corn starch (HACS) on weight gain and plasma and liver lipid profiles of mice fed a high‐fat diet (HFD). The experimental four groups were, respectively, fed following diets: A 40% HFD with NCS, HACS, NCS‐ and HACS‐RS4. A normal diet (ND) group of mice fed the standard diet was also used as control. In order to produce RS4 by chemical modification, corn starches were treated with STMP/STPP. Total RS (TRS) and total dietary fiber (TDF) levels of chemically‐modified NCS were 26.4 and 44.0%, respectively, while TRS and TDF levels in chemically‐modified HACS were 78.1 and 78.5%, respectively. Onset gelatinization temperatures of both modified corn starches clearly shifted to higher temperatures after STMP/STPP treatment. At the end of the diet trial, the mice on the HACS diet decreased body weight gain compared to the NCS‐fed mice. Adding NCS‐ and HACS‐RS4 to the diet significantly reduced the weight gain relative to NCS and HACS groups. Both RS4 diets were effective in improving the lipid profile compared to their respective controls. They significantly reduced the level of total lipid and total cholesterol.

Stainless oat

Mitchell Fetch, J. W., Brown, P. D., Ames, N., Chong, J., Fetch, Jr., T. G., Haber, S. M., Menzies, J. G., Townley-Smith, T. F. and Stadnyk, K. D. 2011. Stainless oat. Can. J. Plant Sci. 91: 357–361. Stainless is a grey-hulled spring oat (Avena sativa L.) cultivar postulated to carry the crown rust resistance gene, Pc91, which was effective against the prevalent pathotypes of crown rust races on the Canadian prairies at the time of its release. Stainless could possibly also carry one or more of the crown rust resistance genes, Pc38, Pc39, and Pc68. It had very good resistance to loose and covered smut, good resistance to the prairie stem rust races (likely due to the presence of Pg2, Pg13, and Pga) and moderate tolerance to barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV). Stainless had high kernel weight, intermediate percent plump kernels, intermediate percent thin kernels, and high levels of total dietary fibre. Stainless exhibited high yielding capacity in the eastern portion of the Black soil zone of western Canada where resistance to rust diseases is important. Stainless was supported for registration by the Prairie Grain Development Committee in February 2007. Stainless was registered (Reg. No. 6422) on 2008 Apr. 07.

Chemical and functional properties of the native banana ( Musaacuminata × balbisiana Colla cv. Awak) pseudo-stem and pseudo-stem tender core flours

This research was conducted to evaluate the differences in chemical composition and functional profiles of native banana pseudo-stem flour (NBPF) and boiled tender core of the banana pseudo-stem flour (TCBPF). Chemical analyses indicated that the proximate contents (moisture, fat, protein and ash), were significantly higher in TCBPF than in NBPF. The levels of total dietary fibre, insoluble dietary fibre, lignin, hemicellulose and cellulose were all higher in NBPF than TCBPF, while there was no significant difference in soluble dietary fibre. NBPF also had higher contents of polyphenols and flavonoids than TCBPF. Both the antioxidant capacity and the free radical-scavenging capacity were higher in NBPF than in TCBPF. On the other hand, the TCBPF showed significantly higher swelling power, water holding capacity and solubility, although its oil holding capacity was lower than NBPF. We conclude that banana pseudo-stem flour is a potential functional food ingredient for products containing high dietary fibre.

Changes in Physicochemical Properties and Antioxidant Activities of Brown Rice (Oryza sativa L.) throughout Germination

The objective of this research was to investigate the changes in the contents of physicochemical properties including γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), total dietary fiber (TDF), amylose, protein, and fat content in brown rice through germination for 2 different years. Total phenolic contents and antioxidant activities of DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging capacities were also determined in different solvent extracts. For the physicochemical properties, GABA, TDF, protein, and fat content increased, whereas amylose levels decreased. Specially, GABA and TDF levels showed the greatest variations among cultivars and harvest years. Total phenolic content and antioxidant activity significantly increased. The average total phenolic content at a concentration of 0.5 ㎎/mL in different extract solvents occurred in this order: methanol＞ethylacetate＞chloroform＞hexane extracts. Additionally, 'Keunnun' exhibited the highest GABA levels, highest total phenolic content, and highest antioxidant activity after germination, with increases of approximately 3.7, 2.0, and 1.9 times, respectively, compared to levels before germination. These results suggest that, because of its high physicochemical contents and strong radical scavenging activities, germinated brown rice can be used as beneficial supplement.

Environment and Genotype Effects on the Content of Dietary Fiber and Its Components in Wheat in the HEALTHGRAIN Diversity Screen

Within the HEALTHGRAIN diversity screen, the variability of the contents of dietary fiber (DF) and components thereof was studied in wheat. Furthermore, the contribution of genotype and environment to this variability was estimated. The levels of total DF (TDF), total nonstarch polysaccharide (TOTNSP), water-extractable nonstarch polysaccharide (WENSP), total arabinoxylan (TOTAX), lignin, and beta-glucan in whole meal, flour, and/or bran varied approximately 1.8-fold. The highest variability was observed for the water-extractable arabinoxylan (WEAX) level in flour and bran (approximately 3.7-fold). Genotype and environment contributed to a similar extent to the variability in TDF, TOTNSP, and TOTAX content in wheat. The observed relatively high impact of genotype-environment interaction suggests that the levels of these constituents are weak breeding parameters. The WENSP level is a more stable parameter as the effect of the interaction term was much less than the impact of genotype. For TOTAX and WEAX in flour, WEAX in bran, beta-glucan in whole meal, and extract viscosity, wheat genotype determined approximately 50% or higher of the variation observed, whereas the impact of the genotype-environment interaction was relatively low. These findings suggest that the health-related and technological functionality of wheat can be directed to a certain extent by selection of appropriate wheat varieties.