Total Coliform Levels Research Articles

MICROBIOLOGICAL OF BALI BEEF MARINED WITH DIFFERENT CONCENTRATIONS OF MORINGA LEAF POWDER (Moringa oleifera Lamk)


 
 
 This study aimed to investigate the effect of marinating with Moringa leaf powder solution with different con- centrations on microbiological of Bali beef stored at room temperature for 12 hours. The experimental design used was a completely randomized design (CRD) with four treatments and four replications. Each replication consisted of 100 g of beef. The four treatments were: P0 (Bali beef marinated in 0% solution of Moringa leaf powder), P1 (0.2% w/v solution of Moringa leaf powder), P2 (0.4% w/v solution of Moringa leaf powder), P3 (0.6% w/v solution of Moringa leaf powder). The variables observed in this study were the Total Plate Count (TPC), Total Coliform and Escherichia coli, the pH value, and the water content of the meat. The results showed that the treatment of Moringa leaf powder had a significant effect (P<0.05) on microbiological of Bali beef. The conclusion of this study is that the marinated solution of Moringa leaf powder affects the microbiological quality of Bali beef, which reduces the Total Plate Count (TPC), but has no effect on total Coliform, Escherichia coli, water content, and pH levels. Total Plate Count, Coliform, Escherichia coli, and all treatments were above the SNI threshold. It means that Bali beef mari- nated with concentrations of 0% (P0), 0.2% (P1), 0.4% (P2), and 0.6% (P3) and stored at room temperature for 12 hours is not suitable for consumption.
 
 

Seasonal dynamics in relation to groundwater quality in Sharada industrial area of Kano Metropolis, Nigeria

This study examined the seasonal dynamics in relation to groundwater quality in the Sharada industrial area of the Kano Metropolis, Nigeria. The study samples were collected from groundwater within 500 m distance from industries and residences within the study area. The study samples for the dry season were collected in January, February and March of 2021 while the wet season samples were collected in July, August and September of the same year (2021). At each sampling point, samples were taken in triplicate (n=3) to ensure that the results obtained were free from bias. The physical, chemical, biological, and heavy metal characteristics of the samples collected were analysed at the laboratory of the Centre for Dryland Agriculture Bayero University with the use of standard APHA procedures. The results of the water samples were further analysed with mean, standard deviation, and correlation. The results of the analysis revealed that the concentration of copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), Manganese (Mn), total dissolvable solid (TDS), chlorine (Cl), and sodium (Na) in groundwater of Sharada Industrial area are high during the wet season while the concentrations level of total suspended solid (TSS), calcium (Ca), Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Fecal coliform (F.coli) are high during the dry season. Despite the fact that there are more parameters that have higher concentration than permissible limits during the wet season, the dry season was characterised by a higher relationship among water parameters than during the wet season. This led to the conclusion that seasonal differences in groundwater level influence the concentration level and relationship among water parameters in Sharada industrial area. Hence, the water in the Sharada industrial area needs to be treated differently during the wet and dry seasons before consumption.

Impact of Milk Thermization on the Quality Characteristics of P.D.O. "Canestrato Pugliese" Ovine Hard Cheese.

The use of raw milk is compulsory in the manufacturing process of most of the European protected designation of origin (PDO) cheeses but, for ovine products, it is often responsible for faulty productions. Since pasteurization is hardly compatible with the PDO concept, a milder treatment (thermization) is allowed in some cases. An investigation was undertaken to assess the effect of thermization on the overall quality of Canestrato Pugliese, a PDO ovine hard cheese of Southern Italy that can be manufactured exclusively from raw milk. Three types of cheese were produced using raw, mild-thermized and high-thermized milk inoculated with a thermophilic commercial starter. The results demonstrated that the heat treatment did not cause remarkable differences in the gross composition, but the microbiological profiles had some differences despite the use of the selected starter. The raw milk cheese contained higher levels (0.5-1 log units) of mesophilic lactobacilli, total viables, total coliforms and enterococci with respect to the thermized counterparts, with the high-thermized cheese showing the lowest levels; these microbiological differences fitted well with the higher content and the different High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) pattern of soluble nitrogen. The sensory analysis revealed that the thermized cheeses lost some typical sensory characteristics, probably as a consequence of the reduced indigenous microbiota populations. It was concluded that milk thermization could be applied to Canestrato Pugliese manufacturing only together with the development and use of an autochthonous starter.

