Levels Of TARC Research Articles

Possibility of maintaining remission with topical therapy alone after withdrawal of dupilumab in Japanese patients with atopic dermatitis and their characteristics in the real world.

Psossibility and appropriate timing of discontinuation of dupilumab for atopic dermatitis (AD) remain unclear. We explored the possibility of patients, who could maintain remission with topical therapy alone after withdrawing dupilumab in the real world. Furthermore, we identified their characteristics. All adult AD patients who initiated dupilumab from June 2018 to July 2022 and were treated with dupilumab for more than 3 months at our hospital were included in this study. The observation period was from June 2018 to July 2023. In 138 patients, 58 (42.0%) discontinued dupilumab at least once. Among them, 18 (13.0%) discontinued dupilumab but reinitiated dupilumab later due to exacerbation. Only seven patients (5.1%) could maintain remission with topical therapy alone after discontinuation of dupilumab, with characteristics of lower POEM, VAS of pruritus, serum levels of TARC and LDH, and neutrophil counts at baseline, and those of longer duration of dupilumab until its discontinuation (24.0 ± 13.3 vs. 12.8 ± 7.3 months) and lower EASI and affected BSA at the discontinuation of dupilumab. In 118 patients treated with dupilumab for at least 1 year, 38 patients (32.2%) discontinued at least once. Only four patients (3.4%) could maintain remission with topical therapy alone after discontinuation of dupilumab, with characteristics of lower POEM at baseline and lower EASI at the discontinuation of dupilumab. In conclusion, maintaining remission after withdrawing dupilumab is challenging. Discontinuation of dupilumab may be considered in patients with low baseline POEM, after more than 2 years of dupilumab treatment, with a substantial decrease in EASI.

Ocular and Serum Profiles of Inflammatory Molecules Associated With Retinitis Pigmentosa.

To investigate the profiles and correlations between local and systemic inflammatory molecules in patients with retinitis pigmentosa (RP). The paired samples of aqueous humor and serum were collected from 36 eyes of 36 typical patients with RP and 25 eyes of age-matched patients with cataracts. The concentration of cytokines/chemokines was evaluated by a multiplexed immunoarray (Q-Plex). The correlations between ocular and serum inflammatory molecules and their association with visual function were analyzed. The aqueous levels of IL-6, Eotaxin, GROα, I-309, IL-8, IP-10, MCP-1, MCP-2, RANTES, and TARC were significantly elevated in patients with RP compared to controls (all P < 0.05). The detection rate of aqueous IL-23 was higher in patients with RP (27.8%) compared with controls (0%). In patients with RP, Spearman correlation test demonstrated positive correlations for IL-23, I-309, IL-8, and RANTES between aqueous and serum expression levels (IL-23: ⍴ = 0.8604, P < 0.0001; I-309: ρ = 0.4172, P = 0.0113; IL-8: ρ = 0.3325, P = 0.0476; RANTES: ρ = 0.6685, P < 0.0001). In addition, higher aqueous IL-23 was associated with faster visual acuity loss in 10 patients with RP with detected aqueous IL-23 (ρ = 0.4119 and P = 0.0264). Multiple factor analysis confirmed that aqueous and serum IL-23 were associated with visual acuity loss in patients with RP. These findings suggest that ocular and systemic inflammatory responses have a close interaction in patients with RP. Further longitudinal studies with larger cohorts are needed to explore the correlation between specific inflammatory pathways and the progression of RP. This study demonstrates the local-systemic interaction of immune responses in patients with RP.