Biomonitoring by using Rapid-Read Pathogenic Bacteria Indicator in Sediments and Bivalve Mollusks: Southern Gulf of Thailand, a Mangrove Area Case Study

Pathogenic bacteria groups can be applied to be rapid bioindicator for environmental assessment. The objective of study was to monitor 5 groups of indicator and pathogenic bacteria (Escherichia coli/ total coliform, Salmonella spp., Vibrio spp., Bacillus spp. and Clostridium spp.) in surface water sediments collected before monsoon and after monsoon season from 6 areas located in a Thepha District, Songkhla province mangrove closed to Southern gulf of Thailand. Each collected area were selected in criteria of totally different in environment parameter and tide. The relative levels of total coliforms, and E. coli, were typically increased in rainy season (July) compared with winter and summer at most sites. In parallel, the highest number of Vibrio spp. was found in summer (April). The highest number of E. coli and Coliform were detected during rainy season at the estuary area with low oxygen dissolved, the average numbers were 6.6×103 and 3.8×105 CFU/g, respectively. Coliform number shows negative correlate with dissolved oxygen (r2 = 0.756, p < 0.05). In addition, total coliform, Bacillus spp. and Clostridium spp. were found in bivalve mollusks during rainy season but the total was not over standard. A very strong positive correlation was found between the temperature and the number of Vibrio spp. and Bacillus spp. The number presence of Vibrio spp. has a strong positive correlation with pH, the number of Bacillus spp. and number of Clostridium spp. In contrast, Vibrio spp. number was strongly negative correlated with water salinity (r2 = 0.632, p < 0.05). Salmonella species were detected only 2 area around shrimp farm in between December of a year-round. In this study area, there are no evidence that the number of Salmonella and Clostridium species founded related to changing of season. This is the first baseline data as an alternative guide concept for the determination of bacterial indicators. Pathogenic bacteria number can be applied to be a key factors for a rapid health assessment for villager around study area that related to EIA in the near future. HIGHLIGHTS The common problem in biomonitoring process in environment are limit of biological indicator and less data collected to establish relative between bioindicator and environmental parameters Key pathogenic bacteria groups were selected and analyzed conducted in order to find the rapid-read method for biomonitoring and assessment This is the first baseline data as an alternative guide concept for the determination of bacterial indicators. Pathogenic bacteria number can be applied to be a key factors for a rapid health assessment for villager around study area that related to EIA in the near future GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Resistance to critically important antibiotics in hospital wastewater from the largest Croatian city

The emergence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)- and especially carbapenemases in Enterobacterales has led to limited therapeutic options. Therefore, it is critical to fully understand all potential routes of transmission, especially in high-risk sources such as hospital wastewater. This study aimed to quantify four enteric opportunistic pathogens (EOPs), total, ESBL- and carbapenem-resistant coliforms and their corresponding resistance genes (two ESBL and five carbapenemase genes) and to characterize enterobacterial isolates from hospital wastewater from two large hospitals in Zagreb over two seasons. Culturing revealed similar average levels of total and carbapenem-resistant coliforms (3.4 × 104 CFU/mL), and 10-fold lower levels of presumptive ESBL coliforms (3 × 103 CFU/mL). Real-time PCR revealed the highest E. coli levels among EOPs (105 cell equivalents/mL) and the highest levels of the blaKPC gene (up to 10−1 gene copies/16S copies) among all resistance genes examined. Of the 69 ESBL- and 90 carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE) isolates from hospital wastewater, all were multidrug-resistant and most were identified as Escherichia coli, Citrobacter, Enterobacter, and Klebsiella. Among ESBL isolates, blaCTX-M-15 was the most prevalent ESBL gene, whereas in CPE isolates, blaKPC-2 and blaNDM-1 were the most frequently detected CP genes, followed by blaOXA-48. Molecular epidemiology using PFGE, MLST and whole-genome sequencing (WGS) revealed that clinically relevant variants such as E. coli ST131 (blaCTX-M-15/blaTEM-116) and ST541 (blaKPC-2), K. pneumoniae ST101 (blaOXA-48/blaNDM-1), and Enterobacter cloacae complex ST277 (blaKPC-2/blaNDM-1) were among the most frequently detected clone types. WGS also revealed a diverse range of resistance genes and plasmids in these and other isolates, as well as transposons and insertion sequences in the flanking regions of the blaCTX-M, blaOXA-48, and blaKPC-2 genes, suggesting the potential for mobilization. We conclude that hospital wastewater is a potential secondary reservoir of clinically important pathogens and resistance genes and therefore requires effective pretreatment before discharge to the municipal sewer system.

Spatial Versus Nonspatial Variance in Fecal Indicator Bacteria Differs Within and Between Ponds

Surface water environments are inherently heterogenous, and little is known about variation in microbial water quality between locations. This study sought to understand how microbial water quality differs within and between Virginia ponds. Grab samples were collected twice per week from 30 sampling sites across nine Virginia ponds (n = 600). Samples (100 mL) were enumerated for total coliform (TC) and Escherichia coli (EC) levels, and physicochemical, weather, and environmental data were collected. Bayesian models of coregionalization were used to quantify the variance in TC and EC levels attributable to spatial (e.g., site, pond) versus nonspatial (e.g., date, pH) sources. Mixed-effects Bayesian regressions and conditional inference trees were used to characterize relationships between data and TC or EC levels. Analyses were performed separately for each pond with ≥3 sampling sites (5 intrapond) while one interpond model was developed using data from all sampling sites and all ponds. More variance in TC levels were attributable to spatial opposed to nonspatial sources for the interpond model (variance ratio [VR] = 1.55) while intrapond models were pond dependent (VR: 0.65–18.89). For EC levels, more variance was attributable to spatial sources in the interpond model (VR = 1.62), compared to all intrapond models (VR < 1.0) suggesting that more variance is attributable to nonspatial factors within individual ponds and spatial factors when multiple ponds are considered. Within each pond, TC and EC levels were spatially independent for sites 56–87 m apart, indicating that different sites within the same pond represent different water quality for risk management. Rainfall was positively and pH negatively associated with TC and EC levels in both inter- and intrapond models. For all other factors, the direction and strength of associations varied. Factors driving microbial dynamics in ponds appear to be pond-specific and differ depending on the spatial scale considered.

Performance Evaluation of RBF Wells with Special Reference to Water Quality Parameters in Hard Rock Region of Tungabhadra Catchment

Tungabhadra River is the chief source for drinking water and agriculture developments in Davangere and adjoining districts of Karnataka. It is reported that the water of Tungabhadra is getting polluted by the direct / indirect effluent discharges due to which people living on the river bank are facing the problem of drinking water. River Bank Filtration (RBF) wells which will naturally treat the polluted surface and ground water have been drilled in perpendicular to the river at a distance of 30m, 50m and 80m to understand the extent of treatment of RBF wells to provide clean and safe drinking water. The present study deals with the problems of water quality in a selected village (Somlapura) located in a hard rock terrain of river Tungabhadra, Karnataka, India. As a part of the investigation, water samples were collected from River Bank Filtration wells and adjoining river and aquifers were analyzed using standard methods. Outcomes of water quality presents that the concentrations of turbidity and total coliform were lesser in the RBF well water samples when compared to Tungabhadra River water samples. The water from RBF wells contained fresh water, which is highly mineralized and free from bacterial contamination relative to the water from river. However, groundwater of the adjoining aquifers showed wide variations in various physio-chemical parameters. From the analysis, unsafe levels of total coliforms (included E.coli and F. Coli) were detected in Tungabhadra River i.e., It varied between 1680 and 3179 MPN/100 ml. It is observed that the average removal efficiency of coliform bacteria from RBF well 1 &amp; 2 was 99.84% and 99.82% respectively.

An Epidemiological Survey of Non-municipal Drinking Water Supplies Among Rural Communities in the Blue and John Crow Mountain Ranges, Jamaica, December 2021- June 2022

The unavailability of safe running water is a major problem faced by many residents of rural Jamaica; the use of unsafe drinking water for domestic purposes is also a major public health challenge in developing countries due its contribution to the global burden of disease reported annually. The aim of the research was to assess the microbiological and physiochemical quality parameters of non-municipal drinking water from springs and tributaries within the Blue and John Crow mountains. The study methodology used was sampling through field work and laboratory testing for microbiological water quality parameters using standard procedures. The research is a cross-sectional survey that was conducted over a seven-month period. Fourteen samples of water were collected from the water sources and in the homes of the residents. Five water parameters were assessed against national and internal water quality index. In one hundred percent of the samples the total coliforms levels exceeded the established safe limit as established by the Ministry of Health Jamaica. The initial hypothesis of the research was supported by the findings. The consumption and use of non-municipal water throughout the communities of the Blue and John Crow Mountain bears a significant risk for public health. Keywords: Unsafe drinking water, Rural communities, Potable water, Water quality index.