Identifying Tumor-Specific Immune Response and Biomarkers of High-Risk Hodgkin Lymphoma Patients Treated with and without Brentuximab on Children's Oncology Group Trial AHOD1331

Introduction: There is an unmet need to examine anti-tumor immune responses and predictive biomarkers in the peripheral blood to guide effective combination immunotherapies in classic Hodgkin Lymphoma (cHL). We hypothesized that treatment with the anti-CD30 antibody drug conjugate brentuximab vedotin (Bv) in combination with chemotherapy will have dual therapeutic effects in HL, with direct antiproliferative effects and a restoration of favorable tumor specific cytotoxic T cell immune response. We evaluated tumor-specific cytotoxic T cell response, cytokine and chemokine milieu in the peripheral blood of pediatric patients with HL before and after treatment with either standard chemotherapy or chemotherapy + Bv. Methods: Children's Oncology Group clinical trial AHOD1331 was a randomized phase III trial for newly diagnosed high risk cHL ages ≥2 to 22 years which compared standard chemotherapy with doxorubicin, bleomycin, etoposide, prednisone and cyclophosphamide (ABVE-PC) to Bv + AVE-PC with response adapted radiation. Peripheral blood samples were collected at diagnosis (pre) and following completion of treatment (post). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells and plasma were isolated using Ficoll Density gradient. Plasma was cryopreserved for batch testing of Th1/Th2 cytokines, sCD30, sCD163 and TARC by Luminex assay. Cytotoxic T cell responses to non-EBV HL specific tumor associated antigens (TAAs) MAGEA4, PRAME, and survivin pre and post treatment were tested using the interferon-γ ELISPOT assay after ex vivo expansion. TAA-T cell specificity was reported as spot forming count (SFC per 10 5 T cells). Changes in cytokine levels and T cell responses pre versus post treatment were compared using paired t-tests and blinded to treatment arm.Levels of sCD30, sCD163 and TARC were compared both pre and post treatment. Thecox model was used to evaluate association between levels and event free survival (EFS) across both arms. Results There was no difference in patient or disease characteristics between the entire study cohort (n=587) and patients analyzed (n=216). There were 184 patients with pre and post cytokine data, 71 patients with pre and post ELISPOT-T cell data, 147 patients with pre and post sCD30/sCD163 data, and 146 with pre and post TARC data. Compared to pre-treatment levels, there was a significant reduction in the immunosuppressive cytokines IL-13 (p=0.004) and increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines IL17a (p=0.03), Interferon-γ (p=0.0008), GCSF(p=0.0012) and MCP1(p=0.02). This change in cytokine levels from baseline to post-treatment was similar for both treatment arms except a higher increase in IL17a(p=0.015) was noted in the standard chemotherapy arm compared to the Bv arm (Table 1). Among 147 paired samples evaluated, sCD30, sCD163 and TARC all were significantly lower post treatment (Figure 1), but did not differ across arms. Pre treatment sCD163 and TARC values were significantly associated with EFS (p = 0.005 and 0.045), as was the degree of change in sCD163 post-treatment levels as compared to pre-treatment levels (p = 0.0156). Among 71 patients with pre and post ELISPOT-T cell data, there was a significant increase in the T cell responses specific to PRAME(p=0.04) post treatment and a trend for increased MAGEA4, but no association with EFS. Conclusions Treatment results in an increased T cell response to HL-specific antigen PRAME post therapy in both treatment arms suggesting that recovery post anti-HL treatment can promote tumor antigen specific T cell immunity in vivo. Further, reduction in immunosuppressive cytokines IL-13 and changes in proinflammatory cytokines Interferon-γ following treatment suggest a favorable milieu for T cell expansion. Pre-treatment levels of soluble CD163 and TARC are associated with EFS and may present a potential predictive biomarker, as well as degree of change of CD163 post treatment, irrespective of addition of immunotherapy. Our results have implications for identifying immune markers of response to guide future immunotherapies and cytotoxic T cell therapy in cHL. (NCT02166463)

Characteristics of immune response profile in patients with immediate allergic and autoimmune urticarial reactions induced by SARS-CoV-2 vaccines

Severe allergic reactions following SARS-COV-2 vaccination are generally rare, but the reactions are increasingly reported. Some patients may develop prolonged urticarial reactions following SARS-COV-2 vaccination. Herein, we investigated the risk factors and immune mechanisms for patients with SARS-COV-2 vaccines-induced immediate allergy and chronic urticaria (CU). We prospectively recruited and analyzed 129 patients with SARS-COV-2 vaccine–induced immediate allergic and urticarial reactions as well as 115 SARS-COV-2 vaccines–tolerant individuals from multiple medical centers during 2021–2022. The clinical manifestations included acute urticaria, anaphylaxis, and delayed to chronic urticaria developed after SARS-COV-2 vaccinations. The serum levels of histamine, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-17 A, TARC, and PARC were significantly elevated in allergic patients comparing to tolerant subjects (P-values = 4.5 × 10−5–0.039). Ex vivo basophil revealed that basophils from allergic patients could be significantly activated by SARS-COV-2 vaccine excipients (polyethylene glycol 2000 and polysorbate 80) or spike protein (P-values from 3.5 × 10−4 to 0.043). Further BAT study stimulated by patients’ autoserum showed positive in 81.3% of patients with CU induced by SARS-COV-2 vaccination (P = 4.2 × 10−13), and the reactions could be attenuated by anti-IgE antibody. Autoantibodies screening also identified the significantly increased of IgE-anti–IL-24, IgG-anti–FcεRI, IgG-anti–thyroid peroxidase (TPO), and IgG-anti-thyroid–related proteins in SARS-COV-2 vaccines-induced CU patients comparing to SARS-COV-2 vaccines-tolerant controls (P-values = 4.6 × 10−10–0.048). Some patients with SARS-COV-2 vaccines-induced recalcitrant CU patients could be successfully treated with anti-IgE therapy. In conclusion, our results revealed that multiple vaccine components, inflammatory cytokines, and autoreactive IgG/IgE antibodies contribute to SARS-COV-2 vaccine–induced immediate allergic and autoimmune urticarial reactions.

Serum CC Chemokines as Potential Biomarkers for the Diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder.

ObjectiveEvidence indicates a potential role of chemokines in depression-like behavior and depression-related pathophysiological processes. In the present study, we examined the serum levels of multiple chemokines, focusing on CC chemokines, in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD), with the aim to discover and identify serum chemokines-based biomarkers for MDD diagnosis.MethodsParticipants included 24 patients with MDD and 24 healthy controls. The 24-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD-24) was administered to assess the disease severity of patients with MDD. A total of 9 serum CC chemokines including MCP-1 (CCL-2), MIP-1α (CCL-3), MIP-1β (CCL-4), eotaxin-1 (CCL-11), MCP-4 (CCL-13), TARC (CCL-17), MIP-3α (CCL-20), MDC (CCL-22), and Eotaxin-3 (CCL-26) were measured using electrochemiluminescence immunoassays. The levels of serum CC chemokines between MDD group and control group were compared, and diagnostic values of different CC chemokines were evaluated using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve method for discriminating MDD patients from healthy controls. Correlations between the levels of serum CC chemokines and depression severity (HAMD-24 scores) were evaluated using Pearson’s correlation test.ResultsPatients with MDD had higher levels of serum MIP-1α and MIP-1β and lower levels of serum MCP-1, MCP-4, TARC, MDC, and Eotaxin-3 compared to controls (all P < 0.05). Moreover, ROC curve analysis showed that the Area Under Curve (AUC) values of MIP-1α, MCP-4, TARC, and Eotaxin-3 were > 0.7 in discriminating patients with MDD from healthy controls. Furthermore, no significant relationship was found between the levels of serum CC chemokines and HAMD-24 scores in MDD group.ConclusionThese results suggested that circulating CC chemokines may hold promise in the discovery of biomarkers for diagnosing MDD.