Investigation of the Levels of Bio-Indicator Bacteria in the Kınalıada Coastal Area, Istanbul, Turkey

Coastal areas have an important place in island ecosystems. These areas, which may be fragile depending on the impact of human activities exposed and other environmental factors and in addition to domestic, agricultural and industrial activities, it hosts intensive touristic use in spring and summer. In this study, the closest contact with the shores of a mainland like Istanbul, among the Prince Islands in the Marmara Sea which is under the influence of the vast majority of the pollution load Kınalıada has been selected as a research area. Total heterotrophic aerobic bacteria (HAB) levels were analyzed using spreading plate method. The levels of fecal coliform (FC), total coliform (TC) and intestinal streptococci (IS) examined using Membrane Filtration Technique in the surface water samples. Variable environmental parameters (dissolved oxygen, pH, salinity, temperature) were recorded periodically using the Multiparameter (YSI 556 MPS) with seawater samples. Nutrient salts (nitrite nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, phosphate phosphor), trophic level indicator Chlorophyll-a were analyzed using spectrophotometric methods. While the highest TC, FC and IS level detected as 96x103 CFU/100 ml, 49x103 CFU/100 ml, 82x103 CFU/100 ml, respectively. The highest HAB level was determined as 92x1011CFU /ml .Variable environmental parameters recorded for seawater temperature between 25.7-6.89˚C, pH 11.55 -3.60, dissolved oxygen 19.98 -1.66 mg /l and salinity ‰ 29.11-21.18 during the study period. Nutrient salts; nitrite nitrogen detected to be 0.21-0.01 mg/l; nitrate nitrogen detected to be 9.90-0.13 mg/l; ammonium nitrogen detected to be 4.80-0.02 mg/l; phosphate phosphor detected to be 22.45-0.01 mg/l. The levels of FC, TC and IS determined in Kınalıada coastal area fluctuate depending on the seasons, but these levels are determined above the legal limits. The presence of bio-indicator bacteria detected above the border throughout the sampling shows that it poses a serious risk for ecosystem health and public health.

Sanitary Investigation on Microbial and Heavy Metals of Grilled Fish Sold in the Night Street Market of Daloa (Ivory Coast)

The quality of food sold in the street is a major public health concern. This research was conducted to study the sanitary quality of grilled fish sold in the streets of three districts of Daloa. Seasoned and unseasoned grilled fish were collected in 3 districts of Daloa, namely Commerce, Soleil and Tazibouo. A total of 150 unseasoned and 150 seasoned grilled fish were collected and analyzed for the detection and enumeration of Enterobacteriaceae, Staphylococcus aureus and fungal flora. We also tested for the presence of heavy metals such as lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg) and zinc (Zn). The antibiotic resistance of S. aureus was also checked. The results showed that Enterobacteriaceae represented the highest level of microbial load in the samples of seasoned grilled fish from the 3 districts. Total coliform levels ranged from (7.05 ± 2.1) x 103 colony-forming units (CFU)/g to (4.1 ± 1.9) x 105 CFU/g and from 2.8 ± 3.3 x102 to 3.4 ± 2.1x103 CFU/g for thermotolerant coliforms. The presence of heavy metals showed higher values in seasoned grilled fish than in unseasoned grilled fish. The highest values of heavy metals are Al (1.98±0.120 mg/kg), Pb (1.46±0.23 mg/kg), Cu (0.7±0.1 mg/kg), Hg (0.40±0.201 mg/kg) and Hg (0.9±0.201 mg/kg). The microbiological quality of both types of fish samples was unsatisfactory. The presence of S. aureus resistance was noticed with 80% resistance to vancomycin, lincomycin, gentamycin and erythromycin but all strains tested were sensitive to imipenem.

Physicochemical and Biological Characteristics of Shrimp Pond Sludge in the Thua Thien Hue Province, Vietnam

This study has been carried out to analyze the physical and biological indicators of shrimp pond sludge samples obtained from the Phu Vang and Phu Loc districts of the Thua Thien Hue Province, Vietnam. All standard methodologies have been used to analyze the selected parameters like pH, organic carbon, total nitrogen, total phosphate, and microbial density. The results of the study revealed that the sludge was characterized by a neutral to alkaline pH (6.9 - 7.5), and the total organic carbon content was in the range of 103.8–173.5 mg/kg. The sludge was rich in organic matter (17.8–29.9%), total nitrogen (13.5–32.5 g/kg), and total phosphate (7.9-20.1 g/kg). Further, in the case of the microbial density of pathogenic microorganisms, the density of total bacteria, coliform, E.coli, Salmonella spp., Vibrio spp., and Clostridium spp. was also estimated at two opposing weather conditions (spring, February to March; summer, June to July). The microbial community increased rapidly during the cool spring months. The total bacterial levels were recorded as 8.77 log10 CFU/mL in the Phu Loc district and 9.11 log10 CFU/mL in the Phu Vang district. The levels decreased during the hot summer months, and the level of total bacteria, Coliform, E.coli, Salmonella spp., and Vibrio was reported 2.57, 1.49, 1.06, 0.56, and l2.54 log10 CFU/mL respectively from the Phu Loc district of Vietnam. The results obtained using the anaerobic decomposition model showed that on the 60th day, the amount of CH4 generated at the high output value for the Phu Vang district was 22385 ppm. The results reported here revealed that CH4 gas can be potentially produced from shrimp waste sludge in this province.

Assessing levels of selected heavy metals with other pollutantsin soil and water resources in Nandom District in the semi-arid northwestern Ghana.

This study assessed heavy metal contaminations of soils in cultivated fields (or farms) and water samples from rivers, boreholes, and dug-out wells in Nandom District in semi-arid northwestern Ghana. Other parameters of water from the three sources were also measured and then compared to the permissible limits in the literature. The results showed that soils in farms across the study communities significantly (P ≤ 0.05) had higher levels of chromium (Cr = 0.456 ± 0.132mgkg-1), iron (Fe = 214.8 ± 1.52mgkg-1), lead (Pb = 0.854 ± 0.03mgkg-1), nickel (Ni = 2.813 ± 0.4mgkg-1), and arsenic (As = 1.753 ± 0.42mgkg-1) when compared to permissible limits set by World Health Organization (WHO) and Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) for food crops. Water from the study sites significantly (P ≤ 0.0001) had lower levels of heavy metals than the permissible limits set by FAO for irrigation of growing crops. Thus, the water sources appear to be safe for irrigation in the study area. Nonetheless, these sources of water in Nandom District had significantly higher levels of total suspended solids, turbidity, and coliforms that were above the maximum limits indicated in the guidelines of WHO and the Government of Ghana for drinking water. Therefore, treatments of water for drinking are required to minimize any potential threats to public health.

Coliform pollution mapping in major watersheds along Jhelum River Basin of Kashmir Himalaya.

Coliform pollution for the last three decades in major river systems of the world has resulted in far ranging impacts on water quality. In this context, the present study aimed to assess the levels of indicator bacteria like total Coliform (TC), fecal Coliform (FC) and fecal Streptococcus (FS) in major watersheds of Kashmir valley. Sampling was carried out for a period of 2 years (summer 2017 to spring 2019) along several upstream, midstream and downstream reaches of Jhelum River Basin (JRB), while analysis was carried out by multiple tube fermentation technique involving Most Probable Number (MPN). Major highlights of the results revealed high levels of TC, FC and FS among downstream sites with pronounced seasonal variations between summer and winter. TC was highest at all the reaches and during all the seasons followed by FC and FS. Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) revealed more variation in Coliform count among reaches as compared to seasons. Mantle test revealed that environmental factors like observable environmental pressure (OEP) (r: 0.235, p < 0.0001), DO (r: 0.2815, p < 0.0001) and temperature (r: 0.04419, p = 0.0104) had prominent effect on Coliform distribution as compared to geographical factors. The study thus highlights the prevalence of Coliform bacteria along JRB resulting from fecal sources. Due to growing urbanization and lack of adequate sewage treatment facilities, there is an increase in the levels of Coliform bacteria along downstream reaches especially those residing within lowerJhelum and Dara watershed, which could jeopardize water quality and public health.