31028 Mutations in FLG, the gene-coding profilaggrin/filaggrin, are associated with putative hay fever in patients with atopic dermatitis

Filaggrin plays a key role in the barrier function of the skin. Mutations in the gene encoding profilaggrin/filaggrin, FLG, are a predisposing factor for atopic dermatitis (AD). Thymus and activation-regulated chemokine/ C-C motif chemokine ligand 17 (TARC/CCL17) along with immunoglobulin (Ig) E, are considered reliable serum markers of Th2-dominant inflammation. We performed analyses of association between FLG mutation status and the serum levels of IgE, TARC, and history in patients with AD. This study was approved by the Ethics Review Committee of Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan.

529 Immunoprofiling identified a population of activated neutrophils in atopic dermatitis patient whole blood

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease with several key hallmarks, including elevated Th2 cytokines, interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13; spongiosis; barrier deficits and pruritus. The goal of this study was to characterize the immune cell populations present in circulation in AD donors compared to healthy controls. Plasma samples from AD donors had increased levels of TARC (CCL17) and IgE consistent with active disease. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) isolated using standard Ficoll-Paque density gradient protocols were characterized using multi-color flow cytometry.

Inhibitory Effects of Myrrha Water Extract on Atopic Dermatitis Related Chemokines in HaCaT Cells

Due to high therapeutic potentials of natural products, the use of medicinal plants is highlighted to treat the various inflammationmediated diseases. Myrrha have been used as a traditional remedy to treat infectious and inflammatory diseases. But, its effects and mechanisms of anti atopic dermatitis (AD) have not been elucidated. The aim of this study is to evaluate anti-allergic and antiinflammatory effects of the water extract of Myrrha, in cell models and also to suggest a putative mechanism of AD actions of Myrrha. HaCaT cells were pre-treated with Myrrha for 1 h and stimulated with tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interferon-gamma (IFN- γ) (10 ng/mL each). After 24 h, cells were harvested To evaluate the expression of Th2 chemokines, such as C-C motif chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5, also known as RANTES), C-C chemokine ligand 17 (CCL17, also known as TARC) and C-C chemokine ligand 22 (CCL22, also known as MDC). To investigate the regulatory mechanisms of Myrrha, we also assessed the phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) signaling pathways in HaCaT cells. Treatment of Myrrha decreased the mRNA levels of RANTES, TARC and MDC with a concentration dependent manner. In addition, Myrrha significantly reduced TNF-α and IFN-γ induced phosphorylation of STAT1. This could indicate that the Myrrha shows anti AD activity mainly through STAT1. Thus, we propose that Myrrha may be a promising anti AD skin protector, which could suggest the clinical basis for cosmetics development.

Effects of Smoking on Inflammatory-Related Cytokine Levels in Human Serum.

Cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, and several cancers resulting from tobacco smoking, are initially characterized by chronic systemic inflammation. Cytokine imbalances can result in inflammation, making it important to understand the pathological mechanisms behind cytokine production. In this study, we collected blood samples from 78 healthy male volunteers, including non-smokers (n = 30), current smokers (n = 30), and ex-smokers (n = 18), and utilized the liquid suspension chip technique to investigate and compare the expression levels of 17 cytokines and chemokines in the human serum of these volunteers. The results demonstrated that the expression levels of CXCL9/MIG and sIL-6R significantly increased after smoking, and continued to increase after quitting smoking. The expression levels of TARC, ITAC, and sVEGFR-3 increased after smoking but decreased after quitting smoking; the expression level of SAA significantly decreased after smoking and showed an upward trend after quitting smoking. Seven cytokines (IL-1β, BCA-1, TNF-α, CRP, ENA-78, MDC, and TNFRII) did not vary between the three groups, while four cytokines (IL-1α, IL-6, IL-8, and SCF) were not detected in any serum sample. In conclusion, this study assessed the physiological production of cytokines and chemokines, highlighting the differences in each due to smoking status. Our results could help evaluate the early development of smoking-related chronic diseases and cancers.

Role of Thymus and Activation-Regulated Chemokine in Allergic Asthma.

BackgroundAsthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease characterized by the predominant infiltration of inflammatory cells in the airways. Thymus and activation-regulated chemokine/C–C motif chemokine 17 (TARC/CCL17) is a chemokine responsible for trafficking T helper 2 cells into sites of allergic inflammation.ObjectiveTo validate the role of TARC in association with clinical and inflammatory parameters in adult asthmatics.MethodsWe enrolled 128 asthmatic patients and 70 healthy controls (HCs). Asthma-related clinical and laboratory parameters, including lung function and eosinophil counts, were measured. Serum levels of TARC, free immunoglobulin E (IgE), and eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN) were determined by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; serum total IgE level was measured using ImmunoCAP. The levels of inflammatory lipid mediators, such as leukotriene E4 (LTE4), 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15-HETE), thromboxane B2 (TXB2), and prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α), were measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.ResultsSerum TARC levels are significantly higher in asthmatics than in HCs and in allergic asthmatics than in HCs (P < 0.010 for all), with significantly negative correlations between serum TARC levels and FEV1%/MMEF% values (r = −0.314, r = −0.268, P < 0.050 for both). The patients with higher serum TARC levels had higher levels of serum total and free IgE levels (P < 0.050 for both) with positive correlations to serum levels of EDN, TXB2, and 15-HETE (r = 0.233, r = 0.264, and r = 0.223, respectively, P < 0.050 for all).ConclusionWe suggest the role of TARC in allergic asthma via contributing to mast cell and eosinophilic inflammation.

Chemokine profile in women with moderate to severe anxiety and depression during pregnancy

BackgroundCytokine levels have been extensively described in pregnant subjects under normal and pathological conditions, including mood-related disorders. Concerning chemokines, very few studies have reported their association with psychiatric disorders during pregnancy. Therefore, we explored the chemokine profile in women exhibiting anxiety and depression during late pregnancy in the present study.MethodsOne hundred twenty-six pregnant women in the 3rd trimester of pregnancy, displaying moderate to severe anxiety (ANX) alone and women exhibiting moderate to severe anxiety with comorbid depression (ANX + DEP), and 40 control pregnant women without affective disorders (CTRL) were evaluated through the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HARS) and the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS). Serum chemokine levels of MCP-1 (CCL2), RANTES (CCL5), IP-10 (CXCL10), Eotaxin (CCL11), TARC (CCL17), MIP-1α (CCL3), MIP-1β (CCL4), MIG (CXCL9), MIP-3α (CCL20), ENA-78 (CXCL5), GROα (CXCL1), I-TAC (CXCL11) and IL-8 (CXCL8)] were measured by immunoassay. Clinical, biochemical, and sociodemographic parameters were correlated with HARS and HDRS score values.ResultsSerum levels of most chemokines were significantly higher in the ANX and in the ANX + DEP groups, when compared to the CTRL group. Positive correlations were observed between MIP-1α/CCL3, MIP-1β/CCL4, MCP-1/CCL2, MIP-3α/CCL20, RANTES/CCL5, Eotaxin/CCL11, and I-TAC/CXCL11 with high scores for anxiety (HARS) (p < 0.05) and for depression (HDRS) (p < 0.004). After controlling clinical measures for age + gwk + BMI, chemokines such as IL-8/CXCL8, MCP-1/CCL2 and MIP-1β/CCL4 were found associated with high scores for anxiety (p < 0.05) in the ANX group. TARC/CCL17 and Eotaxin/CCL11 showed significant associations with high scores for depression (p < 0.04) whereas, MCP-1/CCL2 and MIP-1α/CCL3 were significantly associated with high scores for anxiety (p < 0.05) in the ANX + DEP group. Using a multivariate linear model, high serum levels of MIP-1β/CCL4 and Eotaxin/CCL11 remained associated with depression (p < 0.01), while, IL-8/CXCL8, MIP-1β/CCL4, MCP-1/CCL2, and MIP-1α/CCL3 were associated with anxiety (p < 0.05) in the symptomatic groups.ConclusionsOur data show that serum levels of distinct chemokines are increased in women exhibiting high levels of affective symptoms during late pregnancy. Our results suggest that increased levels of anxiety, depressive symptoms, and mood-related disorders may promote changes in specific functional chemokines associated with a chronic inflammatory process. If not controlled, it may lead to adverse obstetric and negative neonate outcomes, child development and neuropsychiatric alterations in the postnatal life.HighlightsChemokine levels increase in affective disorders during pregnancy.