Microbial Quality Assessment of Raw Freshwater Fish Sold in Local Markets of Kathmandu Valley

Microbial quality of Labeo rohita, Cyprinus carpio and Clarias batrachus collected from the markets of Kathmandu valley was evaluated. 9 freshwater fish (skin, gills, intestine) were sampled and were analyzed for Total Plate Count (TPC), Total Coliform Count (TCC) and Total Fecal Coliform Count (TFCC). The average TPC ranged from 4.1 x 107 to 1.02 x 108 cfu/gm, with the highest count in C. batrachus and the lowest in C. carpio, whereas the organ wise load was the highest in intestine with 1.3 x 108 cfu/gm and the lowest in skin with 1.02 x 107 cfu/gm. The highest TCC and TFCC was found in C. carpio and C. batrachus respectively, whereas organ wise distribution showed the highest count in intestine for both TCC and TFCC. The pathogens isolated from the samples were Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Coagulase negative Staphylococcus (CoNS), Vibrio cholerae, Salmonella Typhi and S. Paratyphi. E. coli was isolated from 67% of L. rohita, 44.44% of C. carpio and 66.67% of C. batrachus. S. aureus was isolated from 44.44% of both L. rohita and C. batrachus whereas 55.55% of C. carpio. CoNS were isolated from 33.33% of L. rohita, 22.22% of C. carpio and 33.33% of C. batrachus. S. Typhi was isolated from 11.11% of C. carpio and 22.22% of C. batrachus. S. Paratyphi was isolated from 11.11% of both L. rohita and C. batrachus, V. cholerae was isolated from 11.11% of L. rohita, 33.33% of C. carpio and 22.22% of C. batrachus. The observation of this study showed higher bacterial load in all of the fishes above the acceptance level and presence of Total Coliform, Fecal Coliform and potential human pathogens suggests that the microbial quality of the fish available in the market is not satisfactory. Hence, the fishes possess a threat to public health safety and there is an urgent need to improve the Quality Control and Quality Assurance Systems for fish markets of Kathmandu valley.

AN ASSESSMENT OF PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND MICROBIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF WATER IN INSUKAMINI CATCHMENT WATER SOURCES AND THE SUITABILITY OF WATER FOR DOMESTIC USE

Insukamini catchment depends on hand dug wells, sand water abstraction, dam, and borehole water sources for their domestic uses. On hand dug wells and sand water abstraction, people rely on natural filtration of bacteria and consider the water as safe, however the location and management of some of these water sources raise suspicion of possible contamination. The aim of this study was to assess drinking water quality in terms of selected physico-chemical and microbiological parameters, and people's perceptions on aesthetic parameters. Water samples were collected from five water sources, namely sand water abstraction, dam, hand dug well, borehole and municipal water. Three samples were collected from each water source to make 63 samples. Temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, and dissolved oxygen measured using HI 9143 dissolved oxygen meter, YSI pH 100, HI 9143 dissolved oxygen meter and HI 8633 conductivity meter respectively. On laboratory experiments total suspended solids measured using filter disk, total dissolved solids using gravimetric method (SA, 2008), total and feacal coliform were measured using spread plate method. All water sources had total coliform levels above the WHO standards for drinking water of 1000mg/L. For E. coli, borehole and municipal water sources complied with the WHO standard with the means of zero cfu/ 100ml. Low pH mean of 5.001 was found in borehole water and the other water sources were within the accepted range of 6.5 to 8.5. Municipal and dam point (A) water sources had highest levels of TDS, borehole, and dam point (C) had TSS levels above maximums allowable of 1000mg/L and 150mg/L respectively. Temperature, DO and EC of all water sources were within the WHO standards. Overall, all water sources were not complying with WHO standard for drinking water. People described municipal water source as best for drinking purpose, dam, sand water abstraction and hand dug well water sources described as soft and good for laundry and bathing as compared to borehole which was described as hard. The results indicated that water from the sources under study were not suitable for drinking purposes without treatment. The water should rather be used for other domestic uses such as laundry and bathing. However, municipal water should be boiled or use water purification tablets (chlorine tablets) before drinking. An integrated approach is therefore required to minimize and avoid water pollution within the catchment.

Impact of organic and microbiological pollution on the quality of water in Boussellam Valley and its environment, Setif City, Northeast Algeria

Abstract. Boulgueraguer Z, Chaffai H, Gasmi L, Djabri L, Hani A. 2022. Impact of organic and microbiological pollution on the quality of water in Boussellam Valley and its environment, Setif City, Northeast Algeria. Biodiversitas 23: 2621-2629. Water pollution is a major threat and a global challenge that endangers life on earth at risk because water plays a major role in daily life. Several sources of water pollutants, i.e., organic, industrial, domestic and microbial pollution, may trigger an outbreak of water-borne diseases. Boussellam Valley crosses the Quaternary formations, which dominate the extent of the plain surrounding the region of Sétif in the North-East of Algeria. It is one of the main water resources, mainly for drinking water supply and irrigation. The shallow water table composed of the geological formations containing this aquifer is very heterogeneous in texture and varies considerably from upstream to downstream of the sub-watershed. Thus, the North and East zones are marked by chloride-calcium facies, the central part by a Bicarbonate-calcium facies. At the same time, sulfate-magnesium facies characterize the West zone. This study aimed to evaluate the pollution by organic elements: nitrites, nitrates, and microbiological elements: total and fecal coliforms and streptococci and their impact on the water quality. Samples were collected during May and June 2021 from 5 stations along the valley, and 18 wells were spread out on the plain. The analysis of nitrites and nitrates was carried out by liquid chromatography. In addition, the colony counting of coliforms and streptococci was carried out according to the recommendations of the Algerian water company. The results show an increase in the concentration of nitrites, nitrates, total and fecal coliforms, and the streptococci, particularly in valley waters with very high levels that exceed the normal threshold of drinking water. This increase may be due to wastewater discharges and the intensive use of fertilizers, septic tanks, leaching of animal manure, runoff water, and rearing of domestic or wild animals. The increased levels of nitrites, nitrates, total and fecal coliforms, and the streptococci increase the risk of the vulnerability of the waters of the plain to pollution and degradation of surface waters and the environment in general.

POLLUTION RISKS IN DRINKING WATER DISTRIBUTION NETWORK OF A HEALTHCARE FACILITY IN TIARET, ALGERIA

Water plays an important role in the healthcare field and can become the source of health problems due to microbial or chemical contamination. However, the quality of water used in hospitals has not been well studied in developing world. This study aimed to assess bacteriological and physicochemical drinking water quality at the hospital of Tiaret Town to get insight into any potential health risks due to waterborne diseases. To evaluate water quality of hospital, five sampling sites were determined and water quality parameters were selected for physico-chemical and bacteriological analysis. The analysis results were compared with maximum permissible limit values recommended by World Health Organization (WHO) and Algerian drinking water standards (JORA). The obtained results indicate that, the water temperatures ranged between 18.10 and 18.40 °C. The pH ranged between 7.93 and 7.99. The electrical conductivity (EC) with maximum value of 1149 ìS/cm. The HCO3 – content with a value of 146 mg/l at all sample points. The chloride (Cl–) values ranged from 114.30 to 115.10 mg/l and sulfate (SO4–2) values from 189.70 to 197.20 mg/l. The physico-chemical analysis indicated that parameters values of the water were far below drinking water standards. The microbiological results show that the microbial load of total germs and fecal coliforms is very important. The levels of total germs at 22 °C and 37 °C ranged between 2 CFU/100 ml to 128 CFU/100 ml and 40 CFU/100 ml to 134 CFU/100 ml respectively, while, the levels of total coliforms and fecal coliforms ranged between 13 CFU/100 ml to 146 CFU/100 ml and 00 CFU/100 ml to 371 CFU/100 ml respectively which indicates the contaminated than the hospital drinking water. The results show that the microbiological qualities of the water generally worsen from hospital taps.

Occurrence of Fecal Bacteria and Zoonotic Pathogens in Different Water Bodies: Supporting Water Quality Management