Opposing Immune-Metabolic Signature in Visceral Versus Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue in Patients with Adenocarcinoma of the Oesophagus and the Oesophagogastric Junction.

Oesophageal adenocarcinoma (OAC) is an exemplar model of obesity-associated cancer. Previous work in our group has demonstrated that overweight/obese OAC patients have better responses to neoadjuvant therapy, but the underlying mechanisms are unknown. Unravelling the immune–metabolic signatures of adipose tissue may provide insight for this observation. We hypothesised that different metabolic pathways predominate in visceral (VAT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and inflammatory secretions will differ between the fat depots. Real-time ex vivo metabolic profiles of VAT and SAT from 12 OAC patients were analysed. These samples were screened for the secretion of 54 inflammatory mediators, and data were correlated with patient body composition. Oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) was significantly higher in VAT when compared to SAT. OXPHOS was significantly higher in the SAT of patients receiving neoadjuvant treatment. VEGF-A, VEGF-C, P1GF, Flt-1, bFGF, IL-15, IL-16, IL-17A, CRP, SAA, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, IL-2, IL-13, IFN-γ, and MIP-1β secretions were significantly higher from VAT than SAT. Higher levels of bFGF, Eotaxin-3, and TNF-α were secreted from the VAT of obese patients, while higher levels of IL-23 and TARC were secreted from the SAT of obese patients. The angiogenic factors, bFGF and VEGF-C, correlated with visceral fat area. Levels of OXPHOS are higher in VAT than SAT. Angiogenic, vascular injury and inflammatory cytokines are elevated in VAT versus SAT, indicating that VAT may promote inflammation, linked to regulating treatment response.

Assessment of biomarkers in pediatric atopic dermatitis by tape strips and skin biopsies.

The cytokine profile of atopic dermatitis (AD) depends on age, ethnicity, and disease severity. This study examined biomarkers in children with AD collected by tape strips and skin biopsies, and examined whether the levels differed with filaggrin genotype, disease severity, and food allergy. Twenty-five children aged 2-14years with AD were clinically examined. Skin biopsies were collected from lesional skin and tape strips were collected from lesional and non-lesional skin. We analyzed natural moisturizing factor (NMF) and 17 immune markers represented by mRNA levels in skin biopsies and protein levels in tape strips. Common filaggrin gene mutations were examined in all children. The cytokine profile in lesional skin was dominated by a T helper (Th) 2 response in skin biopsies, and by a general increase in innate inflammation markers (interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1β, IL-8, IL-18) along with TARC and CTACK in tape strips. The levels of TARC, CTACK, IL-8, IL-18showed significant correlation with AD severity in both lesional and non-lesional tape stripped skin, while no significant correlations were observed in skin biopsy data. In tape strips from lesional and non-lesional skin, the levels of NMF and selected cytokines differed significantly between children with and without FLG mutations and food allergy. Sampling of the stratum corneum with non-invasive tape strips can be used to identify biomarkers that are associated with disease severity, food allergy and FLG mutations. Skin biopsies showed robust Th2signature but was inferior for association analysis regarding severity.

Prognostic Utility of Serum TARC, MDC, IL10, and Soluble CD163 Levels with Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Response-Adapted Therapy for Advanced-Stage Hodgkin Lymphoma (HL): a SWOG S0816 US Intergroup Correlative Study

Prognostic Utility of Serum TARC, MDC, IL10, and Soluble CD163 Levels with Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Response-Adapted Therapy for Advanced-Stage Hodgkin Lymphoma (HL): a SWOG S0816 US Intergroup Correlative Study

Distinct clinical features and serum cytokine pattern of elderly atopic dermatitis in China.

Elderly atopic dermatitis (AD) is a newly defined subtype of AD stratified by age-related clinical pictures. To analyse the clinical features and molecular profile of elderly AD patients in China, comparing with infantile, childhood and adolescent/adult AD. A total of 1312 patients diagnosed by Hanifin and Rajka diagnostic criteria of AD from Huashan Hospital, Shanghai, China, were divided into four groups by age (2-18, 19-40, 41-60 and >60years), and clinical features were evaluated by questionnaire and physical examination. Serum total IgE, eosinophil counts and various cytokines were further analysed in some of the patients and healthy controls. Elderly AD showed significantly higher male/female ratio and rural/urban ratio than other age groups, and more than half of elderly AD first appeared after 60years old. Skin lesions of elderly AD were more often seen in the trunk and extensor sites of the extremities. Level of serum IgE and eosinophil counts were significantly lower in elderly AD than those in other age groups. Serum levels of IL-4, TARC, IL-17A, IL-6, IL-22, IL-33 and TSLP were significantly higher in elderly AD patients than those of healthy controls, indicating a mixed Th2/Th17/Th22 inflammation. Elderly AD demonstrated unique clinical characteristics compared with other age groups and showed mixed Th2/Th17/Th22 skewing, indicating a unique pathogenesis for elderly AD.

Identifying Circulating and Lung Tissue Cytokines Associated with Thoracic Irradiation and AEOL 10150 Treatment in a Nonhuman Primate Model.

Inflammatory cytokines have been suggested to play important roles in radiation-induced lung injury (RILI). Identifying significantly changed circulating and tissue cytokines after thoracic irradiation will aid in deciphering the mechanism of RILI and identifying potential biomarkers to predict clinical outcome. Herein, the levels of 24 cytokines were measured in serial plasma samples and lung tissue samples collected from a pilot study where nonhuman primates (NHPs) received 11.5 Gy whole thoracic lung irradiation (WTLI) and were then treated with or without a medical countermeasure, AEOL 10150 [a superoxide dismutase (SOD) mimetic]. Seven plasma cytokines (i.e., IP-10, MCP-1, IL-12, IL-15, IL-16, IL-7 and IL-6) were found to be significantly changed at different time points due to WTLI. Plasma IP-10 and MDC were significantly changed between the vehicle group and the drug group. The levels of IP-10, MCP-1, MIP-1α, TARC, IL-17, TNF-β and IL-6 were significantly elevated in the lung tissue lysates of NHPs that received WTLI versus radiation-naïve NHPs. The terminal plasma concentrations of IP-10, MDC, TARC, IL-12, IL-15 and IL-6 were significantly correlated with their levels in the lung tissue. The levels of four cytokines (MCP-4, IL-17, TNF-β and IL-2) at early time points (≤8 weeks postirradiation) were significantly correlated with their terminal plasma levels, respectively. Statistical analysis indicated that circulating cytokines could be discriminatory predictors of AEOL 10150 treatment. Taken together, our data suggested that the cytokine profiles were significantly changed after WTLI as well as mitigator treatment, and that the plasma cytokine profiles could potentially be used to distinguish vehicle or mitigator treatment after WTLI in a NHP model.

Diagnostic markers of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in patients with severe asthma.

Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is a lung disease in patients with asthma or cystic fibrosis (CF) caused by chronic allergic inflammation to Aspergillus spp. antigens. The role of different immunological mediators in the formation of chronic allergic inflammation in patients with ABPA is not sufficiently explored. This study aimed to investigate serum levels of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), thymus and activated chemokine (TARC) as well as IL-8 in patients with ABPA, and to evaluate their diagnostic and monitoring value in the disease. Prospective study included 21 patients with ABPA, 25 patients with severe asthma with fungal sensitisation (SAFS), 37 patients with severe asthma without fungal sensitisation (SAwFS), and 16 healthy people. In patients with ABPA, the serum levels of biomarkers were determined at baseline and after 12weeks of itraconazole therapy. Serum levels of total IgE, Aspergillus-fumigatus-specific IgE, TSLP, TARC, IL-8 were analysed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In patients with ABPA we established significantly higher serum levels of TARC, IL-8, total IgE, Aspergillus-fumigatus-specific IgE and peripheral blood eosinophil counts, compared to patients with SAwFS. There were no differences in TSLP levels between the examined groups of patients. Serum TARC levels were positively correlated to serum total IgE levels, Afumigatus-specific IgE levels and peripheral blood eosinophil counts and also negatively correlated to lung function (FEV1 ). Longitudinally, serum levels TARC, total IgE and peripheral blood eosinophil counts significant decreased after treatment of ABPA. Thymus and activated chemokine is a useful test in diagnosing and monitoring response to the antifungal treatment of patients with ABPA.

Orostachys japonicus ethanol extract inhibits 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene-induced atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions in NC/Nga mice and TNF-α/IFN-γ-induced TARC expression in HaCaT cells.

The risk of atopic dermatitis (AD)-like skin lesions has increased due to the elevated levels of allergens worldwide. Natural-origin agents, which are effective and safe, show promise for the prevention and treatment of inflammatory conditions. Orostachys japonicus (OJ) A. Berger is an ingredient of traditional herbal medicines for fever, gingivitis, and cancer in Korea, China, and Japan. However, the effect of OJ on AD-like skin lesions is unknown. Therefore, we investigated the effect of OJ ethanol extract (OJEE) on AD-like skin symptoms in mice and cells. OJEE reduced the 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene-induced AD severity, serum levels of IgE and TARC, and mRNA levels of TARC, TNF-α, and IL-4 in NC/Nga mice. Histopathological analysis showed that OJEE reduced the thickness of the epidermis/dermis and dermal infiltration of inflammatory cells in ear tissue. Furthermore, OJEE suppressed the TNF-α/IFN-γ-increased TARC mRNA level by inhibiting NF-κB and STAT1 activation in HaCaT cells. Taken together, our findings show that OJEE reduced the risk of AD-like skin symptoms by decreasing TARC expression via inhibiting NF-κB and STAT1 activation in skin keratinocytes and thus shows promise as an alternative therapy for AD-like skin lesions.

Brentuximab Vedotin and Nivolumab for Relapsed or Refractory Classic Hodgkin Lymphoma: Long-Term Follow-up Results from the Single-Arm Phase 1/2 Study

Brentuximab Vedotin and Nivolumab for Relapsed or Refractory Classic Hodgkin Lymphoma: Long-Term Follow-up Results from the Single-Arm Phase 1/2 Study

Responses of serum chemokines to dramatic changes of air pollution levels, a panel study

Background: Despite the in vitro and in vivo evidence, studies are limited in evaluating whether chemokines are potential inflammatory mediators in response to air pollution exposure in humans.Methods: We conducted a panel study coinciding with the Beijing Olympics, when temporary air pollution controls were implemented. We measured a suite of serum chemokines among healthy adults before, during and after the Olympics, respectively. Linear mixed-effect models were used to evaluate changes in chemokine levels over the three time periods.Results: In response to the 50% drop in air pollution levels during the games, levels of RANTES, MCP-2, and TARC decreased by 25.8%, 20.9% and 35.3%, respectively (p < 0.001) from pre-Olympics, and then increased by 45.8%, 34.9% and 61.5%, respectively (p < 0.001) after the games when air pollution levels went up again. Similar patterns were observed in subgroup analyses by sex, age, smoking and body mass index. GRO-α and IL-8 decreased significantly during the games (22.5% and 30.4%), and increased non-significantly after the games. Eotaxin-1 only increased significantly from during- to post-games.Conclusions: The strongest associations with air pollution levels were observed among RANTES, TARC and MCP-2. Those chemokines may play important roles in the air pollution-induced inflammatory pathway.