Water contaminated with microbiological and chemical constituents can cause a variety of diseases. Water bodies may become contaminated by wild and domestic animal feces, agricultural runoff or sewage, and are often overlooked as a reservoir and source of human infection by pathogenic microorganisms. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the presence of the zoonotic pathogens, Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes, in various water bodies located in urban and rural areas in the north of Portugal. Water samples were collected from six sites, including natural and artificial ponds, in two different time periods. Several water quality physicochemical parameters, as well as fecal indicator bacteria, were evaluated. High levels of total coliforms (&gt;1.78 log CFU/100 mL) were detected in all samples, and substantial numbers of Enterococcus (&gt;2.32 log CFU/100 mL) were detected in two ponds located in a city park and in an urban garden. Escherichia coli counts ranged from undetectable to 2.76 log CFU/100 mL. Salmonella spp. was isolated from two sites, the city park and the natural pond, while L. monocytogenes was isolated from three sites: the city garden, the natural pond and the artificial pond, both in the rural area. These data show that artificial and natural ponds are a reservoir of fecal indicator bacteria and enteric and zoonotic pathogens. This may impact the potential risks of human infections by potential contaminants during recreational activities, being important for assessing the water quality for strategic management of these areas.

Sources of microbial contamination in the watershed and coastal zone of Soufriere, St. Lucia.

The Sustainable Development Goal 6 calls for global progress by 2030 in treating domestic wastewater and providing access to adequate sanitation facilities. However, meeting these goals will be a challenge for most Small Island Developing States, including Caribbean island nations. In the nearshore zone of the Soufriere region on the Caribbean island of St. Lucia, there is a history of high levels of bacteria of fecal origin. Possible land-based sources of microbial contamination in the Soufriere Bay include discharges from the Soufriere River and transport of wastewater, including fecal material from the town of Soufriere. This area is an important tourist destination and supports a local fishery. To identify the sources of microbial contamination in Soufriere Bay, a range of monitoring methods were employed in this study. In grab samples of surface water collected from the Soufriere River, counts of total coliforms and Escherichia coli were elevated above water quality guidelines. However, the spikes in concentrations of these indicator organisms in the river did not necessarily coincide with the spikes in the levels of total coliforms and E. coli detected in samples collected on the same dates in Soufriere Bay, indicating that there are other sources of pollution in the Bay besides discharges from the river. Monitoring for chemical indicators of wastewater (i.e., caffeine, sucralose, fluconazole) in the Soufriere River indicated that there are inputs of sewage or human fecal material throughout the watershed. However, analysis of Bacteroidales 16S rRNA genetic markers for fecal bacteria originating from humans, bovine ruminants, or other warm-blooded animals indicated that the majority of microbial contamination in the river was not from humans. Monitoring for chemical indicators of wastewater using passive samplers deployed in Soufriere Bay indicated that there are two “hot spots” of contamination located offshore of economically depressed areas of the town of Soufriere. This study indicates that efforts to control contamination of Soufriere Bay by fecal microorganisms must include management of pollution originating from both sewage and domestic animals in the watershed.Supplementary informationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10661-022-09862-4.

A model-based prediction and analysis of seasonal and tidal influence on pollutants distribution from city outfalls of river Ganges in West Bengal, India and its mapping using GIS tool

River Ganges (locally called as river Ganga) is one of the most scared rivers in India. The river is symbol of hope, faith and is worshipped for its wholesomeness due to its purity and sanctity. Pollution of river water due to anthropogenic activity is a very common issue worldwide. Similarly, river Ganga pollution in India throughout its entire courses, is a major concern due to city outfalls. This river, also named as river Hooghly in West Bengal, India, is exposed to outfalls carrying domestic wastewater of its both bank and their distribution in river Ganga is strongly influenced by season and tide. This study aimed to generate an idea of distance and direction wise changes of concentration of pollutants in wastewater in river Ganga. During 2014, the selection of five major outfalls was done by considering Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), heavy metals, total fecal coliform level, and the study continued for next four consecutive years to find out the influence of tide and season. Geographical Information System (GIS) based maps provided a better reflection of these changes. Student’s t-test highlighted the significant changes in concentration of parameters season wise. A significant higher value of DO, BOD, nitrate nitrogen, and chloride were found in pre-monsoon season compared to monsoon season. Regression Equation generated for highly correlated parameters (coliform and heavy metals) helped to predict the level of one parameter with others. The zone of influence of BOD, DO, phosphorus and nitrate nitrogen from each of the five selected outfalls was very prominent. Acoustic Doppler current profiler at two of the five outfalls helped to estimate strip-wise depth average discharge which helped to estimate the value of water quality parameters by Plug Flow Model during high tide and low tide. A strong tidal variation was observed during low tide. This study helped to predict the influential zone from outfalls which will help to generate an alternative solution of river water use. This approach can be applied globally to prepare river water usage guidelines.